Masyarakat Telematika Indonesia (mastel)

@ID-IGF 2016, BPPT, Jakarta, 15.11.2016

Mewujudkan Kedaulatan dan Kemandirian Digital Indonesia

Pendahuluan Internet: An Evolving Ecosystem

Internet Governance: the working Definition

Perdebatan Internet Governance di Fora International WSIS 2005 >> WCIT 2012 >> WTPF 2013

Berbagai Pendekatan Negara dalam Internet Governance

Rekomendasi Mastel

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet#History

It all started in the cold war: USA government wanted to have a robust data and information exchange infrastructure (separate from telephone network); it was supposed to survive a nuclear war!

ARPANET was the first realisation although communication protocols could not run over multiple networks much research started culminating into the TCP/IP protocols: IP does the packet switching over the network while TCP creates a peer-to-peer link

Many universities adopted TCP/IP for their computer infrastructure

Up till early 90-ies, The Internet was used by people from academia, government, and industrial rsearchers

Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) invented the WWW which became easily accessible by the first ‘Mosaic’ browser using the http protocol

ISPs made the WWW accessible to the public during the 1990s.

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hardware architecture

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software protocol suite

Layered structure (separation of duties!!)

Lowest 3 layers (Link, Internet and Transport ) provide a reliable communication channelbetween any pair of Internet nodes (all having an IP address)

Highest layer (often layered itself!) provides data & information sources & servicesincluding email, teletekst, FTP, chat, 2nd life, all WWW-services (accessible with a browser), skype, youtube, pirate bay, scholar google, marktplaats, amazon, cheaptickets, partypooker, banking,…

a (virtual (?)) world on it’s own!!

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The World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) came up with the following working definition of Internet governance:

Internet governance is the development and application by governments, the private sector, and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.

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WSIS 2005

b) that, as per paragraph article 35 of the Tunis Agenda, that the management of the Internet encompasses both technical and public policy issues and should involve all stakeholders and relevant intergovernmental and international organizations. In this respect, it is recognized that: i) Policy authority for Internet-related public policy issues is the

sovereign right of States. They have rights and responsibilities for international Internet- related public policy issues;

ii) The Private Sector has had, and should continue to have, an important role in the development of the Internet, both in the technical and economic fields;

iii) Civil Society has also played an important role on Internet matters, especially at community level, and should continue to play such a role;

iv) Intergovernmental organizations have had, and should continue to have, a facilitating role in the coordination of Internet-related public policy issues; and

v) International organizations have also had, and should continue to have, an important role in the development of Internet-related technical standards and relevant policies.

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2 isu sentral:

Peran Negara

Multi-

stakeholderism

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Keterlibatan

negara pada

Institusi

Multistakeholder

ICANN

WCIT 20121. Special measures for landlocked developing countries

2. Globally harmonized national emergency number

3. Fostering an enabling environment for the greater growth of the Internet(controversial)

4. Periodic review of the ITRs

5. International telecommunication service traffic termination and exchange

Note: these are not the actual titles of the Resolutions.

All are new. All old Resolutions, Recommendations, and the Opinion were suppressed.

151 countries in Dubai

strong participation in negotiations

richer, more representative and more powerful treaty

Discussions about Internet governance revealed the full complexity of this issue

Government and market forces were represented at WCIT-12

This resulted in an extremely valuable exchange of views and ideas

Compromise outcome:

Signed by 89 governments out of 144 accredited to sign

More are expected to join

WCIT-2012: ITU as a global convener

Sikap Resmi

Indonesia

Tunis Agenda (WSIS) paragraph 55:

“Policy authority for Internet-related public policy issues is the sovereign right of States. They have rights and responsibilities for international Internet-related public policy issues.”

