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i

FFOORREEWWOORRDD

This report is the result of 18 months study to estimate the development

impact of Solar Home System in the Province of Lampung. The impact is particularly

addressed to the issues of social economic status of the SHS household users,

gender equity, lifestyle and efficiency cost of energy expenditure. Here the study

takes into account the appropriation of the system by individual members of

household is a very crucial factor for understanding the impact of SHS to the

transformation of status and role in the household. This study is conducted by

Yayasan Dian Desa at the request of Project Support Group of the SHS Project. In

this respect Jim Finucane is the initiator who initiated and conceptualized this work.

The accomplishment of this whole study depends on innumerable support

and assistance from many individuals and institutions perticularly during the

fieldwork. Our gratitude goes primarily to our field assistants in Bandar Lampung.

They are Wuli Marwanto, Edy Susanto, Rudy Leo Chandrika, Yovan Yorvane, Teguh

Suprayitno, Ricky Wibowo, Jeffri Bagus Bachtiar, Wiwit, Budhi Ariyati and Futri. We

would like to convey our thanks also to our hosts Pak Rejo, Mbah Rejo, Mbah Harjo,

Mas Bambang and to our informants whose names can not be mentioned one by one

in this report. Last but not least, we would like also to thank to our editors Bonivasius

Dwi P and Ms. Adventina Putranti who have made this report more readable.

Yayasan Dian Desa is grateful for the genuine cooperation of PT Mambruk

during the fieldwork. Finally Yayasan Dian Desa hopes that the result of this study

will be useful for the development of the Solar Home System.

Research Team

ii

EEXXCCUUTTIIVVEE SSUUMMMMAARRYY

This report is the result of a study by Yayasan Dian Desa at the request of

the SHS Project Support Group to estimate the development impact of the SHS use

in the province of Lampung. The study consists of three steps. The first was a survey

to establish the base-line data of the socio-economic and cultural conditions and to

assess the needs that led to the households deciding to install the SHS. This step

was conducted at the time when the household users installed the SHS. The second

step survey was the preliminary assessment to identify different effects of the use of

the SHS in the households after six months. Then, the last step was the third survey

to verifify the impacts of the SHS one year after the installation.

Based on the social economic indicators, it can be reflected that the majority

of SHS users belong to the middle and upper classes in the community. Most of them

are peasants who rely on agricultural sectors as their livelihood, both for subsistence

and cash. In this sense, their income earnings fluctuate depending on the seasons,

and the market prices of their crop commodities. The first round follow up survey had

found that the drought during the past dry season and the falling prices of the crops

had contributed to declining incomes. In the third survey, the economic condition

seemed a bit improved compared to that six months earlier.

Regarding the household financial management, the majority of respondents

have not yet utilized the banking system. They still manage their finance in a simple

way, such as borrowing money from their neighbors or local installment plan union if

they need some, and keeping their money under the pillow if they have some extra.

The information about SHS is circulated through neighbors, household

members, and door-to-door salesmen than through mass media. Such information is

more widely received by the respondents since they can directly observe the

application of the system in the neighborhood. To some extent, those who have not

yet installed the system also get advantages from the SHS when they visit or watch

television in their neighbors houses. Most of respondents know how the system

works. In some cases, they claim that they are able to repair the equipment.

Nevertheless, when some parts of the system are down, they tend to entrust the

technicians of the marketing agency to repair it.

Their need to purchase SHS in a competitive price has inspired some

strangers to manipulate the image of SHS for purpose of selling emergency lamps.

There are at least 25 households of the non SHS users inflicting a financial loss for

the case in Way Serdang village. The reseacher team also find the similar cases in

other areas, such as Seputih Mataram, Pardasuka, Punduh Pidada, etc. When the

iii

researcher approaches them to cross check the issue, they are mostly angry at first.

Then, they eventually ask for an apology when the team clarify the matters.

The SHS installation has not yet dramatically improved the living condition of

the users but it has small impacts on the gender basis of the division of labors,

households life style and the efficiency of the cost for the energy expenditure. The

social economic status does not change much because of the SHS. In some cases,

some households used their SHS to generate additional income because they could

extend their shop services until late at night.

The division of labors in the households remains the same because women

still hold the dominant role in domestic activities, while men still maintain their role in

public domain. With the SHS lighting many women work over time on their domestic

tasks. The role of the women in the domestic sectors is therefore reinforced. On the

other hand, most men take the advantage of the SHS for pleasure.

The use of SHS somehow brings about impacts on the education of the

children. The children are encouraged to study more with the extension of lighting,

particularly for reading activities. More children of the SHS users attain better

achievements in their school due to the increase of their time allocation to do their

homework. Likewise, the households of SHS users also get the benefit to access the

flow of information, specifically from the radio and television. The availability of power

supply for the electronic equipments enables the SHS user respondents to update

information of modern life style or at least to break up the isolation of their villages.

Regarding the habit of house cleaning, apparently some change occurs. The

households that seldom cleaned their houses, after installing SHS do the such

activities at least once or twice a day. In some instances, respondents claim to clean

their houses many more times when they find the house dirty. Perhaps, the

brightness of the SHS lighting awakens their feeling of discomfort to see the

untidiness of their houses.

This study indicates that the house of the SHS users is more often used as

the venue for social gatherings. The decision to choose the SHS users houses for

gatherings is somehow due to its lighting facility. Hence, the SHS use may lead the

owner to get involved more actively in the community life because their house will be

chosen for the center of social activities, particularly at night.

In terms of household expenditure for energy, this survey reveals the

significant cost reduction. There is less purchasing of dry cell batteries and kerosene

as well as less cost for recharging car batteries. These three energy sources are

actually the most affected by the use of SHS. However, the use of SHS has not

iv

implied any radical changes for the use of energy sources because most

respondents combine various energy sources for different purposes.

Dealing with the remoteness of the respondents living areas, the SHS likely

contributes to breaking their feelings of being isolated. With the limited distribution of

printed media, they can access the information on regional, national and even global

issues from the electronic media. Recently some satellite telephone shops (wartel) in

the neighborhood are also powered by the SHS. These wartels help them to get

engaged in national and international communications with their relatives in other

parts of the world, such as Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Thus, it slightly overcome the

insufficient facilities of public transportation in their countryside.

All in all, this study affirms the positive impacts of the SHS use on the

households due to its support for education, social gatherings, cleanliness of the

houses, and the reduction of cost for the household energy expenditure.

v

RRIINNGGKKAASSAANN

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya untuk rumah tangga atau Solar Home

System (SHS) telah diperkenalkan di Indonesia sejak tahun 1980-an. SHS memiliki

teknologi yang ramah lingkungan, bersih dan tidak menimbulkan polusi. Sosialisasi

penerapan pemakaian SHS dilakukan oleh berbagai institusi di tingkat pemerintah,

swasta maupun lembaga donor. Tahun 1999, teknologi ini mulai terakreditasi dan

mulai efektif diterapkan di beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Pada tahap pendistribusian

secara komersial, World Bank memberikan subsidi melalui sektor swasta yang

terlibat dalam pemasarannya. Sektor swasta tersebut antara lain PT Mambruk

Tenaga Surya, PT Altari, dan PT Guna Elektro, PT Sundaya, dsb. Wilayah yang

digunakan sebagai pilot project bagi penyebarannya adalah Propinsi Jawa Barat,

Propinsi Lampung dan Propinsi Sulawesi Selatan.

Ada pun studi ini dilakukan dalam rangka penelitian untuk mencermati dampak

penggunaan SHS dalam rumah tangga. Sementara studi ini sendiri bertujuan untuk

mendeskripsikan dan menganalisa pengguna dan non pengguna SHS dari sisi

ekonomi, sosial, dan budaya. Tujuan khususnya adalah untuk mengetahui dampak

pemakaian SHS terhadap tingkat pendidikan, peran masing-masing anggota

keluarga, migrasi, motivasi pembelian, harapan dan kebutuhan akan SHS bagi

rumah tangga.

Penelitian ini berlangsung melalui tiga tahap. Tahap pertama adalah Baseline

Study dengan menggali informasi awal mengenai kondisi umum dan karakteristik

responden serta motivasi mereka memasang SHS. Penelitian pada tahap ini

dilakukan saat responden sedang memasang SHS di rumah mereka. Tahap kedua

merupakan kajian awal terhadap dampak yang muncul setelah responden

menggunakan SHS dalam kurun waktu enam bulan. Penelitian tahap ketiga

dilakukan genap satu tahun setelah responden menggunakan SHS dengan sasaran

utama mengkaji dan melakukan verifikasi dampak yang ditimbulkan dari pemakaian

SHS. Pendekatan yang dipakai untuk melakukan penelitian ini menggunakan

pendekatan kuantitatif (survey) dan kualitatif.

Survey dilakukan terhadap 50 responden pemasang dan 50 responden non

pemasang SHS. Dalam tahap akhir dari proses penelitian ini jumlah responden

menjadi 48 pemasang dan 47 non pemasang. Hal tersebut terjadi karena pada

survey tahap kedua tiga responden yang sebelumnya non pemasang kemudian

menjadi pemasang. Jumlah itu menggantikan tiga responden pemasang yang minta

dicabut penggunaan SHS mereka. Pada tahap penelitian yang ketiga terdapat dua

vi

responden pemasang lagi yang minta dicabut. Wawancara dibedakan antara

anggota keluarga, yang terdiri dari ayah, ibu, anak laki-laki dan anak perempuan.

