KARYA TULIS AKHIR

PENGARUH FRAKSI KLOROFORM HERBA CIPLUKAN (Physalis

Angulata L.) TERHADAP PENCEGAHAN KERUSAKAN

FOTORESEPTOR TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar) YANG

DIINDUKSI STREPTOZOTOCIN

Oleh:

ALIFAH HASNA

201410330311030

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

MALANG

2018

ii

PENGARUH FRAKSI KLOROFORM HERBA CIPLUKAN (Physalis

Angulata L.) TERHADAP PENCEGAHAN KERUSAKAN

FOTORESEPTOR TIKUS PUTIH (Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar) YANG

DIINDUKSI STREPTOZOTOCIN

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Diajukan kepada

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan

dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana

Fakultas Kedokteran

Oleh:

Alifah Hasna

201410330311030

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

MALANG

2018

iii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

USULAN PROPOSAL PENELITIAN

Telah disetujui sebagai usulan proposal penelitian

Untuk memenuhi persyaratan

Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Tanggal: 22 Maret 2018

Pembimbing I

dr. Alfa Sylvestris, SpM

NIP. 11310010474

Pembimbing II

dr. Moch. Bahrudin, SpS

NIP.11307040461

Mengetahui,

Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Dekan,

Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD

NIP. 196805212005011002

iv

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ORISINALITAS

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

Dengan menyebut nama Allah SWT / Tuhan Yang Maha Esa

Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini saya:

Nama : Alifah Hasna

NIM : 201410330311030

Judul : Pengaruh Fraksi Kloroform Herba Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.)

Terhadap Pencegahan Kerusakan Fotoreseptor Tikus Putih (Rattus

Norvegicus Strain Wistar) Yang Diinduksi Streptozotocin.

Menyatakan dengan sesungguhnya usulan proposal berupa ide, judul

maupun isi dari proposal yang dibuat merupakan hasil pemikiran diri sendiri (non

plagiatisme) dan hasil dari tugas (pekerjaan) yang saya lakukan sendiri. Jika

usulan proposal saya terbukti plagiatisme saya bersedia menerima sangsi yang

harus saya terima.

Demikian surat pernyataan saya,

Malang, 1 April 2018

Penulis

Alifah Hasna

v

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN

Karya Tulis Akhir oleh Alifah Hasna

telah diuji dan dipertahankan di depan Tim Penguji

pada tanggal 22 Maret 2018

Tim Penguji

dr. Alfa Sylvestris, SpM ,Ketua

dr. Moch. Bahrudin, SpS ,Anggota

dr. Feny Tunjungsari, M.Kes ,Anggota

vi

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamua’alaikum wr. wb

Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT atas

segala rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan proposal

yang berjudul “Pengaruh Fraksi Kloroform Herba Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata

L.) Terhadap Pencegahan Kerusakan Fotoreseptor Tikus Putih (Rattus

Norvegicus Strain Wistar) Yang Diinduksi Streptozotocin”. dapat terselesaikan

dengan baik. Begitu pula Dialah yang menyelaraskan gerakan tangan dan

pikiran dalam merangkai huruf menjadi kata dan selanjutnya menjadi kalimat

dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini. Segala sesuatu yang benar dalam tugas akhir

ini datang dari Allah SWT, dan segala kekeliruan dalam penulisan ini

datangnya dari diri penulis sendiri.

Dalam penyelesaian tugas akhir ini penulis banyak mengalami

kesulitan, tetapi berkat dukungan, bimbingan, dan bantuan dari dosen

pembimbing dalam rangka penyusunan dan dorongan dari berbagai pihak

akhirnya penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini tepat pada waktunya.

Penulis menyadari bahwa proposal penelitian ini masih belum

sempurna, sehingga masih membutuhkan saran dari berbagai pihak. Penulis

berharap skripsi ini dapat menjadi wujud ibadah penulis kepada Zat Yang Maha

Mengetahui lagi Bijaksana, dan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para pembaca.

Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb

Malang, 22 Maret 2018

Penulis

vii

UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH

Alhamdulillah, puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT

karena atas limpahan rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga proposal ini dapat

terselesaikan. Terwujudnya proposal ini tidak lepas dari partisipasi dan bantuan dari

berbagai pihak yaitu:

1. Kedua orang tua saya, Bapak Sumiyanto dan Ibu Munti Kunmiati yang telah

memberikan kasih sayang, dukungan moral dan materi, semangat, perhatian

serta limpahan doanya selama ini.