Resolution 102:

the role of governments includes providing a clear, consistent and predictable legal framework, in order to promote a favourable environment in which global ICT networks are interoperable with Internet networks and widely accessible to all citizens without any discrimination and to ensure adequate protection of public interests in the management of Internet resources, including domain names and addresses

WTPF 2013

The Chairman of the Forum presented the Draft Opinions, which had been revised and endorsed by the Working Groups. He invited the Forum to adopt the following Opinions:

Opinion 1: Promoting Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) as a long term solution to advance connectivity

Opinion 2: Fostering an enabling environment for the greater growth and development of broadband connectivity

Opinion 3: Supporting Capacity Building for the deployment of IPv6

Opinion 4: In Support of IPv6 Adoption and Transition from IPv4

Opinion 5: Supporting Multi-stakeholderism in Internet Governance

Opinion 6: On supporting operationalizing the Enhanced Cooperation Process

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Opinion 5 multistakeholderismInternet Governance

recalling

Paragraph 34 of the Tunis Agenda for the Information Society (Tunis Agenda) which provides a working definition of Internet Governance as the development and application by Governments, the Private Sector and Civil Society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet,

recognizing

a) that, paragraph 37 of the Tunis Agenda seeks to improve the coordination of the activities of international and intergovernmental organizations and other institutions concerned with Internet governance and the exchange of information among themselves. It states that a multi-stakeholder approach should be adopted, as far as possible, at all levels.

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is of the view that it is important to further implement multi-stakeholder practices as outlined in the

relevant paragraphs of the Tunis agenda,

invites Member States and other stakeholders to explore ways and means for greater collaboration and coordination between

governments; the private sector, international and intergovernmental organizations, and civil society, as well as greater participation in multistakeholder processes, with a view to ensure that the governance of the Internet is a multi-stakeholder process that enables all parties to continue to benefit from the Internet;

to contribute based on their roles and responsibilities as stated in paragraph 35 of the Tunis Agenda;

to focus in particular on how to improve the participation of developing country stakeholders in the initiatives, entities, organizations and institutions involved in various aspects of Internet Governance.

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Berbagai Definisi “Cyberspace

Governance Spectrum

Voluntary vs. Regulatory Approach

Bagaimana Pendekatan yg sebaiknya diambil Indonesia ?

As a global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent network of information

technology infrastructure including the internet, telecommunication network, computer systems and

embedded processor and controllers

What is Cyber Space?

Sovereignty The supreme political authority of an independent

state (block's law dictionary)

Resilience The strength and capacity to respond to, cope with, and

grow through adversity

What is Sovereignty & Resilience?

Cyber space require regulation and oversight

Financial relationship in cyber space need law to govern those relationship and transaction

Content sent through cyber space hold significance in the real world

State required to assert their presence in cyber space as a matter of national security

Is Cyber Space Immune from State Sovereignty?

Recognizing cyber space as a sovereign domain

Wanting sovereignty in cyber space

Civilian expectation

Technical issuesCreating system that can specifically identify actors in cyber space and govern

all actors related (i.e: data protection and privacy, OTT, consumer protection, net neutrality applied)

Establishing a cyber space border that a state can both monitor and control

How to Realized Sovereignty in Cyber Space

Sebagai entitas utama yang bertanggung jawab atas proteksi hak-hak dasar dankebebasan warga negaranya, negara harus mengambil peran sentral dan krusialdalam Internet governance dan pembuatan hukum untuk kegiatan online.

Setiap negara memiliki pendekatan masing-masing dalam memformulasi strateginyauntuk cyberspace, termasuk untuk perlindungan HAM dan kebebasan atas Internet.

Pada dasarnya perbedaan tersebut terkait dengan keseimbangan dengan hak-haklain, dan terkait dengan national interest.

Internet bukanlah cloud (awan), melainkan infrastruktur fisik yang terhubung dalamnetwork of networks.

Meskipun pada level aplikasi sering dikatakan borderless, tidak berarti negara tidakpunya pengaruh dan wewenang. Melalui infrastruktur fisik yang di atasnya internet beroperasi, pengaruh dan kewenangan negara secara territorial harus tetapdipertahankan.

Bagaimana berkoneksi, mana trafik yang diprioritaskan, apa manfaat yang dapatdiambil termasuk bagian yang harus diperjelas dalam Internet governance.

