hukum konsuler.docx

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The concept of national security (the state) has had a long history, much less 350 years ago, to be

exact since the agreement on the cessation of the war thirty years as outlined in the Treaties of

Westphalia in 1648. At first the definition of national security is defined as an effort aimed at

maintaining the integrity of the territory of a country and the freedom to determine their own

form of government. But with the global developments and the increasing complexity of the

relationship between the state and the various threats faced by the countries in the world, the

formulation and implementation of security practices tend to do together (collective security)

become an important reference countries in the world.

During its development, the implementation of the common security (collective security) not

only done just to keep the country's sovereignty, but also maintain the security of citizens. The

case can be taken as an example in the 1990s is a case in Iraq in 1991 and in Somalia in 1992/3.

In the first case of common security measures taken to protect the Kurds in the north and south

of the minority Shi'te against government repression. While the second case, in Somalia, the

same action is done to provide humanitarian protection because the government does not work.

Joint security measures undertaken in both countries by the UN Security Council resolution No.

688 April 1991 stating that the government's repression against civilians has led to the influx of

refugees crossing the border and out of Iraq. The incident was assessed as a threat to

international peace and security in the region. Iraqi Security conducted on land north and in the

air with a set of exclusive zone in the Northern and Southern Iraq to protect the Kurdish minority

and Shi'te. Meanwhile, on December 3, 1992, the UN Security Council stated that the tragedy in

Somalia has been a threat for peace and security in the region. Both of these events should be

noted because it was done the first time since the humanitarian tragedy in southern Africa and

Rhodesia in the 1960s, used military force to protect minorities and a war that is expected to be a

human tragedy. These cases demonstrate that the concept of security-oriented state beganmoving toward an idea that developed the idea of security for its citizens. Concern for human

safety is increasingly becoming important. Human security into the security issues are gaining a

lot of attention.

The idea of Human Security appears to be more evident in the report of the UNDP Human

Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme in 1994. However, the

actual idea or understanding of Human Security began a debate after the cold war ended. One

important resource that gives rise to human security is a debate about the idea of disarmament

weapons and a lot of development going on in the various forums of the United Nations in

response to the arms race of the cold war era. Similarly, the activities of several independent

commissions such as the Brandt Commission (The Brandt Commission), the Bruntland

Commission (The Commission Brundland) and Global Penakbiran Commission (The

Commission on Global Governance) to help change the focus of the analysis of national security

or state security to security for citizens (sometimes -sometimes also referred to the Security of

the People or Societal Security). Discourse is then followed by the growth of non-recognition of

the threat of the military in the debate over global security.


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UNDP formulated (itemize) human security in some parts as follows: (1) economic security

(Assured basic income), (2) food security (physical and economic access to food). (3) health

security (relative freedom from disease and infection), (4) environmental security (access to

sanitary water supply, clean water and a non-degraded land system), (5) social security (security

of cultural identity), (6) individual security (security from physical violence and threat), and (7)

political security (protection of basic human rights and freedom).

Critics of the UNDP definition comes from the Government of Canada considers the notion that

they are too focused on the threats associated with retardation (underdevelopment) and

considered ignoring human insecurity resulting from violent conflict. In Canada the perspective

of human security is the security of the people (the security of citizens) are guided by the UN

Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Geneva Convention. In this case the

concept of human security focuses on the human cost caused by violent conflict. Understanding

the acclaim of middle power countries like Norway which is then shared with the Canadian

government set up a body called the Human Security Partnership in 1998. This institution

identifies human security in the 9 (nine) as follows: land mine victims, the establishment of the

International Criminal Court , human rights, humanitarian law, women and children in armed

conflict, plorifikasi light weapons (small arms), child soldiers, child labor and kerjama northern

countries.

Different Definition of human security has actually been going on even before the Canadian

formula, which was developed by the Japanese government, through the fiftieth anniversary

speech to the UN General Assembly in 1995. On the occasion, Prime Minister Murayama Tomii

suggested that human security be used as a new strategy for the United Nations in addressing

common security. Although he did not convey how much the implementation of the idea, but the

Japanese media in reporting assume that that view is a new approach aimed to redefine the

concept of security which has been widely interpreted as the security of the country as a way to

protect the security and rights of its citizens. In short, the Japanese government's perspective of

human security is a broader concept than just freedom from fear, but also free to make ends

meet. Thus the goal is to ensure the continuity of human security

life and dignity and the dignity of mankind. So human security should reach more than just

protect human life in conflict situations.

