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oleh : muhammad yusuf awaluddin

Gelombang III

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A lil’ bit outline

Standing waves or Seiche

Tsunami

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Tipe gelombang berdasar wavelength nya :

Tipe Gelombang Tipikal panjang

gelombang

Penyebab

Wind wave 60 – 150 m Angin di laut

Seiche Besar dan

bervariasi

Perubahan

tekanan atmosfer,

badai, tsunami

Tsunami 200 km Patahan dasar

laut, gunung

meletus, landside

Tide (Pasang

surut)

½ lingkaran bumi Tarikan gravitasi,

rotasi bumi.

Garison (2004)

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Standing waves / seiches dicirikan oleh

permukaan air yang naik-turun.

Suatu node (simpul) : garis imajiner yg

melewati permukaan dengan tidak

mengalami perubahaan elevasi saat

standing wave ber-osilasi.

Antinode : merupakan maksimum

perubahan suatu permukaan permuaan

saat berosilasi. Biasanya terjadi pada

ujung suatu cekungan.

7-4Standing Waves

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Natural Period of Standing Waves

Garison (2004)

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Geometry dari suatu cekungan mempengaruhi

periode standing wave. Cekungannya dapat

terbuka atau tertutup.

Standing waves dapat ditimbulkan oleh storm

surge (kenaikan permukaan laut sebagai akibat

rendahnya tekanan atmosfir dan akumulasi dari

air yang menuju pantai yg dibangkitkan oleh

badai)

Standing wave muncul karena berosilasi secara

vertikal dan tidak ada pergerakan maju.

7-4Standing Waves

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Example :

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From UNESCO/PTWC tsunami booklet

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"Tsunami" – Bahasa Jepang yg “harbor wave".

Merupakan bagian dari gelombang lautan yang disebebkan pleh pergeseran lempeng

tektonik atau aktifitas vulkanik,dll.

The Great Wave off Kanagawa by

Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849)

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BANDA ACEH : June 23, 2004

Gambar satelit sebelum terjadinya tsunami

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BANDA ACEH: December 28, 2004

Gambar satelit diambil setela tsunami.

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Tsunami

Tsunami terminology :

Often called “tidal waves” but have nothing to do

with the tides

Japanese term meaning “harbor wave”

Also called “seismic sea waves”

Dihasilkan oleh pergerakan dari dasar lautan :

Pergerakan lempeng tektonik dasar laut

Patahan dasar laut

Aktifitas tektonik gunung dasar laut

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Tsunami Sources

Earthquakes (e.g. Honshu, 2011; Sumatra, 2004: >200,000 people killed; Papa New Guinea, 1998: ~3,000 people killed)

Volcanic eruptions (e.g. Krakatoa, 1883: tsunamis killed 30,000 people; Santorini, 2002).

Mass Movement (e.g. Alaska, 1958: waves up to 518 m high formed in Lituya Bay).

Extraterrestrial Impacts - large impacts have the potential to create enormous tsunamis.

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Generation of a Tsunami

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Tsunami Genesis

Tsunamis are

caused by events

that drastically and

suddenly shift a

large volume of

water.

From Plummer McGeary Carlson

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Most tsunami originate

from underwater fault

movement

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Karakteristik Tsunami

Berefek pada keseluruhan kolom air

sehingga dapat membawa energi yg

lebih besar dari gelombang permukaan.

Dapat memiliki kecepatan hingga lebih

dari 700 kilometer per jam.

Memiliki gelombang yg kecil di laut

terbuka.

Mengakibatkan tinggi yang ekstrim saat

mencapai pantai

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Efek di Pantai

Bila puncak gelombang yg datang terlebih

dahulu, maka akan menimbulkan penarikan air

yang sangat kuat.

Apabila puncak gelombang yang terlebih dahulu

sampai di pantai maka akan mengakibatkan

hentakan gelombang yang kuat dan

meningkatkan level air laut membanjiri daratan.

Tsunami seringkali muncul sebagai rangkaian

penarikan dan hentakan gelombang.