2. Dr. dr. Meddy Setiawan, Sp.PD, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang.

3. dr. Moch Ma’roef, Sp.OG selaku Pembantu Dekan I Fakultas Kedokteran

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

4. dr. Sri Adilla Nurainiwati, Sp.KK, selaku Pembantu Dekan II Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

5. dr. Indra Setiawan, Sp.THT-KL, selaku Pembantu Dekan III Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

6. dr. Alfa Sylvestris, SpM, selaku pembimbing 1 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang.

7. dr. Moch Bahrudin, SpS, selaku pembimbing 2 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang.

8. dr. Feny Tunjungsari, M.Kes selaku penguji Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang.

9. dr. Gita Sekar P, MpdKed dan dr. Anung Putri Ilaihika, MKes sebagai

pembimbing Mears

10.Adik-adikku tersayang Zuhal Alfian Akbar, Nur Khalida Zia dan Rahma Nia

Azizah yang telah memberikan dukungan, semangat dan doanya untuk

kelancaran tugas akhir ini.

11.Staff Mears mbak deva yang telah membantu untuk belajar statitik dan

penggunaan SPSS 23.

viii

12.Staff TU, Bu Endah, Mbak Nuke, Mbak citra, Pak yon, Pak heri, Mas Joko, Mas

Didit, yang telah membantu administrasi penulis dalam menyelesaikan TA.

13.Staff Biomedik, Bu Fat, Pak Joko, Mas Nyono, Mas Mif, Pak Kus yang telah

membantu administrasi penulis dalam menyelesaikan TA.

14.Seluruh teman-teman “Medula Spinalis” angkatan 2014 FK UMM yang tidak

bisa disebutkan satu persatu. Terimakasih atas segala bantuan, motivasi, doa

selama perkuliahan. Semoga kita semua menjadi dokter yang bermaanfaat bagi

agama, bangsa, dan negara. Amin.

15.Para dosen pengajar FK UMM yang telah memberikan bekal ilmu dan

pengetahuan.

16.Semua pihak yang turut membantu dalam menyelesaikan karya tulis ini dan juga

mendoakan demi suksesnya karya tulis ini yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu-

persatu.

Penulis menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa proposal ini masih jauh dari

kesempurnaan. Oleh karena itu, penulis memohon maaf bila ada kesalahan dalam

penulisan proposal ini. Kritik dan saran kami hargai demi penyempurnaan

penulisan serupa dimasa yang akan datang. Besar harapan penulis, semoga

proposal ini dapat bermanfaat dan dapat bernilai positif bagi semua pihak yang

membutuhkan.

Malang, 1 April 2018

Penulis

ix

ABSTRAK

Hasna, Alifah. 2018. Pengaruh Fraksi Kloroform Herba Ciplukan (Physalis

Angulata L.) Terhadap Pencegahan Kerusakan Fotoreseptor Tikus Putih

(Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar) Yang Diinduksi Streptozotocin. Tugas

Akhir. Fakultas Kedokteran. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

Pembimbing(1)dr. Alfa Sylvestris, SpM*,(2)dr. Moch Bahrudin, SpS **.

Latar Belakang : Diabetes mellitus (DM) menurut World Health Organization

(WHO) di Indonesia akan menempati peringkat 5 dunia, penyulit penyakit DM

yaitu Diabetik Retinopati (DR) yang menjadi kebutaan. Sehingga perlu

pemanfaatan fraksi kloroform herba ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) yang

mengandung asam lemak tidak jenuh, alkaloid nordextromethorphan dan

golongan steroid yaitu aplysterylacetate berefek antidiabetes yang menstimulasi

insulin, diharapkan dapat mencegah kerusakan fotoreseptor pada diabetes

mellitus dengan komplikasi diabetik retinopati.

Tujuan : Untuk mengetahui pengaruh fraksi kloroform herba Ciplukan (Physalis

Angulata L.) terhadap pencegahan kerusakan fotoreseptor pada tikus putih

(Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar) yang diinduksi Streptozotocin.

Metode : True experimental dengan post test only control group design. Sampel

tikus dibagi 5 kelompok yaitu 1 kontrol positif, 1 kontrol negatif dan 3

perlakuan diberikan fraksi kloroform herba ciplukan dosis 0,91

mg/200gramBB/hari, 1,82 mg/200gramBB/hari dan 3,64mg/200 gramBB/hari.

