Download - Cover+Daftar Isi
IDENTIFIKASI DAN PENANGGULANGAN LIQUID
LOADING PADA SUMUR GAS
KOMPREHENSIF
Oleh :
ASHAR ALFIANSYAH
NIM : 1101037
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk mendapatkan gelar Sarjana
Teknik pada Jurusan Teknik Perminyakan
PROGRAM STUDI S1 TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN
SEKOLAH TINGGI TEKNOLOGI MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI
BALIKPAPAN
2015
i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Laporan Komprehensif
IDENTIFIKASI DAN PENANGGULANGAN LIQUID
LOADING PADA SUMUR GAS
Oleh
ASHAR ALFIANSYAH
NIM : 1101037
Program Studi S1 Teknik Perminyakan
Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Minyak dan Gas Bumi Balikpapan
Disetujui pada Tanggal :
Ketua Jurusan Dosen Pembimbing
Karmila ST, MT. Ir. Yudiaryono, MT.
NIDN : 1120018101 NIDN : 1105045502
ii
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan
hidayah-NYA sehingga penyusun dapat menyelesaikan Laporan Komprehensif
dengan judul “IDENTIFIKASI DAN PENANGGULANGAN
LIQUID LOADING PADA SUMUR GAS”.
Penulis menyadari dengan keterbatasan pengetahuan dan kemampuan
dalam menyusun laporan komprehensif ini. Walaupun demikian, penulisan
laporan ini dapat terselesaikan berkat adanya usaha, doa, bimbingan, serta
dorongan dari semua pihak. Untuk itu, dengan perasaan yang tulus penyusun
mengucapkan terimakasih kepada :
1. Bapak Lukman ST, MT selaku Ketua STT MIGAS Balikpapan
2. Ibu Karmila ST, MT selaku KAJUR S1 Teknik Perminyakan.
3. Bapak Ir. Yudiaryono,MT selaku pembimbing komprehensif.
4. Seluruh staf dan karyawan sekretariat STT MIGAS Balikpapan
5. Kedua orang tua dan kakak-kakak saya yang selalu memberikan
dukungan baik moril ataupun materil.
6. Dan kepada semua teman – teman seperjuangan.
Akhir kata, semoga Laporan ini bermanfaat bagi penyusun dan pembaca
serta semoga Tuhan Yang Maha Esa memberikan imbalan kebaikan kepada
semua pihak yang membantu tersusunnya laporan ini.
Balikpapan, Januari 2015
Ashar Alfiansyah
11.01.037
iii
DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
HALAMAN JUDUL.......................................................................................... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN............................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR........................................................................................ iii
DAFTAR ISI....................................................................................................... iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR.......................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR TABEL.............................................................................................. x
BAB I PENDAHULUAN............................................................................ 1
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah........................................................... 1
1.2. Maksud dan Tujuan................................................................... 3
1.3. Batasan Masalah....................................................................... 3
1.4. Sistematika Penulisan............................................................... 4
BAB II KARAKTERISTIK RESERVOIR................................................. 6
2.1. Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir ................................................ 7
2.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Reservoir............................. 8
2.1.2. Sifat – Sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir.............................. 9
2.2. Karakteristik Fluida Reservoir.................................................. 24
2.2.1. Sifat – Sifat Fisik Fluida Reservoir............................... 25
2.2.1.1. Sifat Fisik Gas................................................ 25
2.2.1.2. Sifat Fisik Minyak.......................................... 30
2.2.1.3. Sifat Fisik Air Formasi................................... 33
2.2.2. Komposisi Kimia Fluida Reservoir.............................. 35
2.2.2.1. Komposisi Kimia Hidrokarbon...................... 36
2.2.2.2. Komposisi Kimia Non-Hidrokarbon.............. 36
2.2.2.3. Komposisi Kimia Air Formasi....................... 38
iv
DAFTAR ISI
(Lanjutan)
Halaman
2.3. Kondisi Reservoir..................................................................... 40
2.3.1. Tekanan Reservoir........................................................ 40
2.3.2. Temperatur Reservoir................................................... 44
2.4. Jenis – Jenis Reservoir.............................................................. 45
2.4.1. Berdasarkan Perangkap Reservoir................................ 45
2.4.2. Berdasarkan Fasa Fluida Hidrokarbon.......................... 48
2.4.3. Berdasarkan Mekanisme Pendorong............................. 55
BAB III DATA-DATA PEMBORAN........................................................... 62
3.1. Drilling Log.............................................................................. 62
3.1.1. Drilling Time Log ........................................................ 62
3.1.2. Analisa Cutting ............................................................ 63
3.1.3. Mud Logging ............................................................... 64
3.2. Metode Coring.......................................................................... 65
3.3. Metode Well Logging............................................................... 65
3.3.1. Electric Log ......................................................... 67
3.3.1.1. Spontaneous Log ( SP Log) ................. 67
3.3.1.2. Resistivity Log ..................................... 69
3.3.2. Radioaktif Log..................................................... 71
3.3.2.1. Gamma Ray Log .................................. 71
3.3.2.2. Neutron Log.......................................... 72
3.3.2.3. Density Log .......................................... 74
3.3.3. Log Suara............................................................. 77
3.3.3.1. Density Log .......................................... 77
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DAFTAR ISI
(Lanjutan)
Halaman
BAB IV DATA-DATA PRODUKSI............................................................. 78