Selain itu juga dilakukan wawancara mendalam untuk menggali data-data yang lebih

detail dari beberapa rumah tangga yang telah disurvey. Metode lain yang digunakan

untuk mempertajam penggalian data adalah dengan Focus Group Discussion (FGD).

Pesertanya dipilih berdasarkan lokasi pemasangan yang berkelompok.

Kebanyakan pemasang SHS berasal dari wilayah yang disebut daerah gagal

listrik, yaitu mereka yang daerahnya dekat dengan jaringan listrik PLN tetapi tidak

pernah mendapatkan tanggapan untuk memperoleh layanan atau

penyambungannya. Di samping itu, sebagian besar dari pemasang SHS adalah

warga transmigran dari Jawa yang telah tinggal di propinsi Lampung dalam satu atau

dua generasi. Status sosial ekonomi mereka umumnya dari status menengah ke atas

yang mata pencahariannya adalah pertanian, terutama yang telah memiliki sawah

selain berladang. Bisa dikatakan petani pemasang SHS ini berasal dari mereka yang

telah mampu memenuhi kebutuhan subsisten pangannya. Hal tersebut dapat juga

terlihat dari kondisi rumah, kepemilikan serta pengeluarannya yang rata-rata berada

di atas Rp 500.000,- per bulan. Kendati demikian, kebanyakan diantara mereka

membeli SHS dengan cara kredit karena dipandang lebih ringan beban tanggungan

pengeluaran bulanan mereka.

Para pemasang SHS ini juga tidak bisa dibedakan menurut tingkat

pendidikan mereka. Baik orang yang tidak pernah sekolah hingga orang yang

mengenyam perguruan tinggi membeli SHS. Bahkan, kebanyakan para pemasang

SHS ini berasal dari mereka yang tingkat pendidikannya tergolong rendah. Dengan

demikian, tingkat pendidikan tidak merupakan faktor penentu apakah orang

memasang SHS atau tidak. SHS bisa dimiliki oleh semua orang tidak terbatas pada

mereka yang memiliki pendidikan atau pengetahuan yang dipandang tinggi.

Rumah tangga yang mempunyai televisi dan sering menonton televisi

cenderung untuk membeli SHS. Dalam hal ini, bisa diduga bahwa dengan

pemasangan SHS, orang membayangkan bisa menikmati tontonan televisi tanpa

harus repot menambah daya aki setiap saat ke tempat strumnya. Di samping itu,

rumah tangga yang sering menjadi tuan rumah bagi pertemuan warga komunitasnya

juga cenderung memasang SHS. Hal ini berkaitan dengan fungsi kemudahan

penerangan yang umumnya dibutuhkan pada pertemuan malam hari saat mereka

tidak lagi bekerja di luar rumah.

Para pemasang SHS juga kebanyakan berasal dari rumah tangga yang ingin

menetap di daerah yang sekarang ditempati. Kendati demikian, mereka juga memiliki

mobilitas ruang yang cukup tinggi dengan seringnya bepergian di luar daerah

vii

mereka. Berkaitan dengan hal ini, informasi SHS rupanya juga tersebar melalui jalur

laki-laki yang kebanyakan memiliki peran lebih besar di luar rumah di samping laki-

laki yang banyak berurusan dengan tanggung jawab atau keputusan dalam membeli

peralatan elektronik dan perbaikannya serta penerangan rumah.

Sebagian besar pemasang SHS rupanya juga memiliki harapan dan motivasi

yang tinggi. Mereka memesan pemasangan SHS kepada penjual umumnya kurang

dari satu minggu semenjak mengetahui informasinya. Informasi yang paling efektif

tampaknya justru dari tetangga mereka meskipun ada iklan yang disiarkan melalui

radio atau surat kabar oleh agen penjual SHS. Tampaknya hal ini merupakan efek

dari strategi promosi dari rumah ke rumah yang dilakukan oleh pihak penjual. Dalam

hal ini orang cenderung melihat terlebih dahulu SHS yang sudah dipasang tetangga

mereka sebelum membeli.

Keinginan yang tinggi untuk memiliki SHS dengan harga murah rupanya telah

dimanfaatkan oleh pihak-pihak yang ingin mengambil untung dari citra baik SHS di

mata masyarakat. Sebagaian warga masyarakat mengutarakan bahwa mereka telah

tertipu oleh para penjual lampu darurat (emergency lamp) yang mempromosikan

lampu itu sebagai miniatur SHS yang cara kerjanya cukup dijemur di terik siang hari

manakala lampu tidak mau menyala kehabisan daya.

Hasil penelitian ini selanjutnya bisa disarikan dalam beberapa hal berikut.

Pertama, pemakaian SHS belum terlihat memberikan kontribusi terhadap

peningkatan status sosial ekonomi rumah tangga. Dalam hal ini, daya SHS yang

terpasang, masih memiliki keterbatasan dalam kapasitasnya untuk mengembangkan

usaha atau sumber pendapatan. SHS yang umumnya terpasang praktis hanya bisa

untuk membantu penerangan rumah dan menghidupkan beberapa alat elektronik.

Kedua, pemakaian SHS semakin memperkuat peran dan posisi domestik

perempuan di dalam rumah tangga. Pembagian kerja dan pengambilan keputusan di

dalam rumah tangga masih menekankan perbedaan peran laki-laki dan perempuan

dalam domain tugas dan tanggung jawab yang berlainan. Perempuan bertanggung

jawab dalam ruang domestik, membereskan pekerjaan-pekerjaan di dalam rumah

serta mengelola keuangan, sedangkan laki-laki cenderung berada dalam ruang

publik seperti menghadiri pertemuan sosial, aktivitas kemasyarakatan selain mencari

sumber penghasilan utama untuk rumah tangganya. Berkenaan dengan peran

gender ini, para ibu-ibu diuntungkan dengan penerangan SHS karena bisa

membereskan pekerjaan rumah tangganya di malam hari sementara suaminya

cenderung meluangkan waktu dengan menikmati hiburan televisi, radio atau sekedar

duduk-duduk mengobrol baik dengan tetangga atau anggota keluarga mereka.

viii

Di samping itu, SHS pun dipandang sebagai barang yang berasosiasi dengan

laki-laki karena perawatannya berada dalam tanggung jawab mereka walaupun

ketika membeli diputuskan secara bersama antara suami dan isterinya. Namun

demikian, keterlibatan perempuan dalam pengambilan keputusan pembelian SHS ini

lebih berkaitan dengan tugasnya dalam mengelola keuangan keluarga karena harga

SHS yang cukup mahal untuk keuangan rumah tangga mereka. Perlu dicatat di sini

bahwa masalah keuangan keluarga responden sebagian besar dikelola secara

tradisional dan sedikit di antara mereka yang berhubungan dengan layanan

perbankan.

Ketiga, SHS memberikan dampak positif bagi gaya hidup individu dalam

rumah tangga yang memasangnya. Anak-anak menjadi lebih giat belajar dan

hasilnya pun terlihat dengan peningkatan prestasi belajar mereka di sekolah. Orang

tua mereka pun mengaku memperoleh manfaat karena bisa mengikuti informasi dari

media elektronik. Mereka juga mengemukakan bahwa berkat SHS ini membawa rasa

aman dan menghilangkan perasaan keterpencilan di desa mereka. Penelitian ini juga

menemukan bahwa aktivitas membersihkan rumah menjadi lebih sering

dibandingkan semasa rumahnya belum menggunakan penerangan SHS. Selain itu,

partisipasi mereka dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat pun meningkat karena rumah

mereka menjadi lebih sering dipakai untuk perkumpulan sosial dan keagamaan di

malam hari.

Keempat, penggunaan SHS telah menurunkan pengeluaran rumah tangga

mereka untuk energi, khususnya minyak tanah, baterai dan aki. Dalam hal ini,

penggunaan SHS tidak serta merta menghilangkan pemakaian sumber energi lain

tetapi mengkombinasikannya untuk keperluan yang berlainan di samping sebagai

cadangan manakala daya SHS menurun. Berkaitan dengan ketersediaan daya yang

dihasilkan SHS ini pula, tercatat bahwa jumlah perangkat elektronik dalam rumah

tangga seperti televisi, tape recorder, radio bahkan VCD kian bertambah.

Kelima, secara umum pengertian tentang cara kerja SHS telah diketahui di

kalangan responden baik yang memasang atau yang tidak. Bahkan di antara

mereka ada yang mengaku bisa memperbaiki sendiri apabila terjadi gangguan atau

kerusakan. Namun demikian, sedikit di antara responden yang pernah mengalami

kerusakan SHS-nya menyerahkan perbaikan itu pada teknisi dari agen penjualan.

Keenam, sebagian besar responden pengguna SHS ini juga menyatakan

puas dengan kondisi SHS-nya. Bahkan beberapa di antara mereka berniat

membelinya lagi untuk menambah daya yang dihasilkan. Sebagian lagi yang merasa

puas tetapi tidak berniat membeli lagi dikarenakan oleh kesulitan keuangan dalam

rumah tangga dan kredit mereka yang belum lunas. Sementara itu, mereka yang

ix

mengaku tidak puas disebabkan oleh kapasitas daya yang dihasilkan oleh SHS

terbatas dalam memenuhi kebutuhan listrik mereka. Mereka masih membayangkan

bahwa kapasitas SHS yang mereka pasang tak ubahnya dengan kapasitas daya dari

jaringan listrik PLN.

