TUGAS AKHIR
CITRA DIGITAL DETEKSI PH LARUTAN BERDASARKAN
WARNA KERTAS INDIKATOR UNIVERSAL
MENGGUNAKAN METODE EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana
Disusun oleh :
Ridho Bagus Santoso
461304324
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK INFORMATIKA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS 17 AGUSTUS 1945 SURABAYA
2017
TUGAS AKHIR
CITRA DIGITAL DETEKSI PH LARUTAN BERDASARKAN
WARNA KERTAS INDIKATOR UNIVERSAL
MENGGUNAKAN METODE EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana
Disusun oleh :
Ridho Bagus Santoso
461304324
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK INFORMATIKA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS 17 AGUSTUS 1945 SURABAYA
2017
iii Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
KATA PENGANTAR
Segala puji dan syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, karena atas
berkat dan karuniaNya sehingga penulis akhirnya dapat menyelesaikan penulisan
tugas akhir ini dengan judul :
“CITRA DIGITAL DETEKSI PH LARUTAN BERDASARKAN
WARNA KERTAS INDIKATOR UNIVERSAL MENGGUNAKAN
METODE EUCLIDEAN DISTANCE”.
Tugas akhir ini disusun untuk memenuhi persyaratan dalam mendapatkan
gelar Sarjana Teknik (ST) pada Fakultas Teknik, Jurusan Informatika Universitas
17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya.
Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini, tidak lepas dari
bantuan dan dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, pada kesempatan ini
dengan segala kerendahan hati, penulis ingin menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih
atas segala bantuan dan dukungan kepada :
1. Allah SWT yang telah memberikan hikmat dan kemudahan bagi penulis
dalam menyelesaikan tugas akhir.
2. Papa, Mama, Novi dan Anya yang selalu memberikan dukungan dan doanya
setiap saat.
3. Bapak Dr. Ir. Muaffaq A. Jani, M.Eng, selaku Dekan Fakultas Teknik
Universitas 17 Agystus 1945.
4. Bapak Anton Breva Yunanda, ST, M.MT selaku Ketua Jurusan Informatika
Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 serta selaku Dosen pembimbing yang
membimbing penulis, mengarahkan penulis, sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat
diselesaikan.
5. Ibu Berlian Al Kindhi, S.ST, MT selaku Co Pembimbing yang juga selalu
dengan kesabaran membimbing penulis, memberikan solusi terhadap kesulitan
yang dialami penulis sehingga tugas akhir ini dapat diselesaikan.
iv Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
6. Ibu Fajar Astuti Hermawati, S.Kom, M.Kom, yang telah membimbing
penulis selama menjalani kuliah.
7. Seluruh Dosen Fakultas Teknik Informatika Universitas 17 Agustus 1945
atas bimbingannya selama penulis menjalani kuliah.
8. Teman – teman fakultas Teknik Informatika, atas motivasi serta dukungan
doanya.
9. Dan Semua Pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan semuanya, yang telah
membantu terselesaikannya penulisan tugas akhir ini dengan baik.
Penulis menyadari bahwa tugas akhir ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Oleh
karena itu, saran dan kritik yang membangun dari berbagai pihak penulis harapkan
demi kesempurnaannya.
Harapan Penulis kiranya tugas akhir ini dapat bermanfaat bagi civitas
Akademik Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya dan pembaca pada umumnya.
Surabaya, 2 Juli 2017
Penulis
vi Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
ABSTRAK
Nama : Ridho bagus Santoso
Program Studi : Teknik Informatika
Judul : Citra Digital Deteksi Ph Larutan Berdasarkan Warna Kertas
Indikator Universal Menggunakan Metode Euclidean
Distance
Perkembangan teknologi di bidang kimia mulai berkembang pada saat ini.
Namun masih terdapat hal-hal yang dilakukan secara konvensional. Seperti
halnya pada pencocokan warna kertas indikator universal untuk mengetahui
nilai pH, yaitu setelah kertas indikator universal dicelupkan ke sebuah larutan
dan kemudian di lakukan pencocokan ke peta warna yang ada. Dalam proses
pencocokan warna tersebut ternyata masih ada hasil yang kurang tentang
kejelasan warna tersebut.
Dari proses pencocokan warna tersebut, muncul gagasan untuk
mempermudah proses tersebut menggunakan metode pengolahan citra sehingga
kertas indikator universal berwarna yang telah di ambil gambarnya dilakukan
pencitraan menggunakan kamera digital dan diproses menggunakan komputer.
Citra kertas indikator universal akan dilakukan proses pemisahan dengan latar
belakang, kalibrasi cahaya, serta proses pencocokan warna dengan master data
yang ada di dalam database menggunakan penghitungan jarak Euclidean.
Dengan adanya aplikasi ini diharapkan pencocokan warna kertas indikator
universal akan dapat dilakukan dengan lebih mudah dan dengan hasil yang lebih
akurat sehingga akan memberikan alternatif lain untuk pengukuran pH larutan
menggunakan komputerisasi digital dalam bidang yang terkait dengan
kehidupan atau industri pengolahan kimia seperti kimia, biologi, kedokteran,
pertanian, ilmu pangan, keteknikan, dan oseanografi.
