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tranquility. They used the fragrant oils from plants (essential oils) for

embalming. Oils such as myrrh, frankincense, cinnamon, cedarwood, and

juniper berry are all known to have been used in the mummification process to

preserve the bodies of their loved ones in preparation for the after-life. As time

went on, the Egyptians continued to refine their use of aromatics in medicine,

cosmetics, incense and perfumes.

The ancient Chinese were using some form of aromatherapy at or

around the same time as the Egyptians. They used herbs and burned

aromatic woods and incense to show their respect to God. The oldest

surviving medical book in China, (dated around 2,700BC and written by Shen

Nung, contains cures involving over three hundred different aromatic herbs.

The Greeks continued the use of aromatic oils. They used them for

medicines and cosmetics. Aromatherapy came of age when they took

medicine into a new light 2000 years ago. The earliest known Greek physician

was Asclepius who practiced around 1200 BC combining the use of herbs and

surgery with previously unrivalled skill. His reputation was so great that after

his death he was deified as the god of healing in Greek mythology.

Hypocrites (400 BC), who was commonly known as the "Father of Medicine", was the first to study essential oils' effects. He believed that a daily

aromatic bath and scented massage would promote good health.

It was during the 19th century that scientists in Europe began

researching the effects of essential oils on bacteria in humans. Rene Maurice

Gattefossé, a French chemist, began research into the healing powers of

essential oils in the early 1900’s after he accidentally burned his hand in his

laboratory. On reflex, he immersed his burned hand in the closest liquid whichhappened to be lavender oil. He was quite impressed by how quickly the burn

healed without infection and with no visible scar. Gattefossé is credited with

coining the word "aromatherapy".

As a result of Gattefossé’s experiments, Dr. Jean Valet (the French

army surgeon) used essential oils to treat the injured soldiers during World

War II with great success.



7

Figure 1 Peppermint leaves as natural source of menthol

Because of its cooling effect, menthol is used in products meant to

relieve skin irritation, sore throat, or nasal congestion. It may be used to treat

sunburn, fever, or muscle aches as well. In traditional Asian

medicine, menthol may be prescribed for nausea, diarrhea, indigestion,

headache, cold, or sore throat. When used as a supplement for health

reasons, menthol is usually taken in the form of peppermint oil. Products that

commonly contain menthol include toothpaste, cough drops, lip balm,

mouthwash, gum, and cigarettes.

Figure 2 Structure of Menthol

Menthol has very low toxicity, although menthol poisoning is possible if

large quantities are consumed. However, any ill effects from the use

of menthol are extremely rare. Many people around the world enjoy the

cooling sensation of menthol in gum, candy, lip gloss, and other products.

1. Camphor

Camphor is a naturally occurring aromatic compound which was

derived from the camphor laurel until the 1920s, when chemists successfully

synthesized it. The distinctive odor of camphor is familiar to many

consumers, as it has been traditionally used in mothballs and some medical

preparations to reduce itching. It is also used in a wide variety of other

applications, along with other similar plant derived chemicals, including film

manufacture, plastics, lacquers, and some explosives. The family of plant

compounds to which camphor belongs is known as the terpenoids, and it

includes other aromatics like menthol and citral.



8

The formal name for the camphor laurel is Cinnamonum camphora ,

and the large trees are found widely scattered in Asia, Japan, and India.

When full grown, a camphor laurel can reach a height of 50-100 feet (15-30

meters), and will often spread out so that it is wider than it is tall. To

extract camphor, the leaves and bark of the trees are processed through a

distiller, yielding a white crystalline compound with the formula C 10H16O.

Figure 3 Camphor Tree and Fruit

Camphor oil has a duel action of hot and cold, which has a balancing

effect on the yin and yang energies. When first applied camphor oil numbs

and cools the peripheral nerve endings, then warms the painful area as it

stimulates circulation to cold, stiff muscles and limbs. This analgesic effect of

camphor makes it a favorite oil to be used in pain relieving massage blends

for sore muscles, low back pain, and arthritic pain.

Figure 4 Structure of Camphor

Camphor also acts as an expectorant and a febrifuge, meaning that it

cools fevers and helps clear lung congestion. Camphor is a very useful

ingredient in inhalations for coughs, colds and difficulties in breathing. These

actions, along with camphor's anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial

properties make it a very useful and popular remedy for colds, flu, and

bronchitis.