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Sumatra Tsunami 2004

An emergency reaction example (Benz, USGS)

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Tsunami since 1900

Sebagian besar

tsunami berada

diantara batas

Pacific Ocean dan

sepanjang the

Pacific “Ring of Fire”

Sumatera 2004

Honshu/Sendai 2011

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An ExampleTsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004

How long does it take to get to Sri Lanka?

Distance ~1600 km

Water Depth ~4000 m

T= 2000/713=2.2 hr

v gD 9.8* 4000 198m

s 713

km

hr

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An ExampleTsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004

How long to get to Thailand?

Distance ~500 km

Water Depth ~1500 m

T= 500/430=1.1 hr

v gD 9.8*1500 120m

s 430

km

hr

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An Example

Tsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004

“Correct” numerical model using observed source and high definition bathymetry of the front propagation

Courtesy: K. Satake, unpublished

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An ExampleTsunami Wave Example: Sumatra 2004

How high is the wave?

HD12

HD22vD2

vD1gD2

gD1

1

1

2

HD1

2

HD2

20.62

HD2

2gD2

gD1

9.8*10

9.8* 4000 HD2 7.6m

NOAA

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The recent one

Sendai, 2011

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Propagation, Response and Warning Times

for the M9.0 Sumatra EQ

9090 100

0

1 minutes after OT

Northern SumatraPeople are sensing severe

shaking

NEICNo information regarding

earthquake

PTWCNo information regarding

earthquake and/or tsunami

P S

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Propagation, Response and Warning Times

for the M9.0 Sumatra EQ

10 minutes after OT

Northern SumatraSignificant structural damage

in Banda Aceh

Tsunami inundation along the

Sumatran coast

EQ is widely felt throughout

the region

NEICShort period alarm on eight

stations in the region

PTWCShort period alarm on western

Pacific stations

P S

Short-period alarm stations

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10 minutes after OT

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10 minutes after OT

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Propagation, Response and Warning Times

for the M9.0 Sumatra EQ

90

0

12 minutes after OT

Northern SumatraTsunami inundation spreads

further along the Sumatran

coast

NEICShort period alarm on sixteen

stations In the region

Mb6.2, Mwp8.2 earthquake

located off the north coast of

Sumatra

Pager notification to duty

seismologists and others at

NEIC

PTWCMwp8.2 earthquake located

off the north coast of Sumatra

No tsunami advisor for the

Pacific Ocean

P S

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Propagation, Response and Warning Times

for the M9.0 Sumatra EQ

16 minutes after OT

P S

Northern SumatraTsunami inundation spreads

further along the Sumatran

coast and reaches the

Nicobar Islands

NEICFirst automatic location released

at NEIC

Pager notification to about 10

people in the USGS

PTWCConfers with NEIC on the

location and magnitude of the

Earthquake

Release Tsunami Information Bulletin

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01:14 WC&ATWC Tsunami Information

Bulletin

Location 3.4 N, 95.7 E

BASED ON LOCATION AND MAGNITUDE THE EARTHQUAKE WAS NOT

SUFFICIENT TO GENERATE A TSUNAMI DAMAGING TO CALIFORNIA -

OREGON - WASHINGTON - BRITISH COLUMBIA OR ALASKA. SOME

AREAS MAY EXPERIENCE SMALL SEA LEVEL CHANGES. IN AREAS OF

INTENSE SHAKING LOCALLY GENERATED TSUNAMIS CAN BE

TRIGGERED BY SLUMPING. THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING

CENTER WILL ISSUE TSUNAMI BULLETINS FOR HAWAII AND OTHER

AREAS OF THE PACIFIC.