Hasil dan Diskusi : Uji one way anova ada perbedaan (p=0,015), uji post hoc

bonferoni tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) kecuali K+ dengan

P2 (p<0,05). Perlakuan 2 dengan 1,82 mg/200gramBB/hari menunjukkan dosis

efektif dengan hasil yang lebih tebal dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif dan

kontrol positif.

Kesimpulan : Ada pengaruh fraksi kloroform herba ciplukan (Physalis

Angulata L.) terhadap kerusakan fotoreseptor pada tikus yang diinduksi

Streptozotocin

Kata Kunci : Fotoreseptor, fraksi kloroform herba ciplukan.

*Staf Pengajar Oftalmologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang.

**Staf Pengajar Neurologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang.

x

ABSTRACT

Hasna, Alifah. 2018. The Effect of Chloroform Fraction of Ciplukan Herbs

(Physalis Angulata L.) to Prevention Damage Photoreseptor White Rat

(Rattus Norvegicus Strain Wistar) was Induced Streptozotocin. Final

Assignment. Faculty of Medicine. University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

Advisors(1)dr. Alfa Sylvestris, SpM*(2)dr. Moch. Bahrudin, SpS**.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) according to the World Health

Organization (WHO) in Indonesia will be ranked 5 in the world, complications of

diabetes, namely Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) which becomes blindness. So, it was

necessary the utilization of the fraction of chloroform herbs ciplukan (Physalis

Angulata L.), which contain unsaturated fatty acids, alkaloid

nordextromethorphan and class of steroids that is aplysterylacetate effect of the

antidiabetic stimulates insulin, is expected to prevent damage to the

photoreceptors in diabetes mellitus with complications of diabetic retinopathy.

Objective: To know the effect of chloroform fractions ciplukan herbs (Physalis

Angulata L.) to prevention damage photoreseptor white rat (Rattus Norvegicus

Strain Wistar) was induced Streptozotocin.

Method: True experimental with post test only control group design. The sample

rats were divided into 5 groups: 1 control positive, 1 control negative and 3

treatment were given chloroform fractions of ciplukan herbs dose

0,91mg/200gramBW/day,1,82mg/200gramBW/day and

3,64mg/200gramBW/day.

Result and Discussion: One way anova test showed difference (p=0,015), post

hoc bonferoni test wasn't found significant differences (p>0,05) except for K+

with P2 (p<0,05). P2 with to 1.82 mg/200gramBB/day show a dose-effective

with the result that thicker compared with the control negative and control

positive.

Conclusion: There's an effect of chloroform fractions of ciplukan herbs

(Physalis Angulata L.) to prevention damage photoreseptor white rat (Rattus

Norvegicus Strain Wistar) was induced streptozotocin.

Keywords: Photoreseptor, chloroform fraction of ciplukan herbs.

*Lecturer of Ophthalmology , Faculty of Medicine, University of

Muhammadiyah Malang.

**Lecturer of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah

Malang.

xi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN SAMPUL ................................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN USULAN PROPOSAL PENELITIAN .............. iii

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ORISINALITAS ............................................. iv

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN .................................................................................. v

KATA PENGANTAR ..................................................................................... vi

UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH ............................................................................. vii

ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... ix

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xv

DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xvi

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .................................................................................... xvii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................. xviii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................. 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ........................................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ...................................................................................... 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ....................................................................................... 4

1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ....................................................................................... 4

1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ...................................................................................... 4

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ..................................................................................... 4

1.4.1 Manfaat Akademik ............................................................................... 4

1.4.2 Manfaat Klinis ...................................................................................... 4

1.4.3 Manfaat Masyarakat ............................................................................. 5

xii

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................... 6

2.1 Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) ................................................................ 6

2.1.1 Klasifikasi Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) ........................................ 6

2.1.2 Morfologi Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) ........................................ 6

2.1.3 Manfaat Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) ......................................... 7

2.1.4 Kandungan Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) .................................... 8

2.1.4.1 Kandungan Buah ............................................................................ 9

2.1.4.2 Kandungan Akar .............................................................................. 10

2.1.4.3 Kandungan Daun ............................................................................. 11

2.4.1.4 Kandungan Herba Physalis Angulata L. ......................................... 11

2.1.5 Fungsi Kandungan Aktif Physalis Angulata L. .................................... 12

2.1.5.1 Antioksidan ................................................................................... 12

2.1.6 Pembuatan Fraksi Kloroform Herba Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) 14

2.2 Diabetik Retinopati .................................................................................... 18

2.2.1 Epidemiologi .................................................................................... 20

2.2.2 Etiologi ..................................................................................... 20

2.2.3 Klasifikasi ............................................................................................ 20

2.2.4 Patofisiologi ......................................................................................... 21

2.2.5 Destruksi Fotoreseptor Pada Hewan Coba ........................................... 23

2.2.6 Prosedur Membuat Preparat Pada Retina ............................................. 27

2.3 Streptozotocin (STZ) .................................................................................. 28

2.4 Rattus Norvergicus ..................................................................................... 31

2.5 Anastesi dan Euthanasia ............................................................................. 31

xiii

BAB III KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS .................................. 32