2. Essential Oils

Essential oils are natural aromatic compounds found in the seeds,

bark, stems, roots, flowers, and other parts of plants. They can be both

beautifully and powerfully fragrant. If you have ever enjoyed the gift of a

rose, a walk by a field of lavender, or the smell of fresh cut mint, you have



10

Easier to use (lotion spread more evenly than cream)

More economical (Lotion spread in thin layers)

There are two kinds of lotion:

Detergent solution in water

Emulsion type o/w (oil-water)

To make the lotion, oil solution of the wind that is so added a

thickening agent to change the oil liquid phase of the wind into the gel phase.

A thickener that we use is Natrosol.

Natrosol hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), a nonionic, water-soluble

polymer is a white, free-flowing granular powder. It is made by reacting

ethylene oxide with alkali-cellulose under rigidly controlled conditions. Purified

HEC for personal care and cosmetic applications is typically sold at 95.0

percent minimum purity (dry basis).

The Natrosol HEC polymer is hydroxyethyl ether of cellulose. The

structure of the cellulose molecule shows its chain composed of

anhydroglucose units. By treating cellulose with sodium hydroxide and

reacting with ethylene oxide, hydroxyethyl groups are introduced to yield

hydroxyethyl ether. The reaction product is purified and ground to a fine white

powder.

Figure 5 Structure of Natrosol

Solutions of Natrosol HEC are pseudoplastic or shear-thinning. As a

result, personal care products formulated with Natrosol HEC dispense rich

and thick from the container, but spread easily on hair and skin.

Natrosol HEC is easily dissolved in cold or hot water to give crystal

clear solutions of varying viscosities. Furthermore, low to medium molecular

weight types are fully soluble in glycerol and have good solubility in hydro-

alcoholic systems containing up to 60 percent ethanol. Natrosol HEC is

generally insoluble in organic solvents.



13

the genus Cinnamomum. The essential oil of cinnamon bark is about

90% cinnamaldehyde.

Figure 6 Structure of Cinnamaldehyde

Cinnamaldehyde or Cinnamic aldehyde is an oily yellow liquid with

strong odor of cinnamon. This compound is the main component of cinnamon

oil, a volatile oil used as a flavoring agent for pharmaceuticals.

Properties

Molecular formula C9H8O

Molar mass 132.16 g/mol

Appearance Yellow oil

Density 1.05 g/ml

Melting point −7.5 °C

Boiling point 248 – 251 °C

Flash point 71 °C

Solubility in water Slightly Soluble

Stability Stable under ordinary conditions

Cinnamaldehyde was isolated from cinnamon essential oil in 1834

by Dumas and Péligot and synthesized in the laboratory by Chiozza in 1854.

Several methods of laboratory synthesis exist, but cinnamaldehyde is most

economically obtained from the steam distillation of the oil of cinnamon bark.

It can be prepared from the synthesis from related compounds like cinnamyl

alcohol and from the condensation of benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

Cinnamic aldehyde is a benzene ring substituent acrylic aldehyde

having carbon-carbon solid bond. The conjugated solid bond makes geometry

of the compound planar. Though there are cis and trans isomers, cinnamic

aldehyde usually refers to the latter which the terminal carbonyl is on the

opposite side of the benzene ring over the rigid solid bond.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water



16

GROUP 63 OF INTEGRATED CHEMISTRY PRACTICE’S

ACTIVITY TIME TABLE

Schedule July August September October November1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Title electionand literature

studyProposal

compilationCollect

proposal toInfrastructure& Equipment

AreaChemicalscapitulationIntegratedChemistryPractice

execution &materials fund

receivePaper & poster

compilationPaper

capitulationSeminar of IntegratedChemistryPractice

Last Semester Examination

Reportcapitulation



23

a) The speed of carrier gas flow is set at 3 ml / min for column

packing and split 100ml/min in the capillary column at a

pressure of 2 bar or at a provide optimum resolution.

b) Set oven temperature in the initial temperature of 100 ° C and

final temperature of 220 ° C with a speed of 5 ° C / min.

c) Set the temperature of the detector at 250 ° C, then set the

speed of hydrogen gas flow of 30 ml / min, or the flow rate that

provides the optimum resolution.

d) Set the temperature of the injectors at 200 ° C

e) A paper speed of 0.5 cm / min or in accordance with the state

of the instrument.

f) Set attenuation at 128 or tailored to the ability of the recorder

instrument is set on the in minimum area.

g) Samples were injected as much as 0.1 microliters for column

packing and 0.5 microliters for capillary columns.

h) Wash the syringe after used with acetone and dried.

Result Reporting :

Cinnamaldehyde content is expressed in percentage value.

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