4.1. Drill Steam Test........................................................................ 78
4.2. Pressure Test............................................................................. 80
4.3. RateTest.................................................................................... 80
4.4. Production Test......................................................................... 81
BAB V WELL COMPLETION................................................................... 82
5.1. Pengertian Well Completion..................................................... 82
5.2. Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Well Completion............. 83
5.3. Jenis - Jenis Komplesi Sumur................................................... 83
BAB VI PEMBAHASAN............................................................................... 97
BAB VII KESIMPULAN................................................................................100
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
vi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar Halaman
2.1. Karakteristik Reservoir ( Pettijohn, F. J., “Sedimentary
Rock”, 1957 )..................................................................................... 6
2.2. Porosity ( Fagan, Alphonsus, An Introduction to The
Petroleum Industry. 1991)................................................................. 9
2.3. Permeability ( Fagan, Alphonsus, An Introduction to The
Petroleum Industry. 1991 )................................................................ 12
2.4. Karakteristik Permeabilitas Relatif (Asep Kurnia Permadi,
2004) .......................................................................................... 15
2.5. Distribusi Fluida Sepanjang injeksi Air pada Batuan Water
wet ( John Lee, 1995 )........................................................................ 17
2.6. Sistem pembasahan batuan oleh air dan minyak ( John
Lee,1995 ) .......................................................................................... 20
2.7. Proses aliran system imbibisi dan drainage ( John Lee, 1995 )......... 22
2.8. Tekanan Dalam Pipa Kapiler (Ahmed, Tarek, Reservoir
Engineering_2E. 1946)...................................................................... 23
2.9. Perangkap Hidrokarbon ( Fagan, Alphonsus. An Introduction
to the Petroleum Industry.1991 )....................................................... 46
2.10. Diagram Fasa P vs T ( McCain, William D., Jr. The
Properties Of Petroleum Fluids Second Edition. 1993 ).................... 50
2.11. Tabel klasifikasi Fluida Reservoir ( McCain, William D., Jr.
The Properties Of Petroleum Fluids Second Edition. 1993 )............. 51
2.12. Diagram Fasa Black Oil ( McCain, William D., Jr. The
Properties Of Petroleum Fluids Second Edition. 1993 ).................... 52
2.13. Diagram Fasa Volatile Oil ( McCain, William D., Jr. The
Properties Of Petroleum Fluids Second Edition. 1993 ).................... 53
vii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
(Lanjutan)
Gambar Halaman
2.14. Diagram Fasa Retrograte Gas ( McCain, William D., Jr. The
Properties Of Petroleum Fluids Second Edition. 1993 ).................... 53
2.15. Diagram Fasa Wet Gas ( McCain, William D., Jr. The
Properties Of Petroleum Fluids Second Edition. 1993 ).................... 54
2.16. Diagram Fasa Dry Gas ( McCain, William D., Jr. The
Properties Of Petroleum Fluids Second Edition. 1993 ).................... 55
2.17. Mekanisme solution gas drive ( Asep Kurnia Permadi, 2004 )......... 57
2.18. Mekanisme gas cap drive (Asep Kurnia Permadi, 2004).................. 58
2.19. Mekanisme reservoir water drive ( Asep Kurnia Permadi,
2004 ) .......................................................................................... 59
3.1. Atlas Of Responses ( Inteq Baker Atlas 2015).................................. 63
3.2. Well Logging ( Schlumberger 1927, Presentasi Well Logging
2011) .......................................................................................... 66
3.3. Spontaneous Log ( Rangga Adi 2003 ).............................................. 67
3.4. Kondisi Lubang Bor ( Rangga Adi 2003 )......................................... 69
3.5. Resistivity Log ( Schlumberger 1927, Presentasi Well
Logging 2011).................................................................................... 70
3.6. Geometri Struktur Pori Batuan ( Horas 2006)................................... 70
3.7. Gamma Ray ( Schlumberger 1927, Presentasi Well Logging
2011) ................................................................................................. 72
3.8. Neutron Log ( Schlumberger 1927, Presentasi Well Logging
2011) ................................................................................................. 74
3.9. Density Log ( Schlumberger 1927, Presentasi Well Logging
2011) ................................................................................................. 76
3.10. Sonic Log ( Schlumberger 1927, Presentasi Well Logging
2011 ) ................................................................................................ 77
viii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
(Lanjutan)
Gambar Halaman
5.1. Open Hole Completion ( bayuebor 2009 )......................................... 85
5.2. Perforated Casing Completion ( bayuebor 2009 )............................. 87
5.3. Single Completion ( bayuebor 2009 )................................................ 89
5.4. Komplesi Zona Bergilir ( bayuebor 2009 )........................................ 90
5.5. Komplesi Single String - Single Packer ( bayuebor 2009 )............... 90
5.6. Komplesi Single String - Dual Packer ( bayuebor 2009 )................. 91
5.7. Komplesi Paralel String - Multiple Packer ( bayuebor 2009 )........... 91
5.8. Well Head ( Zulfa 2009 )................................................................... 94
5.9. Christmast Tree ( Zulfa 2009 )........................................................... 95
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel Halaman
2.1. Ukuran Porositas dan Kualitas........................................................... 11
2.2. Contoh Hasil Analisa Kandungan Air Formasi................................. 39
3.1. Warna Fluoresensi ............................................................................ 64
x