3.1 Kerangka Konsep ...................................................................................... 32

3.2 Uraian Kerangka Konsep ........................................................................... 33

3.3 Hipotesis .................................................................................................... 36

BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN ............................................................... 37

4.1 Jenis Penelitian .......................................................................................... 37

4.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ..................................................................... 37

4.3 Populasi dan Sampel .................................................................................. 37

4.3.1 Populasi ................................................................................................ 37

4.3.2 Sampel .................................................................................................. 37

4.3.3 Besar Sampel ........................................................................................ 38

4.3.4 Teknik Pengambilan Sampel ................................................................ 39

4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian ........................................................... 39

4.3.6 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................................ 40

4.3.6.1 Variabel Bebas ................................................................................ 40

4.3.6.2 Variabel Tergantung ........................................................................ 40

4.3.7 Definisi Operational Variabel Penelitian ........................................... 40

4.4 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian .......................................................................... 41

4.4.1 Alat ....................................................................................................... 41

4.4.2 Bahan .................................................................................................... 42

4.5 Prosedur Penelitian..................................................................................... 42

4.5.1 Persiapan dan Pengelompokan Hewan Coba ....................................... 42

4.5.2 Induksi STZ .......................................................................................... 43

4.5.3 Pembuatan Fraksi Herba Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) .................. 44

xiv

4.5.4 Dasar Penentuan Dosis ........................................................................ 45

4.5.5 Proses Anastesi Hewan Coba ............................................................... 46

4.5.6 Pembuatan Preparat Fotoreseptor Retina .............................................. 46

4.5.7 Penanganan Hewan Coba Setelah Pembedahan ................................... 51

4.5.8 Pengamatan Preparat Fotoreseptor Retina ............................................ 51

4.6 Teknik Analisis Data ................................................................................. 51

4.7 Alur Penelitian ........................................................................................... 54

4.8 Jadwal Penelitian ........................................................................................ 55

BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ............................ 56

5.1 Hasil Penelitian .......................................................................................... 56

5.2 Analisis Data .............................................................................................. 58

5.2.1 Uji One way Anova ............................................................................. 58

BAB VI PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................... 61

BAB VII KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ...................................................... 70

7.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 70

7.2 Saran ........................................................................................................... 70

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 71

LAMPIRAN .................................................................................................... 81

xv

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Kandungan 100g Buah Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L) ..................... 10

Tabel 2.2 Analisis Fitokimia Pendahuluan dari Ekstrak Buah Ciplukan (Physalis

Angulata L.) .......................................................................................................... 10

Tabel 2.3 Kandungan 100 g Akar Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) .................... 11

Tabel 2.4 Kandungan 100 g Daun Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) .................... 11

Tabel 2.5 Taksonomi Rattus Norvegicus .............................................................. 31

Tabel 4.1 Hasil Fraksinasi Dan Ekstrasi Herba (Physalis Angulata L.) ............... 45

Tabel 4.2 Jadwal Penelitian................................................................................... 55

Tabel 5.1 Rata-Rata Tebal Fotoreseptor Retina Tikus Model Diabetik ............... 57

Tabel 5.2 Hasil Uji Post-Hoc Bonferronni ............................................................ 59

Tabel 5.3 Hasil Uji Regresi Linear ....................................................................... 60

xvi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Ciplukan (Physalis Angulata L.) ....................................................... 6

Gambar 2.2 Kerangka Flavonoid .......................................................................... 14

Gambar 2.3 Hasil Identifikasi Fraksi Kloroform Menggunakan Kromatografi Gas-

Spektroskpi Massa ................................................................................................ 17

Gambar 2.4 Tabel Konversi Perhitungan Dosis .................................................... 18

Gambar 2.5 Tanda-tanda DR pada Fundus Manusia ............................................ 19

Gambar 2.6 Hasil Histologi Retina Tikus ............................................................. 24