Kata Kunci : Citra digital, pH, Asam Basa, K-Mean segmentation, Euclidean
distance
vii Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
ABSTRACT
Nama : Ridho bagus Santoso
Program Studi : Informatics Engineering
Judul : Image Processing pH Liquid Detection Based On the
Universal Indicator Paper Color Using Euclidean Distance
Method
The technology in chemistry begin to develop. But there are some things
that are done conventionally. Like the color matching process of the universal
indicator paper to determine the value of pH. After the universal indicator paper
inserted in a fluids and matching to the color map, there are still difficult to
determine the value of pH based on universal indicator paper color.
From the color matching process, the idea appears to make that process
easier using image processing methods. The colors of universal indicator paper that
has been captured using a digital camera will processed using a computer. The
image of the universal indicator paper will be done so process, that is background
segmentation process, light calibration, and color matching with master data in the
database using Euclidean distance calculations.
This application expected to make the color matching process of universal
indicator paper will be done more easily and more accurate. So it will provide an
alternative to pH measurement using digital computerization in fields that related
to life, or chemical processing like chemistry , Biology, medicine, agriculture, food
science, engineering , and oceanography.
Keywords: Image Processing, pH, Acid Base, K-Mean segmentation, Euclidean
distance
viii Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN .................................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................... iii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN DAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI TA .............. v
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. vi
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................................. x
DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiii
BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN ..................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................... 2
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................... 3
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ......................................................................................... 3
1.5 Batasan Penelitian ......................................................................................... 3
1.6 Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................... 3
BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................ 5
2.1 Pengertian Asam Basa ................................................................................... 5
2.2 Pengertian pH Larutan ................................................................................... 5
2.3 Kertas Indikator Universal ............................................................................ 6
2.4 Definisi Citra Digital ..................................................................................... 7
2.5 Format file citra ............................................................................................. 9
2.6 Pengolahan Citra Digital ............................................................................. 10
2.7 Operasi Piksel .............................................................................................. 10
2.7.1 Peningkatan Kecerahan Citra................................................................ 11
2.8 Segmentasi Citra .......................................................................................... 11
2.8.1 Segmentasi K-Means ............................................................................ 12
2.9 Perhitungan Jarak Antara Dua Citra ........................................................... 13
2.9.1 Euclidean Distance ............................................................................... 13
2.10 Borland Delphi .......................................................................................... 13
2.10.1 Komponen T Image ............................................................................ 14
2.10.2 Pengolahan Piksel dengan Scanline .................................................... 14
ix Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
BAB 3 PERANCANGAN SISTEM ................................................................... 16
3.1 Deskripsi ...................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Gambaran Umum ........................................................................................ 16
3.2.1 Image Preprocessing ............................................................................. 16
3.2.2 Object Segmentation ............................................................................. 16
3.2.3 Feature Extraction ................................................................................. 17
3.2.4 Matching ............................................................................................... 17
3.3 Perancangan Sistem Deteksi pH Larutan .................................................... 17
3.3.1 Image to Bitmap.................................................................................... 18
3.3.2 Red Channel Extraction ........................................................................ 18
3.3.3 K-Means Segmentation ........................................................................ 20
3.3.6 Light Calibration ................................................................................... 26
3.3.7 Color Matching ..................................................................................... 27
3.3.8 Desain Tabel ......................................................................................... 28
3.3.9 Desain Tampilan ................................................................................... 29
BAB 4 IMPLEMENTASI DAN PENGUJIAN SISTEM ................................. 32
4.1 Deskripsi ...................................................................................................... 32
4.2 Pembuatan Database .................................................................................... 32
4.3 Pengambilan Citra Kertas Indikator Universal............................................ 35
4.5 Implemetasi JPG to BMP ............................................................................ 36
4.6 Implemetasi Red Channel Extraction .......................................................... 37
4.7 Implemetasi K- Means Segmentation ........................................................ 38
4.8 Implemetasi Light Calibration ..................................................................... 41
4.9 Implemetasi Color Matching ....................................................................... 42
4.10 Implemetasi Desain Tampilan ................................................................... 44
4.10.1 Halaman Deteksi pH ........................................................................... 44
4.10.2 Halaman Data pH................................................................................ 46
4.10.2 Halaman Master Data ......................................................................... 47
4.11 Pengujian Sistem ....................................................................................... 48
BAB 5 KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................... 59
5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 59
5.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 59
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 60
x Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1 Skala pH untuk beberapa zat sehari-hari ............................................. 6
Gambar 2.2 Kertas indikator universal ................................................................... 7
Gambar 2.3 Citra foto ............................................................................................. 7
Gambar 2.4 Citra daun ............................................................................................ 7