Actually, Canadian and Japanese perspectives differences in understanding of human security is

symptomatic that is well known as the differences between Western liberalism and Asian values.Although it is not entirely true, given the differing views on human security also occurred among

the West (West-West), among others countries (East-East) as well as between the West and East

(West-East). These differences occur both at the philosophical level and implementation in the

field. For example, Astrid Suhrke (1999) suggested a human security should emphasize the

protection of vulnerable groups that are potentially easy to be a victim. He categorizes into three

categories: those who are victims of war and internal conflict, those who live in the levels below


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the poverty line and those who are victims of natural disasters. Meanwhile, Dr. Sverre Lodgaard

(2000) from the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs has the opinion that it narrows the

definition of human security. In his view so as not to dicampuradukan human security with

human development. In addition, human security does not reach out to those affected by natural

disasters and other disasters that can not be controlled like hunger, infectious diseases and

environmental contamination, and so forth. Keywords which he used in defining human security

is the protection of weaker parties during the conflict. The reason that provide background

necking definition of human security is as follows: First, security issues arise when there is a

threat of violence. Therefore, the case of socio-economic disaster can not be considered within

the scope of human security do not always remember it can lead to acts of violence. Second, the

issue of security is always berdomensi 'political' in the sense of engaging with people and

control. While it is very rare natural disasters can be prevented, because it is the events that are

beyond human control. Thus, humanitarian aid is best done in a manner completely eliminates

the political and security considerations. Such assistance should be done under the spirit

imparialitas and neutrality. In the perspective of human security is defined as freedom from fearcaused by human activities that can lead to physical violence to citizens. Expansion of Definition

of human security is more than just presented as the liberation of structural violence (structural

violence) would obscure the idea, and in turn will make effective policy formulation.

Many countries in the Asia-Pacific region to interpret the broader human security of Canada and

Norway. This is in line with the conception of a comprehensive national security (comprehensive

security) in Asia. Although both of these (Human Security and Comprehensive Security) are two

different things.

But really need the human aspect of human security in the Asia-Pacific is quite prominent in the

aftermath of the economic crisis in 1997. The crisis has dramatically increased poverty, thwarted

development results, causing political instability and economic competition is not balanced and

tensions between countries caused by refugees and illegal immigrants worsen the atmosphere. It

also encourages the need for good governance, development that takes into account the

environment, and so on. Besides the need for a social security network for the poor, something

that had been overlooked because of these countries tend to pursue growth. Therefore, the advice

of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, Sufrin Pirdsuan, explicitly linking the needs of

the social security network with the decline of the regional economy.

In short, human security requires a change of thinking about the security of the state leads to thenotion of human security including the security of individuals and communities. The response of

the international community lately to the challenges of human security shows that they care

about the crisis situation that could result in the survival and livelihoods of the people are at

stake. Human security to protect the existence of community members, including children,

civilians in war, ethnic minorities and others from various types of violence. Furthermore,

differences in the understanding of human security is not something that is impossible in the


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reconcile. Through the efforts of the future will be the paradigm of human security in the Asia-

Pacific security. But it depends on how the human security as an emerging norm interacts with

the concepts and practices of collective security in the region is carried out. Acceptances and

institutionalization of new norms that appear highly depends also on how the new values and

norms that conform with existing identity. It means human security in the Asia-Pacific region

should be assessed through two previous ideas that affect the security concept and its

implementation in the region: comprehensif Security and Cooperative Security.

Jakarta, 11 September 2003.

Reading Materials:

1. Amitar Achadya, Debating Human Security: East versus the West.

2. Sverre Lodgaard: Human Security, Concept and operationalization.

3. Christopher Layne, Kamt OR Cart: The Myth of the Democratic Peace.b

http://iwansmile.wordpress.com/national-security-human-security-ham-dan-demokrasi/

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