Beberapa temuan lain yang menarik selanjutnya bisa dibaca dan dicermati di

dalam laporan penelitian ini.

x

TTAABBLLEE OOFF CCOONNTTEENNTT

FFOORREEWW OORRDD II

EEXXEECCUUTT IIVV EE SS UUMMMM AARRYY .... IIII

RR IINNGGKKAASS AANN VV

TTAABBLLEE OO FF CCOONNTTEENNTT .. XX

TTHHEE LLIISS TT OO FF TTAABBLLEE .... XXII IIII

TTHHEE LLIISS TT OO FF CCHHAARRTT XXVVII II

TTHHEE LLIISS TT OO FF FFIIGGUURREE .... XXVVII II

CCHHAAPPTTEERR II IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN

A. Background .. 1

B. Statement of the Problem .. 3

C. Objectives . 4

D. Assumption and Hypothesis .. 4

E. Research Methodology ... 5

E.1. Approach 5

E.2. Sampling 6

E.3. Interview 8

E.4. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) 8

F. Research Site .. 9

G. Research Schedule . 10

H. The Organization of the Report . 10

CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIII TTHHEE IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN OOFF CCOOMMMM EERRCCIIAALL SSOOLLAARR HHOOMM EE SS YYSSTTEEMM IINN TTHHEE

PPRROOVVIINNCCEE OO FF LLAAMMPP UUNNGG

A. Environmental Condition 12

A. 1. Geography and Topography . 13

A. 2. Population .14

B. Way of Life . 15

C. Price of Energy and Electricity Grid ... 19

D. The Distribution of Solar Home System (SHS) 22

D.1. Promotion and Advertisement 24

D.1.1 Door to Door Promotion ... 24

D.1.2. Radio Broadcast .. 25

D.1.3. Newspaper Advertisement .. 26

D.2. Sales Mechanisms and Services . 27

xi

E. The Needs of SHS .. 28

CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIII II TTHHEE SSOOCCIIAALL EE CCOONNOOMM IICC FFEEAATTUURREESS OO FF TTHHEE SS UURRVV EEYY RREESSPP OONNDDEENNTTSS

A. Ethnic Identity, Family Size, and Age Distribution .. 30

B. Social Economic Status .. 32

B.1. House and Land Ownership .. 33

B. 2. Source of Income and Occupation 36

B. 3. Expenditure 38

B. 4. Valuable Belongings ... 40

C. Financial Management of the Respondents Households .. 41

D. The Information and Knowledge of SHS 43

D. 1. Information of SHS . 43

D. 2. Knowledge of the SHS 45

E. Motivation to Install the SHS 47

F. Purchase and Payment 49

G. The Maintenance and Reparation of the SHS . 51

CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIVV TTHHEE IIMMPP AACCTTSS OO FF SSOOLLAARR HHOOMM EE SSYYSS TTEEMM OONN DD EEVV EELLOOPPMM EENNTT

A. The Social Economic Status the SHS Users 53

A.1. Occupation and Income .. 54

A.2. Expenditure and Valuable Belongings .. 56

B. The Different Impacts of the SHS Use in the Household 62

B.1. The Division of Labor 62

B.2. Length of Activities ... 73

C. The Change of Lifestyle 77

C.1. Education 78

C.2. Social Participation 82

C.3. Cleanliness of the SHS Users Houses . 83

C.4. Spatial Mobility .. 84

D. Accessibility . 86

E. The Energy Use and Expenditure 89

E.1. The Source of Energy in the Household 90

xii

E.2. The Used Energy for Lighting Devices .. 92

E.3. The Used Energy for Electronics 92

E.4. Monthly Household Expenditure of Energy .. 93

F. The Use of SHS . 97

G. Social Identity . 95

H. H. Expectations and Satisfaction 100

CCHHAAPPTTEERR VV CCOONNCCLLUUSS IIOONN 110044

BB IIBBLLIIOOGGRRAAPP HHYY .. 110088

AAPPPP EENNDDIIXX

xiii

TTHHEE LL IISSTT OOFF TTAABBLLEE

1. Table 1. 1 The Number of Respondents

2. Table 1. 2 The Distribution of Respondents Based on the Districts

3. Table 2. 1 The Total Area and Population Density/ km in the Province ofLampung

4. Table 2. 2 The Price List of Basic Goods in Bandar Lampung

5. Table 2. 3 The Average Price of Energy in Lampung (IDR)

6. Table 2. 4 Electricity Generated and Sold per Branch in Lampung Province,2001

7. Table 2. 5 The Audited SHS in Lampung up to June 2003

8. Table 2. 6 The Price of List of the SHS in PT Mambruk

9. Table 2. 7 The Distance between Electricity Grid from the House ofRespondents

10. Table 3. 1 The Ethnic Identity of the Respondents

11. Table 3. 2 The Number of Household Members

12. Table 3. 3 Age Distribution of the Household Members

13. Table 3. 4 The Roof of the Respondents House

14. Table 3. 5 The Housing Condition Based on the Wall

15. Table 3. 6 The Housing Condition Based on the Type of Floor

16. Table 3. 7 The Value of the Respondents House and Its Yard

17. Table 3. 8 Land Ownership

18. Table 3. 9 Land Use Pattern

19. Table 3. 10 Respondents Occupation

20. Table 3. 11 Monthly Household Income

21. Table 3. 12 Monthly Household Expenditure

22. Table 3. 13 The Monthly Expenditure

23. Table 3. 14 The Value of Household Belongings

24. Table 3. 15 The Value of the Respondents Livestock

25. Table 3. 16 Respondents and Bank Services

26. Table 3. 17 Reasons for Not Going to the Bank

27. Table 3. 18 Households Members Who Know Information on SHS

28. Table 3. 19 Agents of SHS Information

29. Table 3. 20 Respondents Knowledge about SHS

30. Table 3. 21 The Interest of Husband and Wife to Install SHS

31. Table 3. 22 Length of Wait to Order SHS

xiv

32. Table 3. 23 The Way of Ordering SHS

33. Table 3. 24 The Reasons of Husband and Wife to Install SHS

34. Table 3. 25 The Mechanism of Payment

35. Table 3. 26 The SHS Trouble

36. Table 4. 1 The SHS User and Non User According to the Income Source

37. Table 4. 2 Monthly Income of the SHS Users

38. Table 4. 3 The Respondents Claim of Having Advantage from Using the SHS

39. Table 4. 4 Monthly Expenditure of the SHS User

40. Table 4. 5 Monthly Expenditure of SHS User for Productive Activities

41. Table 4. 6 New Valuable Goods Bought during the Research Process

42. Table 4. 7 The SHS User and Non User According to Their Land Ownership

43. Table 4. 8 The Land Use Pattern

44. Table 4. 9 Cooking Activities in the Household by Gender

45. Table 4. 10 Childrearing Activities in the Household by Gender

46. Table 4. 11 Laundering Activities in the Household by Gender

47. Table 4. 12 Frequency of Doing House Cleaning by Gender

48. Table. 4. 13 The Maintenance of SHS by Gender

49. Table 4. 14 Fulfilling Energy Needs by Gender

50. Table 4. 15 Doing Farmland by Gender

51. Table 4. 16 Keeping Livestock by Gender

52. Table 4. 17 Participation of SHS User in Social Gatherings

53. Table 4. 18 Participation of SHS User in Religious Gatherings

54. Table 4. 19 Decision Maker in Building House

55. Table 4. 20 Decision Maker in Buying Electronics

56. Table 4. 21 Decision Maker to Repair Electronics

57. Table 4. 22 Decision Maker for Children Schooling

58. Table 4. 23 Decision Maker to Educate Children

59. Table 4. 24 Decision Maker to Buy Kitchen Tools

60. Table 4. 25 Decision Maker to Prepare Food

61. Table 4. 26 The Length of Productive Activities by Gender

62. Table 4. 27 The Length of Recreation by Gender

63. Table 4. 28 The Length of Bedtime by Gender

64. Table 4. 29 The Advantage from the SHS by Gender

65. Table 4. 30 Reasons for the Advantages of Having SHS

66. Table 4. 31 The Educational Attainment of the Household Members

xv

67. Table 4. 32 The Length of Childrens Study

68. Table 4. 33 The Achievement of Children at School

69. Table 4. 34 Frequency of Watching Television

70. Tabel 4. 35 Respondents Favorite Program on Television

71. Table 4. 36 Frequency of Listening to the Radio

72. Table 4. 37 Frequency of Reading Newspaper

73. Table 4. 38 Frequency of Hosting Community Activities

74. Table 4. 39 Frequency of House Cleaning

75. Table 4. 40 Reasons to Stay by Gender

76. Table 4. 41 Frequency of Traveling Out

77. Table 4. 42 Differential Responses on the Accessibility in Communication

78. Table 4. 43 Media of Communication

79. Table 4. 44 Getting Access to Information Amongst Different HouseholdMembers of SHS User

80. Table 4. 45 Getting Access to Information Amongst Different HouseholdMembers of non-SHS User

81. Table 4. 46 Sources of Information for Members of the SHS Household

82. Table 4. 47 The Energy Source in the Household of SHS User.

83. Table 4. 48 Lighting Tools in the SHS User

84. Table 4. 49 Electronic Appliances in the SHS User

85. Table 4. 50 SHS user Household Monthly Expenditure for Buying Dry Cell,Kerosene and for Recharging Car Battery (Volume)