Gambar 2.4 Penyimpanan nilai citra biner .............................................................. 8
Gambar 2.4 Penyimpanan nilai citra grayscale ...................................................... 8
Gambar 2.4 Penyimpanan nilai citra warna ............................................................ 9
Gambar 2.5 Citra sebelum dicerahkan .................................................................. 11
Gambar 2.6 Citra sesudah dicerahkan ................................................................... 11
Gambar 2.7 Komponen Timage di kategori Additional di Tool Pallete ............... 14
Gambar 2.8 Ilustrasi Scanline ............................................................................... 15
Gambar 3.1 Blok diagram gambaran umum ......................................................... 16
Gambar 3.2 Blok diagram rancangan sistem ........................................................ 17
Gambar 3.3 Contoh nilai RGB pada citra kertas indikator universal ................... 18
Gambar 3.4 Contoh nilai RGB pada TImage baru ................................................ 19
Gambar 3.5 Flowchart Red Channel extraction .................................................... 19
Gambar 3.6 Flowchart K-Means segmentation (a) ............................................... 21
Gambar 3.7 Flowchart K-Means segmentation (b) ............................................... 22
Gambar 3.8 Flowchart cropping ........................................................................... 23
Gambar 3.9 Citra pH ............................................................................................. 24
Gambar 3.10 Nilai red........................................................................................... 24
Gambar 3.11 Nilai green ....................................................................................... 24
Gambar 3.12 Nilai blue ......................................................................................... 24
Gambar 3.13 Flowchart get RGB ......................................................................... 25
xi Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
Gambar 3.14 Flowchart light calibration.............................................................. 26
Gambar 3.15 Flowchart color matching ............................................................... 27
Gambar 3.16 Halaman deteksi pH ........................................................................ 29
Gambar 3.17 Halaman data deteksi pH................................................................. 30
Gambar 3.18 Halaman master data pH ................................................................. 31
Gambar 4.1 Peta warna ......................................................................................... 32
Gambar 4.2 Objek citra ......................................................................................... 33
Gambar 4.3 Background citra ............................................................................... 33
Gambar 4.4 Citra pH 1 .......................................................................................... 33
Gambar 4.5 Nilai red pH 1 .................................................................................... 33
Gambar 4.6 Nilai green pH 1 ................................................................................ 33
Gambar 4.7 Nilai blue pH 1 .................................................................................. 33
Gambar 4.8 Citra background ............................................................................... 34
Gambar 4.9 Nilai red background ......................................................................... 34
Gambar 4.10 Nilai green background ................................................................... 34
Gambar 4.11 Nilai blue background ..................................................................... 34
Gambar 4.12 Citra resolusi 3264 x 1836 (.jpg) ..................................................... 36
Gambar 4.13 Citra resolusi 250 x 200 (.bmp) ....................................................... 36
Gambar 4.14 Red channel extraction .................................................................... 37
Gambar 4.15 Green channel extraction ................................................................ 37
Gambar 4.16 Blue channel extraction ................................................................... 38
Gambar 4.17 K-Means termodifikasi .................................................................... 39
Gambar 4.18 Segmentasi K-Means tanpa modifikasi ........................................... 39
Gambar 4.19 Segmentasi K-Means termodifikasi ................................................ 39
Gambar 4.20 Iterasi K-Means (1).......................................................................... 40
Gambar 4.21 Iterasi K-Means (2).......................................................................... 40
xii Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
Gambar 4.22 Iterasi K-Means (4).......................................................................... 40
Gambar 4.23 Iterasi K-Means (6).......................................................................... 40
Gambar 4.24 Iterasi K-Means (8).......................................................................... 40
Gambar 4.25 Iterasi K-Means (10)........................................................................ 40
Gambar 4.26 Larutan 1 dengan cahaya lampu pijar ............................................. 41
Gambar 4.27 Larutan 2 dengan cahaya lampu pijar ............................................. 41
Gambar 4.28 Citra objek ....................................................................................... 42
Gambar 4.29 Citra background putih ................................................................... 42
Gambar 4.30 Halaman deteksi pH ........................................................................ 44
Gambar 4.31 Implementasi button browse ........................................................... 45
Gambar 4.32 Implementasi button proses ............................................................. 45
Gambar 4.33 Halaman button reset ...................................................................... 46
Gambar 4.34 Halaman data pH ............................................................................. 46
Gambar 4.35 Implementasi pencarian data ........................................................... 47
Gambar 4.36 Implementasi button hapus.............................................................. 47
Gambar 4.37 Halaman master data ....................................................................... 48
xiii Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 3.1 Master data pH ...................................................................................... 28
Tabel 3.2 Data deteksi pH ..................................................................................... 29
Tabel 4.1 Spesifikasi laptop .................................................................................. 32
Tabel 4.2 Master data pH ...................................................................................... 35
Tabel 4.3 Spesifikasi handphone .......................................................................... 36
Tabel 4.4 Perbandingan resolusi ........................................................................... 37
Tabel 4.5 Perbandingan K-Means ......................................................................... 40
Tabel 4.6 Perbandingan light calibration .............................................................. 41
Tabel 4.7 Nilai RGB citra kertas indikator universal ............................................ 42
Tabel 4.8 Nilai RGB master data pH 1 ................................................................. 43
Tabel 4.9 Database master pH .............................................................................. 49
Tabel 4.10 Pengujian pencahayaan lampu LED ................................................... 51
Tabel 4.11 Pengujian pencahayaan lampu pijar .................................................... 25