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HUKUM TATA NEGARA24 Oktober 2011
Heru Susetyo, SH. LL.M. M.Si.
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Pengertian• Adalah hukum mengenai susunan suatu negara• Negara adalah suatu organisasi yang mengatur
keseluruhan hubungan antar manusia satu sama lain dalam masyarakat, dan menegakkan aturan tersebut dengan kewibawaannya.
• Negara memperlihatkan 3 kenyataan :1. Kekuasaan tertinggi2. Wilayah3. Warga Negara(Dedi Soemardi, Pengantar Tata Hukum Indonesia)
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Negara sebagai Kekuasaan Tertinggi
1. Teori Teokrasi; mendasakan legitimasi kekuasaan negara pada kehendak Tuhan, tidak mungkin diadakan pemisahan antara negara dan agama.
2. Negara sebagai organisasi ekuatan belaka;3. Teori perjanjian; menitikberatkan kekuasaan
negara atas suatu perjanjian yang diadakan di antara anggota masyarakat.
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4. Teori perjanjian Jean Jacques Rousseau; bahwa negara bersifat sebagai wakil rakyat yang mempunyai kekuasaan tertinggi adalah rakyat.
5. Teori kedaulatan negara; hukum ada karena negara menghendakinya, setiap tindakan pemerintah merujpakan kehendak negara, tindakannya tidak dapat dibatasi oleh hukum karena hukum buatan negara.
6. Teori kedaulatan hukum; negarapun tunduk terhadap hukum.
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Negara berdasarkan dua asas pokok :1. Asas legalitas2. Asas perlindungan kebebasan dan hak
pokok manusia
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POLITICAL SYSTEM• Presidential representative democratic republic• President is both head of state and head of
government• Multi-party system (there were last election in 2009 • Executive power is exercised by the government• Legislative power is vested in both the
government and two People’s Representative Councils
• The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature
• The 1945 constitution provided for a limited separation of executive, legislative and judicial power
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POLITICAL SYSTEM (2)Legislative Branch• People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR)• Regional Representative Council (DPR) > 560 members• People’s Representative Council (DPD) > 4
representatives from each provinces =
Judicial Branch• Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)• Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) established
in 2003• Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) established in
2003
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Administrative Divisions
• Provincies (Propinsi)• Regencies/ Cities (Kabupaten/ Kota)• Districts (Kecamatan)• Villages (Desa)
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INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONS1945 - 2011
• 1945 CONSTITUTION (1945 – 1949) and (1959 – now)
• REPUBLIC OF UNITED STATES OF INDONESIA CONSTITUTION (1949 – 1950)
• TEMPORARY CONSTITUTION (1950 – 1959)
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FORMAL AMENDMENTS
• Took place a year after political revolution in 1998 (reform movement)
• Conducted by MPR (People’s Consultative Assembly) through MPR General Assembly in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2000
• There were four amendments up to now (1999, 2000, 2001, and 2001)
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• The People Consultative Assembly (MPR) insisted to keep the original name of the constitution as 1945 Constitution though it had been amended for four times (1999-2000-2001-2002)
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WHAT ARE REMAINED UNCHANGED
• Three things which remain unchanged from the entire amendment processes (1999 – 2002) are :
1. State’s Basic Foundation : PANCASILA (five pillars)
2. The original preamble of 1945 Constitution 3. Keeping the country as a United country not
as a federal or United of States, with the name of Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (The Unitary State of Republic of Indonesia).
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AMENDMENT MODEL• Substantially the amendment model of
Indonesian Constitution 1945 (through MPR General Assembly 1999,2000, 2001, 2002) can be classified into three groups :
1. Abolishment and annulment some chapters/articles;
2. Adding some provisions or new state institutions
3. Modification of old provisions or old state institutions.
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Some provisions which were annulled :
• People Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat) was no more the highest state institution as its previous status.
• The legislative and judicative power of the president of Republic of Indonesia are limited and the power of legislative/ parliament were extended.
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Some newly provisions and institutions
• The establishment of Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah)
• The establishment of Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi)
• New provisions on General Election on the constitution (previously only enacted in the Act)
• The establishment of Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial)
• New provision on The Central Bank on the constitution (previously only appear on the Act)
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Some modification of provisions and institutions :
• Repositioning of the status and role of MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat – People Consultative Assembly)
• The Presidential and Vice President elections model were changed to direct election by the eligible voters.
• Additional provisions on human rights issues (ten sub articles)
• Additional provision on amendment of constitution.
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