86. Table 4. 51 SHS User Household Monthly Expenditure for Dry Cell, Keroseneand for Recharging Car Batteries (IDR)

87. Table 4. 52 Monthly Energy Expenditure for Appliances before Using SHS

88. Table 4. 53 Monthly Energy Expenditure for Appliances after a Year Using SHS

89. Table 4. 54 Length of Daily SHS Use

90. Table 4. 55 Power Capacity of Electronic Appliances

91. Table 4. 56 Responses of the SHS Users on the Advantage of the System

92. Table 4. 57 The Expectation of Household Members at the Time of SHSInstallment

93. Table 4. 58 Differential Responses toward the SHS

94. Table 4. 59 Planning to Buy More SHS: Husband and Wife

xvi

TTHHEE LL IISSTT OOFF CCHHAARRTT

1. Chart 1 Fluctuation Price of Crop Commodity 15

2. Chart 2 Fluctuation Price of Agricultural Commodity 16

3. Chart 3. Average Retail Price of Basic Commodity .. 17

TTHHEE LL IISSTT OOFF FF IIGGUURREE

1. Figure 1 Household Survey in Kasui 5

2. Figure 2 Indepth Interview in Mesuji . 6

3. Figure 3 Focus Group Discussion in Seputih Mataram . 8

4. Figure 4 Village in Pardasuka 22

5. Figure 4 Preparation to Install SHS .. 24

6. Figure 5 SHS Installation 44

7. Figure 6 Electrycity by SHS 45

8. Figure 7 SHS Battery .. 51

9. Figure 8 The Damage Of Battery .. 52

10. Figure 9 SHS Users in Mesuji . . 61

11. Figure 10 Wartel 86

12. Figure 11 Fuel Energy .. 91

13. Figure 12 SHS Used for Electronic Appliances 96

1

CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIIINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN

A. Background

A solar home system (SHS) is an alternative source of modern energy.

It provides high quality and convenient service for non-grid connected rural

households, which are able to use the SHS instead of kerosene for lighting and

instead of batteries for radio/cassette or television. As a part of a program to

develop sustainable access, the World Bank and the Government of Indonesia

through the SHS Project have supported efforts by the private sector to

distribute SHS through commercial market mechanisms since 1999. The

coverage areas of the project are the province of West Java, Lampung, and

South Sulawesi. The companies involved in the project are PT Mambruk, PT

Altari, PT Guna Elektro, PT Sundaya, PT MetroIndo and PT Gerbang.

This research is a study by Yayasan Dian Desa, conducted at the

request of the Project Support Group of the SHS Project. The purpose of the

study is to explore the development impacts of the use of SHS within

households and, to a lesser extent, within communities. This is a pilot study,

focused on selected household in the province of Lampung. The study has

been conducted in three stages. The first step was to collect base-line data of

the socio-economic and cultural conditions of the households and communities

and to assess the needs of the households that contributed to the decision to

purchase an SHS. This step was conducted at the time the SHS was installed

in the household. The second step was to identify the different effects that the

use of the SHS had had on the households, particularly the impacts on the

different members of the households. This was carried out in the second

survey, which was conducted approximately six months after the installation of

the SHS in the household. The third stage was to conduct the third household

level survey, after approximately six additional months, to further track the

effects of the SHS and to form a basis for explaining the impact of the SHS on

the living conditions of the users one year after the SHS installment. Focus

group interviews and interviews of community leaders were also conducted to

explore the possible impacts.

2

The newly installed SHS technology may provide different advantages

to the individual members of the SHS user households. From this assumption,

there are potentially observable shifts in the pattern of the individual household

members daily activities due to the use of SHS. New habits may emerge and

in the long run the roles of the individuals in the households may be

reconstructed. This study pays a special attention to these potential impacts.

The impacts of the use of SHS in this study aremeasured by exploring

the differences between the conditions as found during the baseline survey at

the time of the SHS installation and at the time of the second and third rounds

of the surveys. The data are analysed quantitatively to determine how the SHS

is used within a household, who uses it, how it affects the duties, activities,

roles, status and income of the household members, and how it affects the

relationship between the household members and the community. The study

examines the advantages of using the SHS in relation to gender, generation,

and social status. The changing life style and identity of the SHS users are

taken into account in the analysis.

Beyond the household level, the study attempts to assess the impact of

the SHS on the prospect of the local community, whether or not the SHS

installation is beneficial for both the SHS users and non-SHS users. Although

the direct benefit for the whole local community may be very limited or

insignificant, it assumes that a single installation will produce a certain ripple or

snow-ball effect in the community.

This report has been prepared after the third survey round. It is the

accumulation of the study results, containing the updated data and analysis

from the previous research steps. It exposes the impact of the SHS on the

living conditions of the users one year after the SHS installation. Therefore, it

verifies the findings of the first follow-up survey and irons out several of the rival

factors that influence its findings. This final report particularly provides the

dynamic features of the introduction of the SHS in Lampung, the profile of SHS

users, the impact of the use of SHS on the development of the households and

community, concluding remarks, and some recommendations.

B. Statement of the Problem

In general, the study attempts to reveal the impacts of the use of the

SHS on the development of both the households and community. It also

explores the motivation, experience and expectation of the SHS users

3

concerning the operation of the system. To estimate the impacts, the study

focuses on a set of variables and attempts to track them through the three

rounds of the study. Those variables include socio-economic status, life style,

cost efficiency of the expenditures on energy, and the individual appropriation

of the system. Specifically, this study inquires both the explorative and

structural questions.

The explorative questions:

1. Why do certain households choose SHS as their alternative energy?

2. From what social and economic status do the SHS users come from?

3. How do they get information and knowledge about SHS?

4. What are the factors influencing their decisions to install a SHS?

5. What different initial expectations are there amongst the household

members when the SHS is installed?

The structural questions:

1. Does the SHS bring about the improvement in social economic status of the

users? Does it foster income generation activities?

2. Does the SHS lead to the reduction of the households expenditures on

energy? If so, how do those variables change?

3. Does the use of SHS affect the division of labor in the households? How far

is the division of labor in the households affected? Does the use of the SHS

support to the gender equity?

4. Who gets the benefits from the system? What are their advantages?

5. Does the SHS influence education, spatial mobilization, and social

participation? Does the use of the SHS shape life style of the users? How

far is their life style influenced?

6. How do the SHS users maintain and take care of the system? How do they

repair it when it is out of order? Who repairs it? What components must be

replaced and how often must they be replaced?

7. Are there any households withdrawing from using the SHS? If so, Why?

C. Objectives

The objective of the study is to explore and describe the impacts of the

use of SHS. Explicitly, the research objectives are:

4

1. To identify different motivations, reasons, and expectations in installing the

SHS in the housheold and community.

2. To delve into the implications of the use of SHS on the division of labor and

changing individual roles in the households.

3. To discover the impacts of SHS installation on the households in their

social economic status, transformation of lifestyle and the efficiency cost of

the expenditure for the energy.

4. To explorethe impacts of the SHS on the development of both the

households and the community.

5. To describe the use and appropriation of the SHS in the households and in

the community.

6. To gather information to assist the analysis of the financial and economic

impacts of the project.

D. Assumption and Hypothesis

The study explores whether there are different impacts of the SHS

among members of the households. The use of SHS is viewed as a potential

triggering factor contributing to changes in the division of labor, roles and the

individual status within the households. This is due to the use and appropriation

of the SHS by each household member for her/his own benefit. The use of SHS

may lead to the individuals shifting of attitudes and behavior in everyday-life.

Thus the study examines the hypothesis that there are some relationships

between the installation and use of an SHS and the social economic status

and the life style of household members.

E. Research Methodology

The research was carried out in three steps of data gathering and

analysis. The first was to establish the base line data by interviewing the

respondent households at the day of the SHS installation in their houses. The

data on the key indicators were collected

and examined by looking into the

relationships of several variables in both

the households that hadpurchased the

SHS from the commercial vendors and

neighboring households that had not

ordered the equipment as the control

5

group. The baseline survey also collected data on the way the people had

gained information that led to the purchase, how they were motivated to make

the purchase and their expectations of the system.

The second step was the first followup round of research which aimed

at initial observations and estimates of the impact of the use of SHS over the

initial six months. The respondents who had installed the systems and the

control group were revisited and interviewed based on the same variables of

the baseline survey. The respondents were revisited during the third and final

round of survey at a point approximately one year after the installations of the

systems.

EE..11.. AAPPPPRROOAACCHH

The study followed quantitative (survey) and qualitative

approaches. The quantitative approach was done through the series of

three comparative surveys, which applied similar questionnaires to the

same respondents at specific time intervals. Through introductory

discussions, Information on the membership of each household was

determined and categorized depending on the members status, e.g.,

husband, wife, son and daughter. The leading adult and children

household members were, then, were interviewed separately, that is

wives and husbands were interviewed separately. The children to be

interviewed wereselected from the eldest son and the eldest daughter

within the household whose age is more than 12 years old. This is to

anticipate their willingness to answer questions as well as their ability to

articulate their experiences. The result of the survey data was later

computed and processed by the SPSS-10 database.