Gambar 2.7 Photomicrograf dengan Hx&E Perbesaran 400 x ............................. 25

Gambar 2.8 Tikus Diabetes Yang Tidak Diobati Menunjukkan Leukokoria Karena

Kekeruhan Lensa ................................................................................................... 30

Gambar 4.1 Tabel Konversi Perhitungan Dosis. ................................................... 46

Gambar 4.2 Pengambilan Fotoreseptor pada Tikus .............................................. 47

Gambar 4.3 Bagan Alur Penelitian ....................................................................... 54

Gambar 5.1 Gambaran Tebal Fotoreseptor (Pengecatan Hx & E, perbesaran 400x)

............................................................................................................................... 56

Gambar 5.2 Gambaran Tebal Fotoreseptor (Pengecatan Hx & E, Perbesaran

400x). .................................................................................................................... 57

Gambar 5.3 Tomografik Hasil Penelitian Fotoreseptor ........................................ 58

xvii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1: Perhitungan Dosis Fraksi Kloroform Herba Ciplukan (Physalis

Angulata L.) .......................................................................................................... 82

Lampiran 2 : Perhitungan Dosis Induksi Streptozotocin ...................................... 84

Lampiran 3 : Hasil pengkuran Ketebalan Fotoreseptor ........................................ 85

Lampiran 4 : Hasil Analisis Kerusakan Fotoreseptor Pada Histopatologi Retina 86

Lampiran 5 : Tebal Ukuran Fotoreseptor .............................................................. 91

Lampiran 6: Surat Determinasi ............................................................................. 92

Lampiran 7: Ethical Clearance .............................................................................. 93

Lampiran 8: Surat Keterangan Selesai Penelitian ................................................. 94

Lampiran 9 : Surat Keterangan Pembacaan Patologi Anatomi ............................. 95

Lampiran 10 : Surat Keterangan Lolos Kaji Ilmiah Proposal Penelitian .............. 96

Lampiran 11: Dokumentasi ................................................................................... 97

Lampiran 12: Kartu Konsultasi Tugas Akhir……………………………..........100

xviii

DAFTAR SINGKATAN

AEPa = Aqueous Extract from roots of Physalis angulata

AGE = Advanced Glycation End

AGEs = Advance Glycation End Products

Cat = Catalase

CMC = Carboxymethyl Cellulose

DM = Diabetes Mellitus

DNA = Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

DR = Diabetic Retiinophaty

EC50 = Efficient Concentration 50

ELISA = Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

GC-MS = Gas Cromatografy Mass Spectrometry

GDA = Glukosa Darah Acak

GDP = Gula Darah Puasa

GLUT – 2 = Glukose Transporter – 2

Gpx = Glutathione Peroksidase

HbA1c = Hemoglobin A1c

Hx & E = Hematoksilin dan Eosin Noda

IC50 = Inhibition Concentration

ICAM-1 = Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1

ICD-10 = International Classification of Diseases - 10

INL = Inner Nuclear Layer

IPL = Inner Plexiform Layer

IRMA = Intraretinal Microvasculer Abnormal

xix

i.p. = Intra Peritoneal

MCP-1 = Monocytes Chemoattractant Protein

MnSOD = Manganese Superoxide Dismutase

MPO = Myeloperoxidase

mRNA = Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

NO = Nitric Oxide

NPDR = Non Proliferatif Diabetic Retinopathy

PGE2 = Pro-Inflamasi Prostaglandin

ONL = Outer Nuclear Layer

OPL = Outer Plexiform Layer

PDR = Proliferatif Diabetic Retinopathy

PRL = Photoreseptor Layer

Riskesdas = Riset Kesehatan Dasar

ROS = Reactive Oxygen Species

RPE65 = Retinal Pigment Epithelium 65

SOD = Superoksidase Dismutase

STZ = Streptozotocin

Th1 / Th2 = Type 1,2 T helper

TNF-α = Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha

VEGF = Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

WHO = World Health Organization

71

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Abo, K.A. dan Lawal, I.O. (2013) “Antidiabetic activity of physalis angulata

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Agrawal, R.P., Sharma, P., Pal, M., Kochar, A., Kochar, D.K. (2006) “Magnitude

of dyslipidemia and its association with micro and macro vascular

complications in type 2 diabetes: A hospital based study from Bikaner

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Aizu, Y. et al. (2002) “Degeneration of retinal neuronal processes and pigment

epithelium in the early stage of the streptozotocin-diabetic rats,”

Neuropathology, 22(3), hal. 161–170. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-

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