Selain perlunya penguatan strategi nasional untuk dunia cyber, perlu juga diperhatikan strategi internet governance padadimensi international.

Diantara isu penting dalam internet governance pada dimensiinternational adalah upaya untuk mengakhiri pengaruh yang berlebih pemerintah US atas administrasi Internet.

Harus dipahami bahwa pada level international, perdebatantentang Internet Governance sangat serius, bahkan disebutGlobal War.

Mendukung pelaksaan Article 35 Tunis Agenda, terutama 35(a).

Melakukan kajian internal Isu Public Policy dalam Internet Governance, khususnyamemperjelas domain Governments Role dan Intergovernment role. Kajian lanjutanbisa melibatkan berbagai stakeholders.

Mengingat isu Internet Governance di UN, sudah melebar dalam berbagai arena. Indonesia perlu mendalami Pros-Cons di tiap arena (termasuk ITU, IGF dan CSTD) dan koordinasi dengan pihak terkait mengenai bentuk partisipasi Indonesia. ITU : WSIS, WCIT, WTPF, IEG, Council, Pleniplotentiary, etc.

UNCTAD : CSTD

Other fora: IGF, ECOSOC

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Tidak banyak yang menyadari, bahwa mayoritas kegiatanonline berdimensi hukum.

Kegiatan berdimensi hukum berarti memiliki kualifikasi sebagaiperbuatan hukum.

Perbuatan hukum online menghadapi berbagai problematikayang menyangkut kepastian hukum mulai dari peraturanperundang-undangan formal dan material, prosedural, hinggake pembuktian mengenai keabsahan tindakan sertapemenuhan persyaratan legalitasnya.

• MASTEL sebagai salah satu institusi pemangku kepentingan publicdi bidang Teknologi Komunikasi dan informatika di Indonesiaberpendapat bahwa permasalahan OTT semestinya tidak hanyadipandang dari aspek kepentingan ekonomi dan Sosial saja,melainkan harus ditempatkan pada konteks kepentingan nasionalsebagai negara yang berdaulat menyangkut bidang-bidangIPOLEKSUSBUDHANKAM.

• Kedaulatan negara tidak hanya kedaulatan negara secara fisik dangeografis, tetapi juga mencakup kedaulatan di Wilayah Cyber.

• Jika kedaulatan Cyber tidak dapat dijaga dan dikembangkandengan baik, maka cepat atau lambat kedaulatan negara secarafisik akan tergerogoti.

• Keterlanjuran lengah terhadap pentingnya kedaulatan Cyber

Indonesia harus segera diluruskan.

Upaya-upaya interim yang perlu segera dilakukan dandiwujudkan dalam waktu dekat adalah:

Menerbitkan peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatikayang mengatur OTT;

Menata gerbang internet (internet gatways) danmenetapkan sejumlah kecil gerbang internet (internet gateways) eksisting untuk difungsikan sebagai gerbanginternet nasional (national internet gateways)

Mendirikan gerbang pembayaran nasional (national payment gateway) atau menata gerbang pembayaranonline (payment gateway) eksisting untuk dipilih menjadigerbang pembayaran nasional (national payment gateway)

Tetap mempertahankan ketentuan mengenai kewajibanmenempatkan Data Centre di wilayah geografis Indonesia

Dalam konteks makro, kehidupan online di Indonesia harusmendukung perwujudan kedaulatan NKRI di wilayah Cyber Indonesia.

Dalam konteks hukum, satu prinsip yang harus dipegang eratadalah bahwa teknologi adalah alat untuk melakukan perbuatanhukum. Bisa jadi perbuatan hukum itu adalah perbuatan yang belum pernah ada sebelumnya yang memerlukan penegasanatas status hukumnya.

Perubahan teknologi berpadunya telekomunikasi dan internet ini telah mengubah subyek hukum utama; yang dulunya adalahpenyelenggara jaringan, saat ini berpindah ke para penyediaaplikasi, karena penyedia aplikasilah yang bertransaksilangsung dengan masyarakat.

www.mastel.id

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