The qualitative approach was applied to gather details and insights

from certain key informants.

The key informants were

determined from those who

possess particular

knowledge of SHS in the

area during the study. They

are asked, in details, for

information regarding their competences. The selection of key informants

was conducted in accordance with the capability of the informants to

6

provide information, and their willingness to share their experiences with

the researcher. The technique of this approach was in-depth interviewing

and direct observations.

Further, focus group discussions (FGD) were held to reflect on the

findings emerging from the collected survey data with regard to the

respective community and to assist in illuminating the similarities and the

differences of the opinions from different SHS users. The participants of

the FGD were respondents, who reside close to one another. This was

the basis of the selection practical logistical reasons, i.e., to make it

possible for the researcher to coordinate and to reach the focus group

members.

EE..22.. SSAAMMPPLLIINNGG

The survey sample was selected purposively. In the base line

study, the total number of the respondents were100 households. It

consisted of 50 households of SHS buyers from the available vendors in

the area, and 50 households of non-SHS buyers as the control group. In

the first and second rounds of follow up surveys, the number of the

household respondents changed due to the respondents departure from

the area and the termination of using the SHS. During the research

process, five SHS users and three non-SHS users from the control group

stopped being respondents. The three non-SHS users became SHS

users following the first follow up survey round and thus were no longer

included in the control group and are counted as SHS users. Finally, the

total number of the respondents at the last step of the research is 95

households consisting of 48 SHS users and 47 non-SHS users. The

dynamics of the respondent composition is presented in table 1.1

Table 1.1. The Number of Respondents

Research Step Number of Respondents

SHS User Control Total

Baseline 50 50 100

First Round 50 47 97

Second Round 48 47 95 Source: Primary Data 2003

7

Of the five SHS users who stopped being respondents, two of them had

moved to other villages after the baseline survey. The other three refused to

participate in the follow survey interviews; these respondents explained that

they found no advantage of using the SHS, they felt they had been

disillusioned by the SHS promotion, and they were unable to pay the

installments (they had purchased the systems with credit from the vendor). For

these three households, the systems had already been uninstalled and taken

back by the sales agent from the respondents houses.

In this survey, the number of the respondents children that were

interviewed also varied. The baseline survey managed to interview 62 boys and

44 girls. The number then decreased to 28 boys and 22 girls in the first follow

up round. At the last step of the survey, the research team interviewed 33 boys

and 25 girls. The variability of this number occurs because some of them have

moved to the city, with the most typical reasons being either to continue their

education or to work.

EE..33.. IINNTTEERRVVIIEEWW OOFF KK EEYY IINNFFOORRMM AATTIIOONNSS

The key informant interview is conducted to gather detailed information

and insights on the SHS development in the area of the study. It is a

complement to generate additional data to that has been obtained from the

survey questionaires. The interview guide is designed in a form of flexible

questions based on the flow of information given during the field work. The key

informants comprise several persons either as individuals or group

representatives. They come from the stake holders of the project and related

institutions that are concerned about the development of the SHS. In this

regard, the researcher team members have gathered information from the

World Bank-SHS Project Support Group, BPPT, METI, PLN, PT Mambruk, and

PT Altari. The researcher team also conducted such interviews with selected

survey respondents whose experiences of using SHS show a range of

confidence in SHS --ranging from confident, moderate, up to bad. The selection

of the key informants is based, also, on their willingness to cooperate with the

researchers.

8

EE..44.. FFOOCCUUSS GGRROOUUPP DD IISSCCUUSSSSIIOONN ((FFGGDD))

FGD were held in order to

recollect experiences, feelings, and

memories of the SHS household users,

so that they are able to share their own

experience having SHS in their house

with the fellow users and with the

research team. By doing so, they are

able to generate a better sharred knowledge on SHS. FGD is intended as a

medium for the SHS user community to more fully appropriate the new

technology as well as for the researchers to gain a better understanding of the

context and impacts.

There were two locations where FGD were conducted during the

research. The first one was held in Mesuji and the other in Mataram Jaya.

These two locations had been selected to host the FGDs for a practical reason.

There are a sufficient number of SHS users in Mesuji and Mataram Jaya, who

live in a close vicinity. FGDs were held three times in each location following

the three steps of data collection. The participants of the FGD came from

various socio-economic strata. Each FGD required about two hours in a

complete participatory spirit.

F. Research Site

The research activities were carried out in the Province of Lampung.

The province had been selected as the research site because it is an active

area for commercial SHS market development that is supported by the

government and the World Bank through the SHS project. The sampling

procedure required respondents who had just installed the SHS at the time of

the baseline survey. The selection of respondents for the baseline survey

followed the direction of the actual SHS sales until it reached 50 buyers in the

province. The respondents residences are thus located in seven districts of the

province of Lampung (as presented in table 1.2). With the assistance of the

vendors, the research team track out to the addresses of the respondents,

most of them being in remote, scattered areas in the countryside of Lampung.

9

Table 1.2. The Distribution of Respondents Based on the Districts

Districts Baseline First Round Second Round

F % F % F %

Tanggamus 18 18.0 18 18.6 18 18.9

South Lampung 18 18.0 18 18.6 18 18.9East Lampung 2 2.0 2 2.1 2 2.1

The Center of Lampung 26 26.0 24 24.7 23 24.3

North Lampung 2 2.0 2 2.1 2 2.1Way Kanan 10 10.0 10 10.2 10 10.5

Tulang Bawang 24 24.0 23 23.7 22 23.2

Total 100 100.0 97 100.0 95 100.0Source: Primary Data, 2002 & 2003

G. Research Schedule

As the research is divided into three steps, the schedule for the

interviews was also arranged in three periods. The first period was scheduled

beginning on the fourth week of March, 2002. The first period was delayed due

to low sales and eventually could be carried out from April 11th to June 9th,

2002, with the interview being done on the day of the SHS installation in the

house of the respondents. The second period started from the mid October and

ended up on December 2002, and the third period was done from the early of

June up to the July 31st, 2003.

H. The Organization of the Report

This report consists of five chapters. The first chapter is an

introductory chapter that contains a brief presentation of the research

background, questions, objectives, assumption and hypothesis, and the

research methodology. Chapter two summarizes the general setting - the

geographical and environmental condition, as well as the macro social

economic situation in the province of Lampung during the study. This chapter

also describes the fluctuation of the main crop prices in the province and the

basic commodities that influenced the livelihood of the respondents. To

streamline the estimation of the development impact of the SHS in the

households, the condition of electricity grid and other energy sources are

discussed as well.

Chapter three is the description of the respondents characteristics. It

provides features on the social economic aspects of the respondent

10

households. The management of income and income sources in the household

are also discussed in this chapter

Chapter four is an explanatory analysis on variables of social and

economical status of the SHS users side by side with the non-users as the

control group. The assessment is made through cross tabulation of the relevant

variables found in the baseline and its verification of the findings in the first

round survey. Those variables include the social economic status, the division

of labor by gender and generation, the life style and their cost of energy.

Moreover, this chapter also reveals the perceptions and the expectations of the

user on their SHS.

Finally, chapter five draws conclusion and recommendations of the study.

11

CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIIITTHHEE IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN OOFF CCOOMMMMEERRCCIIAALL SSOOLLAARR HHOOMMEE SSYYSSTTEEMM

IINN TTHHEE PPRROOVVIINNCCEE OOFF LLAAMMPPUUNNGG

A concise understanding of the natural and historical backgrounds of the

SHS users studied can assist explain the motivation of the households when

they decide to purchase an SHS and their perceptions of the SHS at that time.

It is instructive for this study to describe the most relevant environmental

condition and the way of life in the Province of Lampung, where all respondents

of this study live. The development of electricity grid and its constraints is

included in this description as it is a major technological factor, which opens up

or closes the market for SHS. This chapter also describes the selling strategy of

the SHS vendors, which has helped make the SHS available in the market.

Even though the different marketing strategies among the different vendors

may become an interesting research theme in itself, this report includes only PT

Mambruk Tenaga Suryas marketing strategies and activities, since all sales in

the area at the time of the baseline survey were being done by PT Mambruk

and thus respondents of this study are customers of PT Mambruk.

A. Environmental Condition

The environmental characteristics of Lampung leadits population to

cultivate plantation and agricultural commodities. Even though its coastal areas

are widely spread out around the eastern, southern and western part of the

province, the fishing activities are less developed than agricultural ones. This

condition is likely shaped by the characteristics of its population in which most

of them comprise Javanese transmigrants whose livelihood relies on agriculture

rather than aquatic culture. To the extent of the population background, it is

therefore the topographic and climate characters in the area that cause a

potential effect to the social economic status of the province by which seasonal

crop commodities are affected much.

AA..11.. GGEEOOGGRRAAPP HHYY AANNDD TTOOPPOOGGRRAAPP HHYY

The province of Lampung is situated in the southern tip of

Sumatera Island. On the northern part, it borders on the province of

South Sumatra and Bengkulu. Sunda Strait is on the southern part,

while Java Sea and the Indonesian Ocean is on the eastern and

12

western parts of its coastal areas. This province is divided into ten

regencies: Lampung Utara, Lampung Timur, Lampung Barat, Lampung

Selatan, Lampung Tengah, Tanggamus, Way Kanan, Tulang Bawang,

Bandar Lampung and the municipality of Metro. The capital city of the

province is Tanjung Karang.