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16 minutes after OT

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16 minutes after OT

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30 minutes after OT

M5.5

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34 minutes after OT

M5.5

M6.1

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39 minutes after OT

M5.5

M6.1

M6.0

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43 minutes after OT

M5.5

M6.1

M6.0

M5.5

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Propagation, Response and Warning Times

for the M9.0 Sumatra EQ

90

0

44 minutes after OT

Northern SumatraTsunami is passing thru the

Nicobar Islands

NEICAutomatic Ms magnitude is

calculated (Ms8.5)

Pager notification to about 30

people in the USGS

Aftershocks suggest Ms8.5 is

too low

PTWCConfers with NEIC on the

location and magnitude of the

earthquake

Notifies US Military on Diego

Garcia on the possibility of

an approaching tsunami

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Propagation, Response and Warning Times

for the M9.0 Sumatra EQ

0

90

75 minutes after OT

Northern SumatraTsunami reaches the Andaman

Islands, approaches the Thai

coast

NEICReleases reviewed

earthquake location and

magnitude (Ms8.5)

Pager notifications are sent

to 25,000 people

Call down list is activated

Wire service reports

of collapsed buildings in

Banda Aceh

PTWC

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Telephone Call-Down List

USGS Earthquake Hazards Program Coordinator 02:30 UTC

USGS Office of Communications 02:30

USGS NEIS Coordinator 02:25

White House situation room 02:35

State Department Operations Center 02:36

FEMA Operations Center 02:37

International Commission on

Renal Failure, Alberta, Canada 02:39

EERI

02:42

USGS GHT Chief Scientist 02:27

USGS GHT Chief Scientist 02:29

USGS CR Executive for Geology 02:32

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Msg Agency

Pager/Email USGS Earthquake Program, Reston and Golden

Pager FEMA, Washington DC area

Pager/Email UN Radio Readiness Group, New York

Fax/Email Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo

Email Schweizerischer Erdbebendienst, Zurich,Switzerland

Email Servicio Hidrográfico y Oceanográfico de la

Armada, Chile

Email Réseau National de Surveillance Sismique, EOPGS,

Strasbourg, France

Email Seismic Data Analysis Center, BGR, Hannover,

Germany

Email Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch,

Novosibirsk, Russia

Email GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

Email US Strategic Air Command, Nebraska

Email National Geospatial Intelligence Agency, Virginia

Email European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre,

Bruyères-le-Châtel, France

Email Instituto Geográfico Nacional, Madrid, Spain

Email World Agency of Planetary Monitoring and EQ Risk

Reduction, Geneva

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Recipients of “embassy” news release message

(Sent between 02:21 and about 02:30)

Msg. type Agency

Fax/Email US Embassy Consular Section, Jakarta,

Indonesia

Fax/Email US Consulate General, Surabaya,

Indonesia

Fax/Email US Consular Agent, Denpasar,

Indonesia

Fax UN Office for the Coordination of

Humanitarian Affairs, Geneva, Switzerland

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104 minutes after OT

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104 minutes after OT

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Propagation, Response and Warning Times

for the M9.0 Sumatra EQ

122 minutes after OT

Indian OceanLittle communication from

Banda Aceh

Destruction in Pkuket

Tsunami hits Sri Lanka

NEICContinuing dialogue between

USGS scientists in Golden,

Reston and Menlo Park

No confirmation via wire

services of tsunami in the

Indian Ocean

Wire service reports of

building collapse in Banda

Aceh

Web content is being

developed and posted

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Tsunami Indian Ocean Dec. 26, 2004

• The most powerful earthquake in 40 years

• Measured 9.0 on the Richter scale

• Occurred approximately four miles below the Indian Ocean near

the Indonesian Island of Sumatra.

No tsunami ocean

buoy in Indian Ocean

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Can We Do Better?

Tsunami warning system

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Tsunami: Aceh 2004

That’s all folksTsunami Aceh, 2004

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Wait !!!!!!TUGaS Individu :

Buatlah artikel ilmiah Dengan Tema TWS (Tsunami Warning

System) dan lembaga yg berwenang utk hal tersebut,

misal :

o. BMKG o. USGS o. CSIRO

1. 1500 kata saja tdk termasuk referensi:

2. Cover – Abstrak-Pendahuluan-Isi-Kesimpulan-referensi

3. Due date : 9 Mei 2012 pukul 21.00 ke

awaludin@unpad.ac.id

TUGaS KELOMPOK :1. Buat POSTER 1 kelompok 1 poster

2. Bentuk Portrait .

3. Dikumpulkan ke Eka tgl 10 Mei 2012

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contoh