examine the relationship between biological factors and the brain across the life span – pubrica
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• Neuropsychiatry has always been a mystery area with researchers, all over the world, trying to understand affective, behavioural characteristics and mental illnesses. Research is often limited by the complex structure and function of the brain, difficulty in imaging techniques and access to direct tissue for pathophysiological studies. Full Information: https://bit.ly/32Utk2t Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/publication-support/Video-Abstract/ Why pubrica? When you order our services, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts. Contact us : Web: https://pubrica.com/ Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/ Email: [email protected] WhatsApp : +91 9884350006 United Kingdom: +44-74248 10299TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2020 pubrica. All rights reserved 1
Examine the Relationship between Biological Factors and the Brain across
the Life Span, As Illustrated By Neurodevelopmental and
Neurodegenerative Disorders
Dr. Nancy Agens, Head,
Technical Operations, Pubrica
In Brief
Neuropsychiatry has always been a
mystery area with researchers, all over
the world, trying to understand affective,
behavioural characteristics and mental
illnesses. Research is often limited by the
complex structure and function of the
brain, difficulty in imaging techniques
and access to direct tissue for
pathophysiological studies. However,
recent times have seen a impressive
improvement in the understanding of
these neuropsychiatric disorders, most of
which can be explained by an interplay
between genetic, environmental, and
biological factors. Video abstract services
convert the research in the form of an
audio-video format that is engaging,
accessible, and increases the chances of
getting accepted by the scientific
publishing community.
Keywords: Medical Video Abstracts
Services, Video creation service, video
development services, Video Abstract for
Your Research, video abstract, video
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creation service for research, video
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I. BRAIN – A COMPLEX ORGAN
The human brain is an extremely complex
organ and understanding its functioning
has always been a mystery and hence a
field of research for the curious researcher.
Genetics and environment have both
known to influence the outcome of the
person; however, the extent to which each
factor affects the outcome is not
completely understood. The nature and
nurture influence on the human brain is a
mystery and debates continue to
understand conclusively the same.
The brain is highly sensitive and receptive
to biological and environmental factors
especially in the prenatal and early
childhood as the neural pathways are being
formed and these factors along with
genetic makeup decide experiential
learning pathways that guide an individual
throughout his or her life.
II. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AND
MENTAL ILLNESS
Biological factors are internal factors and
range from genetic to chemical, physical,
physiological, nutritional, hormonal, and
neurological, gender etc. It is studied that
about half of the mental illnesses would
have had their onset by 14 years of age and
three quarters by the time one is 24 years,
and this then persists through
adulthood.Neuropsychiatric illnesses are a
major cause of disease burden affecting
productive adult life and is the most
common cause of disease burden in the
young. In spite of this, mental illnesses are
neglected and underfunded area of
research.
Several mental illnesses are linked to
disturbances in the functioning of neural
circuits and imbalance in
neurotransmitters. By influencing the
levels of neurotransmitters through
medications, psychiatrists attempt to
manage the symptoms of mental illnesses
by influencing the neural pathways.
Copyright © 2020 pubrica. All rights reserved 2
The following are known biological
factors that are antecedent to the
expression of mental illnesses:-
1. Genetics – The fact that mental
illnesses show hereditary pattern,
prove that there is a strong genetic
component for the causation of these
illnesses. They are usually involving
several genes that increase
susceptibility to a mental disease that
is triggered by environmental
exposures. Serotonin or 5-HT is an
important neurotransmitter that affects
mood. Genetic polymorphisms in
serotonin receptor (SERT),
corticotrophin releasing hormone
receptor (CRH-R) and brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increase
vulnerability to childhood depression
when exposed to stressors.
2. Infections –An example is the
paediatric autoimmune
neuropsychiatric disorder (PANDAS)
caused by Streptococcal infection is
linked to development of obsessive-
compulsive disorder (OCD) in
children.
3. Brain injury and prenatal damage –
Brain defects and injury are associated
with development of mental disease,
while prenatal asphyxiation and injury
can result in autism.
4. Substance abuse - long term substance
abuse is associated with anxiety,
depression, and paranoia.
5. Nutrition – malnutrition results in
mental illness.
III. SCHIZOPHRENIA AND BIPOLAR
DISORDER
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychotic
illness that affects the young making them
unable to lead a normal life. Today, we
have convincing evidence to suggest that
Schizophrenia starts as a
neurodevelopmental anomaly in the
background of predisposing genetic
features. The condition worsens with the
neurodegeneration that occurs with age,
making it a progressive illness. Similar
evidences are available to suggest that
bipolar disorder is also a
neurodevelopmental disorder triggering a
genetic condition and worsened by
neurodegeneration that occurs with age.
Memory disturbances and prefrontal cortex
damage associated with cognitive
impairment and brain damage are noted in
neurodegeneration as well as
schizophrenia / bipolar disorder.
IV. RESEARCH IN
NEUROPSYCHIATRY
The increasing numbers of papers and
articles that are in line for publication in
neuropsychiatry is alarming and often
journals miss out relevant topics during
their process of screening. To enable this,
medical video abstract services make a
small 2-3 minute video summarising the
output of the research. Medical writing
services are well-accepted in the scientific
community considering the time constraint
in publication business. Video creation
service is another step in this direction to
facilitate the process of acceptance of
research paper by the publishing journal. A
video abstract for the research keeps the
attention of the reader by audio-visual
aids. Complex areas involved in
neuropsychiatry i.e. the brain anatomy,
imaging, electroencephalogram tracings,
genetic alterations, etc, can be better
visualised by video abstract creation using
high-definition animation and imagery. In
short, video creation service for research
narrate the story of your research in the
form of a video abstract or abstract video.
V. CONCLUSION
Vast amount of research has enabled our
understanding of the various biological
factors involved in mood, behaviour, and
mental illness manifestation and
tremendous amount of research is still
going on to identify more such factors and
the interplay between them. This
Copyright © 2020 pubrica. All rights reserved 2
understanding will help pharmaceuticals to
develop targeted therapy to improve
outcome and minimize side effects,
thereby improving the productivity and
quality of life of the young adults. Video
development services convert your
research abstract into an engaging abstract
video that is accessible and easily shared
on websites and social media extending the
visibility of the research.
REFERENCES
1. Spenrath, M. A., Clarke, M. E., & Kutcher, S.
(2011). The science of brain and biological
development: implications for mental health
research, practice and policy. Journal of the
Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry = Journal de l'Academiecanadienne de
psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, 20(4), 298–
304.
2. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions
of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity
Survey Replication. Kessler RC, Berglund P,
Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Arch
Gen Psychiatry. 2005 Jun; 62(6):593-602.
3. World Health Organization . Investing in mental
health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
4. Heim C, Shugart M, Craighead WE, Nemeroff CB.
Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of
child abuse and neglect. Development and
Psychobiology. 2010;52:671–690.
5. MassimilianoBuoli, Marta Serati, Alice Caldiroli,
Laura Cremaschi& Alfredo Carlo Altamura:
Neurodevelopmental versus neurodegenerative
model of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder:
comparison with physiological brain development
and aging. PsychiatriaDanubina, 2017; Vol. 29, No.
1, pp 24-27