The province covers the area of 35.288,35 km2, which is located on

-103040 105050 East Longitude and -3045 6045 South Latitude.

The type of the topography includes the hilly and mountainous area,

rolling hills, alluvial land, tidal marshland and river basins. The

mountainous area is in Bukit Barisan with its peaks at Tanggamus,

Pasawaran and Raja Basa. It is generally steep and sheer with the

angle of 25% and a height of 300 M 1500 M above the sea level. The

area is mainly covered by forest vegetation.

Within this area, there is low hill with narrow flat land and slope

between 8%-15%. The height is about 300M-500M from the sea level in

which the settlement and crop plantation are mostly founded. In this

area, people cultivate plantations like coffee, cloves, pepper, and other

crops such as corn and vegetables. The area is located in Bandar

Lampung, Gedong Tataan, Sukoharjo, Pulau Panggung and Kalirejo.

Some areas of the province are covered by alluvial land. Those

areas include Lampung Tengah, Lampung Timur, Tulang Bawang, and

along the West coast parallel with Bukit Barisan. Their heights are about

25-75 M with slopes between 0% - 3%. Coupled with the availability of

several rivers in the areas, such as Way Sekampung, Way Tulang

Bawang, and Way Mesuji, people are able to grow rice and vegetables.

There are five main river basins in the province, as follows: Tulang

Bawang river basin, Seputih river basin, Sekampung river basin,

Semangka river basin, Way Jepara river basin. Since those rivers have

low debit of water in the dry season, there are only a few areas where

people are able to grow plants and vegetables. As the part of the

topography, the eastern coast of the province constitutes tidal marshes

with a height of 0.5 1 M above the sea level according to the tides of

the sea (BPS Propinsi Lampung, 2001).

Lampung is located below the equator at 50 south lattitude. It has a

tropical humid climate with damp sea winds from the Indonesian ocean

blowing to two directions every year. The two directions are (1)

November March, when the wind blows from the West and North

13

West; (2) July- August, when the wind blows from the East and South

east. The average velocity is about 5.83 km per hour. In the mainland

area with the height of 30 60 M above the sea level, the temperature

generally varies between 260 280C, the maximum is 330 C and the

minimum is about 220C. The average humidity at the meteorogical

station is about 80% - 88%.

AA..22.. PPOOPP UULLAATTIIOONN

This province has been a main destination for transmigrants from

Java, Bali, and other islands since early 1900s. The Javanese,

Sundanese, Balinese, and other transmigrants have flowed into

Lampung both spontaneously and under the transmigration scheme.

They contribute not only to a rapid population growth to Lampung, but

also to heterogeneity of cultures and ethnicities.

Today, the total population of Lampung is 6.654.354 people which

belong to 1.615.010 households. Its growth-rate population (2,67% per

year) occupies the highest percentage in Indonesia. In average the

population density is almost 200 people per square kilometer. Except

for the cities of Metro and Bandar Lampung, the population density in all

districts shows no extreme differences. Thus the population of Lampung

is spread almost in very wide areas, which causes in many cases any

centralized system of communication and service distribution, such as

centralized grid electricity, to be problematic and expensive. Lampung

needs therefore, e.g., more a diffused system of electric distribution

rather than the centralized one. Table2.1 below performs the density of

the province by regency in 2003.

TTAABBLLEE 22..11 TTHHEE TTOOTTAALL AARREEAA AANNDD PPOOPP UULLAATT IIOONN DDEENNSSIITTYY// KKMM IINN TTHHEEPPRROOVVIINNCCEE OOFF LLAAMMPP UUNNGG

Regency Area (km 2 ) Population Density / km2

Lampung Barat 4.950,40 73,93

Tanggamus 3.356,61 238,36

Lampung Selatan 3.180,78 356,26Lampung Timur 4.337,89 200,43

Lampung Tengah 4.789,82 218,42

Lampung Utara 2.725,63 194,01Way Kanan 3.921,63 91,19

Tulang Bawang 7.770,84 89,03

14

Bandar Lampung City 192,96 3.851,10

Metro City 61,79 1.912,20

Total 35.288,35 188,57 Source: Lampung in Figures, 2003

B. Way of Life

The environmental condition of Lampung gives enough benefits to the

people to cultivate crops as well as forest commodities. Due to the shortage of

irrigation systems in most parts of the areas, people grow cassava, corn, and

soybean in their farmland. Big plantation companies produce agricultural

commodities for the world market such as pepper, tobacco, tea, coffee, sugar

cane, rubber, coconut, and oil palm. Lampung also has quite e few mining

resources. More and more people are working as laborers in the plantation and

mining industries. However the incomes of Lampung are still coming mainly

from the agricultural sectors, which indeed determines the cash flow and the

peoples buying capability in the province.

Chart 1. Fluctuation Price of Crop Commodity

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

Pepper

Robusta Coffee

Copra

Rupiah/ Kg.

Source: Statistic on Record, BPS- Lampung 2003

The chart above draws the fluctuation of crop prices within the past five

years. The prices of crop commodities move in different directions from year to

year. The price of pepper that has become one of the main commodities in

Lampung is the most unstable. After it hiked up in 1999 when the price reached

IDR 36,000 per kg, a result of higher international prices and the sharp

depreciation of the Rupiah, It fell to IDR 15,000,-/ kg. In the following years;

IDR 13,430,-/ kg is the current price. The price of robusta coffee, which was as

high as IDR16,000,- in 1999, has continously declined since, to IDR 4,420/kg

recently. In contrast, copra which is another important crop in Lampung, has

seen a gradual increase in its price. At the time of the second round of the

15

survey, the price was IDR 1,768,-/kg. Up to now, the indicator of SHS sales

and the payment methods arranged by the vendors are linked to the harvesting

of export commodities such as coffee, pepper and copra. In fact, the prices of

those crops has decreased for quite sometime and their fluctuation has been

unpredictable.

Specifically, the study found that more people who were growing cassava

could afford the SHS either by paying cash or by installment plan. Most of the

respondents of the study are cassava planters. According to its seasonal

harvest, the price of cassava typically begins to increase in February, and

reachs its peak in May. The price of cassava has tended to be stable in IDR

200,- /kg. In comparison to the prices per kg of the other agricultural

commodities, cassava is indeed at the lowest, but it also has been the most

stable.

Chart 2. Fluctuation Price of Agricultural Commodity

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

Rupiah/ Kg.

Peanut

Potato

Soya Bean

Maize

Cassava

Sourc

e: Statistic on Record, BPS- Lampung 2003

Better management and crop rotation, however, has increased the

villagers buying power. The respondents in Mesuji claim that within a seven

month period they manage to earn three to four million rupiahs from two

hectares of cassava (around ten tons per hectare). Moreover, this income from

cassava is not the only source of income. Many villagers have other sources of

income as workers in the tapioca and sugar industries, ojek drivers and petty

food traders in the market. These facts indicate that the cash flow in the villages

16

seems to spread almost evenly from month to month although it is not yet

independent from the fluctuation of the cash-crop prices in the market.

In contrast to the falling price of crop commodities, the prices of basic

goods tend to go up slightly. As indicated in chart 3, the prices incline upwards

on stable line from 1998 to 2002. There is a saying among the respondents that

once the price increases, it never goes down. The exception is the practice of

increasing prices of basic commodities during the month of Ramadhan, when

they can double.

Average Retail Price of Basic Commodities

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Year

Rupiah/ Kg

Salted Fish

Cooking

Sugar Rice

Source: Statistic on Record, BPS- Lampung 2003

During the Ramadhan, Moslems fast along the day up to thirty days, and it

ends on Id Fitri. People usually associate the fasting days by reducing their

productive hours, especially for those whose work exhausts a lot of physical

energy. It, therefore, requests more demand of the basic goods despite the low

productivity. The peak season of the demand happens in the week of Id, at the

end of Ramadhan, when people celebrate the tradition by having festivals with

their family and neighbors. This condition, thus, leads to the raising of the

prices of the basic goods in the market to accommodate the increasing

demand.

Last year, the increases had started two days before the beginning of

the fasting month (Lampung Post, 5 November 2002). Not only were the prices

of the nine basic goods (sembako) raised, but the prices of vegetables were

also. Table 2.2 illustrates the record of the increase of basic good prices in the

17

market of Bandar Lampung on November 5, 2002 in concomitant with the

coming of Ramadhan month.

Table 2.2. The Price List of Basic Goods in Bandar Lampung

Commodity Price (IDR/kg.)

Before Present

Cooking Oil (yellow) 4,600 4,800

Cooking Oil (white) 4,700 5000Sugar 3,800 4,000

Egg 7,000 8,000

Flour Mills 2,800 3,000Rice (good quality) 2,800 3,000

Rice (low quality) 2,200 2,500Red Chili 10,000 15,000 18,000 20,000

Green Chili 8,000 12,000

Tomato 2,500 4,000Onion 6,000 7,000

Garlic 4,000 5,000 Source: Lampung Post, 2002

C. Price of Energy and Electricity Grid

The energy prices, when the follow up surveys were conducted, also had

increased in comparison with when the baseline study was made. Table 2.3

points to the average of the increasing price of energy in most parts of Lampung

during the survey. The varying prices of energy depend on the location and its

availability and the official policy to gradually reduce the high subsidies that were

given from kerosene, diesel and gasoline. It is obviously seen that the more

remote the area, the higher the prices of energy, except for the fuel woods in

which people could collect from forest for free.

Table 2.3. The Average Price of Energy in Lampung (IDR)

Energy Baseline First Round Second Round

Fuel Wood (per ikat)* 1,500 1,500 2,000

Kerosene 1,125 1,250 1300Diesel 1,500 1,600 2,000

Gasoline 1,750 1,850 2,250Charging Car Battery 1,500 2,000 2,000

Dry Cell Battery 2,000 2,000 2,100 * 1 ikat = 5 kg.

18

Source: Primary Data, 2002-2003

Most of the population in this province has not obtained the electricity

service from the State Electricity Grid yet. According to the statistics based on

record of 2001, there was 851.007.313 kWh sold from the 1.018.039.043 kWh

electricity generated. The direct customers comprise 491.430 households

(30.43% of the total population); there are also an unknown number of indirect

customers, that is households who are connected through the practice of

sharing connections and through other informal methods. There are regencies,

in which the number of direct customers of PLN is less than 30%. These

regencies are Tulang Bawang (6,9%), Way Kanan (15%), Kabupaten Lampung

Tengah (20%), Kabupaten Lampung Utara (25%), dan Kabupaten Lampung

Barat (25 %).

The province has two hydro power stations, they are Way Besai power

station with the capacity of 2 x 45MW and Batu Tegi power station with the

capacity of 2 x 14 MW. Moreover, the province is supplied by the power from

gas power station of Tanjung Enim in South Sumatra as much as 64,006,018

KWH. State Electricity Enterprise (PLN) Tanjung Karang Branch records that 10

% of electricity generated had been unsold yet. The comparative amount of

electricity generated and sold is performed in the table 2. 4.

Electricity service is concentrated in Tanjung Karang where the capital of

the province is situated. Even though the other places are also connected with

the grid, the service mostly takes place in urban areas. The grid of electricity is

still limited in rural areas. As it is described in the base line-study, the villagers

usually generate the electricity either by diesel, genset or car batteries.

Table 2.4 Electricity Generated and Sold per Branch in Lampung

Province, 2001

Branch Electricity Generated(KWH)

Electricity Sold (KWH)

Tanjungkarang 599,488,007 480,300,896

Talang Padang 113,516,722 90,685,873

Kalianda 73,682,776 61,704,034

Metro 118,684,558 102,924,682

Bandar Jaya 168,983,483 147,572,101

Kotabumi 105,011,087 81,030,341

Bukit Kemuning 30,389,266 24,835,401

19

Liwa 26,161,176 20,651,259

Total 1,195,917,075 1,009,704,551 Source: PT PLN Cabang Tanjung Karang,2001

According to some respondents experiences, however, the generator

would not last for a period longer than three consecutive years. Besides, due to

this technical constraint, people feel it is inconvenient using a generator set.

Many respondents envisage that a genset organized in the community (i.e., an

independent village grid) would only benefit the elite group, and there would be

the problem of the noise it produces.

On other hand, those who have already been connected to the PLN

grid, are not quite satisfied with the service. Brownouts occur quite often for

many reasons. When we conducted the baseline of this study, the reason for it

was the flood, which destroyed the Way Besai power station. PLN claimed they

lost 90 Megawatt due to the closing of Way Besai power station and it caused

shortage of electricity supply for Lampung. Thus, PLN rotates its distribution by

shutting down its power twice a week. On the contrary, when we conducted the

first round survey, the brownouts were explained as caused by the shortage of

water up to about 50% both in Way Besai power station and Batu Tegi power

station. . The Chief of PLN of Lampung district stated that the shortage of water

had reduced Way Besai power station capacity to 35 MW, while Batu Tegi

power station could only produce 12,5 MW. Facing this lack of power up to 60

MW, PLN turns off the power circularly from one area to the other. The reported

policy is four days on and one day off (Lampung Post, 28th September and 5th

November 2002).

Moreover, the policy for new extensions of the grid is confusing. The lack

of information on the policy is somehow creating opportunities for corruption

and maliciousness. Some villagers in the East Lampung have waited for the

grid installation for a year after they paid

around IDR 1,900,000 to the PLN agent

in their district. First, they are asked to

pay IDR 1,500,000 when they have a

meeting with PLN officers, the

contractor and the village officers. But,

later, they are asked for another IDR

400,000 by the committee. The only reason given for the extra payment is that

the initial payment wasnot sufficient. Nonetheless, the grid extensionhas not

20

been realized yet. In West Lampung, the villagers are asked to pay a deposit

as much as IDR 5,000,000 for the grid installation, but up to now it is not neve

realized. However, as we confirmed such issues to PLN, their officers accuse

that there must be a broker or a third party who tries to take advantage of the

situation. They are also unable to describe the master plan of the grid extension

in the province.

D. The Distribution of Solar Home System (SHS)

The solar home system is rarely used although PT Sudimara had

introduced it since 1980s. This company had been there for ten years and had

achieved a high selling point. It was a success story at that time. Later, with the

economic crisis, the SHS sales from PT Sudimara decreased and then ended.

Several SHS produced by Sudimara can still be found in the areas. Then, after

the worst of the crisis had passed, PT Altari came to continue the marketing of

SHS in Lampung from its South Sumatera branch office in Tugumulyo, OKI. In

Lampung, Altari now only has a warehouse. Nowadays, PT Mambruk and PT

Sundaya are the two agents that actively distribute the SHS under the World

Bank Support Project Program. According to an informant, Sundaya started to

sell the SHS in Lampung in early 2003, , while PT Mambruk has operated in the

Lampung market since 2001. There are three other agencies that do the SHS

selling under the World Bank project, namely PT Guna Elekro, PT Metro and

PT Gerbang, butthe researcher team confirmed that they were not operating in

Lampung.

Along with the companies from the SHS project,, there is also a company

selling used SHS in Lampung, namely PT Cahaya Mantap Mustika Sari. This

company collects the used SHS from the governments SHS projects in

Sulawesi, Java and other islands, as well as in Lampung, where people have

replaced the system with electricity after getting connected with the PLN grid.

PT Cahaya Mantap Mustika Sari sells the unit in the province with lower prices

compared to the new one. The price is around IDR 2,500,000, cash without

warranty. Although it is done commercially, this SHS market does not receive a

subsidy from the World Bank SHS Project. The reason is that they sell a

second-hand product.

Up to June 2003, World Bank has audited data that there are totally 2,065

new units, equals with 101,324 Wp, sold in the province of Lampung.. Amongst

21

the SHS dealers, PT Mambruk takes the biggest market share in Lampung by

selling 808 units.

Table 2.5. The Audited SHS in Lampung up to June 2003

Dealers Unit WP

N %

Altari 418 20.2 17,466

Mambruk 808 39.1 42,020Guna Elektro 660 32.0 32,888

Sundaya 179 8.7 8,950

Metro - 0.0 -Total 2,065 100.0 101,324

Source: World Bank PSG, 2003

DD..11.. PPRROOMMOOTTIIOONN AANNDD AADDVV EERRTTIISS EEMM EENNTT

There are various ways in promoting the SHS in the province of

Lampung. Different dealers may use different strategies to attract the

customers to buy the SHS. In terms of promotion activities, PT

Mambruk, for instance, takes various media simultaneously i.e:

community meetings, door-to-door salesman visits, local radio

broadcasts and newspapers.

DD..11..11 DDOOOORR TTOO DDOOOORR PPRROOMMOOTTIIOONN

In terms of door to door promotion, SHS salesmen must

sometimes stay in local villagers houses due to the absence of hotels in

these remote market areast. More than that, staying in the villagers

houses may give them more opportunities to improve their rapport with

the prospective customers. To attain sales, some salesmen,

furthermore, try their own style by acknowledging their customers

habits, language and

culture. As they proved

it,especially in Javanese

villages, it is considered an

effective strategy to

convince people to order

the SHS. In fact, some of

them mention that there is a significantly different rate of SHS

acceptance across ethnic boundaries.

22

Another strategy to promote the product in villages is also carried

out by making intensive salesman attendance there. For example,

several salesmen of PT Mambruk states that they are often roaming

around the prospective areas within a week. At the same time, they try

convince the villagers perpetually that SHS meets to their needs of

electric current besides offering the convenient investment through the

renewable energy. Accordingly, it works as there are many villagers

asking them directly to install SHS in their houses. Some other

customers make orders while they are looking at the installation of SHS

in their neighbors.

DD..11..22.. RRAADDIIOO BBRROOAADDCCAASS TT

Radios are an effective way to promote SHS in a remote area,

because radio is the only media of communication for those customers

who live in out of the way places. Most villagers in Lampung listen to the

radio everyday.

One particular spot of radio advertisement on SHS broadcasted in

a local station apparently worked well in attracting the attention of the

Javanese transmigrants in Lampung. This advertisement starts with the

conversation between two Javanese (as it is indicated by their use of

Indonesian language accented in Javanese) talking about the

inconvenient operation of the diesel generator. In the noisy atmosphere

of the diesel generator when someone needs light in the evening, his

younger brother (addressing to the person with Pakde) recommends

him to replace it with the promising system of SHS. His younger brother

says that the SHS will solve the problem of electricity shortage. It will

generate the electric current without gasoline or kerosene, accordingly.

He said Tinggal ceklek langsung byar. (you just needto click the button, then you will get the light).

The short conversation is then followed by the advertorial

statements of male and female broadcasters by turns. After a long

introduction with the back-sound of dangdut music, the male

broadcaster says :

Wed like to introduce to you the electricity generated bysolar energy (SHS). It is more productive, no fuels needed,environment friendly, easy to use, and sustainable.

Then, the female one adds :

23

The SHS can utilize any kinds of electronic equipmentssuch as televisions, irons, water pumps, telecomunication caf(wartel) and many more equipment .

The male broadcaster further mentions the address for ordering:Please contact promptly the Sejahtera Cooperation,

Mesuji E SP 4, Way Serdang, Tulang Bawang. The phonenumber is 0828724754. We will come to serve you in your placeright away.

Yes using the SHS principally means click and thenbyaaar., asserted the female broadcaster in affectionate voice.

The SHS gives you a long time lighting closes the malebroadcaster.

Although the broadcasting advertisement may not be the only

source of information, the image of SHS in this particular advertisement

seems to be exaggerated. Unlike the other electric generator, the SHS

can not meet the needs of people for electric current to supply all kinds

electronic equipments.

DD..11..33.. NNEEWW SSPPAAPP EERR AADDVV EERRTTIISS EEMM EENNTT

Another important medium to promote the SHS is advertisements

in local newspapers, as is done from time to time by PT Mambruk.

Although the circulation of local newspapers is very limited,

advertisements are considered an effective medium to introduce SHS to

a wider public. In one of the newspapers, the advertisement appears as

follows:

Figure 1.1. The SHS Advertisement in a Local Newspaper

24

DD..22.. SSAALLEESS MMEECCHHAANNIISSMMSS AANNDD SS EERRVVIICCEESS

There are different mechanisms of selling the SHS amongst the

agencies. It occurs because each agency distributes different product

types and power capacity. PT Altari distributes two types of SHS with

panels made by Solarex. The model of Solarex SX-40, which generates

40 WP, is sold for IDR 3,000,000, while Solarex VLX-53 costs IDR

3,600,000,-. PT Mambruk provides MTS-200 for IDR 3,500,000, MTS-

400 for 5,700,000,- and MTS-600 for IDR 7,740,000,- cash. The cash

payment method is, however, tolerated by PT Mambruk within the

duration of three months. It means if the customers could afford the

amount of money requested within three months, the purchase is still

accounted as cash price.

PT Mambruk also offers installment plans to purchase the

SHS. The plan is offered to help the customers to afford the SHS, due

to the unavailability of cash. The installment plan and its term varies

among 6 months, 18 months, 24 months and 30 months. Table 2.6

shows the price list of the SHS in the province of Lampung in 2002. The

prices include 10% as the selling tax.

Even when each dealer sells the SHS in different prices, they are

committed to provide an after-sales service and warranty similarly, as

part of the requirements of being eligible for the World Bank subsidy.

The warranty includes the photovoltaic cells for 10 years, the automatic

controller for 1 year and the car battery for 9 months.

25

Table 2.6. The Price of List of the SHS in PT Mambruk

Type of Cash Credit (IDR)

SHS (IDR) DownPayment

6 Month

12Month

18Month

24Month

30Month

750,000 514,000 280,000 205,000 165,000 143,000

1,000,000 468,000 255,000 186,000 150,000 130,000

MTS-200 3,500,000 1,250,000 422,000 230,000 168,000 136,000 118,000

1,500,000 376,000 205,000 150,000 121,000 105,000

1,750,000 330,000 180,000 132,000 107,000 93,000

1,500,000 780,000 425,000 309,000 250,000 215,000

1,750,000 743,000 400,000 291,000 235,000 203,000

MTS-400 5,700,000 2,000,000 688,000 375,000 273,000 220,000 190,000

2,250,000 642,000 350,000 255,000 206,000 178,000

2,500,000 596,000 325,000 273,000 191,000 165,000

2,000,000 1,062,000 579,000 420,000 340,000 292,000

2250,000 1016,000 554,000 402,000 325,000 280,000

MTS-600 7,740,000 2,500,000 970,000 529,000 384,000 310,000 267,000

2,750,000 924,000 504,000 366,000 296,000 255,000

3,000,000 878,000 479,000 348,000 281,000 242,000

MLS 4 1,200,000Source: PT Mambruk tenaga Surya, 2002

E. The Needs of SHSAs described earlier, electricity is a scarce resource in the survey

areas a the grid of PLN is only available in limited areas. People, therefore,

search for alternative solutions for their electricity needs. Several salesmen

state that they mostly receive orders of SHS installation from near to the grid

areas. The survey further finds out that 46.0% of the respondents live about

less than five kilometers from the electricity grid. The closest distance is about

half a kilometer, which consists of one household.

26

Table 2.7. The Distance between Electricity Grid from the House of Respondents

Distance (km.) Frequency Percent (%)

Less than 1 1 1.0

1 - 5 45 45.0

6 25 23 23.0> 25 31 31.0

Total 100 100.0 Source: Primary Data, 2002

It seems that the relatively close distance of the electricity grid from the

houses of respondents influences their motivation to install SHS. The SHS

salesmen particularly identify such sites as the area of electricity failure (daerah

gagal listrik). In this sense, the villagers from these areas envy their neighboring

villages who enjoy the electricity service. This situation triggers their strong

motivation to find similar infrastructure. These areas are considered by the

salesmen as high potential for the SHS market.

27

CCHHAAPPTTEERR IIIIII

TTHHEE SSOOCCIIAALL EECCOONNOOMMIICC FFEEAATTUURREESS OOFF

TTHHEE SSUURRVVEEYY RREESSPPOONNDDEENNTTSS

This chapter presents a general description of the dynamics of the

social economic status of the respondents households during the whole

research process. The social background of respondents including ethnic

identity, family size and age distribution are delineated to identify their social

characteristics. Then, this chapter exposes their economic status by looking at

their income sources, expenditure and valuable belongings. The management

of household finance is described to understand how the respondents manage

their money. The respondents perceptions on banking system is also revealed.

The chapter finally provides insights about the respondents motivation to install

SHS, the constraints in purchasing it, their knowledge, as well as the

maintenance of the system.

A. Ethnic Identity, Family Size, and Age DistributionThe majority of the survey household respondents are not indigenous

Sumatranese, although the research is conducted in the province of Lampung.

Table 3.1 shows the composition of the ethnic groups in which Javanese is in

the highest percentage. Following it, there are Sundanese, Madurese and

Balinese. In contrast, there are only 3.2 % of the respondents are indigenous to

Sumatra consisting of Ogan and Semendo people. The composition of the

respondents that comprises more non-indigenous Sumatrans occurs as the

province has become the transmigrant area since the colonial time. The

researchers found that the migrants have been living in the province of

Lampung for at least two generations through the program initiated by the

national government. There were a few voluntary migrants from Java who did

not take part in the program, but who had decided to move to Lampung

province to improve their living condition.

Table 3.1. The Ethnic Identity of the Respondents

Ethnic Group Frequency Percent (%)

Javanese 75 78.9

Sundanese 15 15.7

28

Madurese 1 1.1

Balinese 1 1.1

Ogan 1 1.1Semendo 2 2.1

Total 95 100.0 Source: Primary Data 2003

The high number of SHS customers in the transmigration area is not a

coincidence. Inspite of the fact that the transmigration area is poorly facilitated

by public infrastructure, such as transportation and electricity grid, the livelihood

of transmigrants is well developed from their agricultural activities. During the

harvest season, the availability of cash-money from selling crop commodities

has enabled them to afford their needs of goods including SHS.

The respondents background as the new migrants in the province is

reflected in the average size of their households. Since the nuclear family is

primarily requisited in this transmigration program, the average of household

members in the respondents houses is relatively small. A household generally

consists of a husband, a wife and two or three children. Table 3.2 indicates

30.5% of the household respondents comprise 1 to 3 members while 55.8 % of

the household has 4 to 6 members. Most households are nuclear families.

Newly married couples immediately setting up their household live separately

from their parental house in a neolocal residence that has no connection with

the parents of the wife or husband.

Table 3.2. The Number of Household Members

Household Members Frequency Percent (%)

1 3 29 30.5

4 6 53 55.8

7> 13 13.7Total 95 100.0

Source: Primary Data 2003

Among the survey respondents, there are a widow and a widower. Based

on the age distribution of the household respondents, 81.9% of the husbands

are in the most productive age categories (16-55), so are the wives. In the

same category, a similar trend is also found in the tendency that the husbands

are older than their wives. Meanwhile, for the highest proportion of households

the age of the most of the children is lower than 20 years old, indicating that

they are still dependent on their parents socio-economically. The decreasing

number of children over the age of 21 within the household is caused by the

29

post marital tradition in which the neolocal residence separate from their

parents is preferred for the newly married couple. The following table 3.3 shows

the age distribution within the households of the respondents.

Table 3.3. Age Distribution of the Household Members

Age Husband Wifes Son Daughter

F % F % F % F %

1 5 - 0.0 - 0.0 11 15.3 3 4.4

6 10 - 0.0 - 0.0 9 12.5