Pendahuluan ................................................. .................................................. ...... 12 Injection Moulding Proses ini ............................................. ............................... 52.1 Latar Belakang ................................................ .............................................. 52.2 Desain Mesin ............................................... ......................................... 62.2.1 Mesin Base Unit ............................................ .......................... 62.2.2 Unit Clamp ............................................. .................................... 62.2.3 Mould Tinggi ............................................. ................................ 62.2.4 Daylight .............................................. ........................................ 72.2.5 Jarak Antara Tie Bar ........................................... ................ 82.2.6 Mekanisme Clamping ............................................. ................... 92.2.7 Unit Injeksi ............................................ ......................... 132.3 Force Mengunci Teoritis Mould ............................................. ............... 192.4 Siklus Moulding .............................................. ................................. 202.4.1 Tahap Mould Penutupan ............................................ ..................... 202.4.2 Tahap Mould Perlindungan ............................................ ................ 202.4.3 Injeksi (Mould Mengisi) Tahap ......................................... ......... 202.4.4 Holding Waktu dan Tahap Pressurising ......................................... 202.4.5 Pendinginan dan Tahap Refill ........................................... ................. 212.4.6 Screw Tahap Kembali ............................................ .......................... 212.4.7 Tahap Terbuka Mould ............................................ ........................ 212.4.8 Tahap penyemburan ............................................. .............................. 22

Panduan Desain Mouldii3 Plastik Bahan ............................................... ................................................. 233.1 Jenis Bahan Plastik ............................................. ......................... 233.2 Definisi Plastik .............................................. ................................. 233.3 Sifat Bahan Plastik ............................................ ................. 243.4 Monomer, Polimerisasi dan Polimer ............................................ .... 253.5 Klasifikasi Plastik .............................................. ............................ 263.5.1 Termoset dan Termoplastik ............................................ .... 263.5.2 Homopolimer, Kopolimer dan Campuran Polimer (Paduan) ......... 273.5.3 Amorf dan Semicrystalline Termoplastik ........................ 293.6 leleh dan solidifikasi .............................................. ......................... 303.7 susut ................................................ ............................................... 313.8 Rekayasa dan Plastik Komoditi ............................................. .......... 323.8.1 Rekayasa Plastik ............................................. ...................... 323.8.2 Komoditi Plastik ............................................. ..................... 323.9 Bahan Aditif ............................................... ................................... 333.10 Arus Properti Bahan Termoplastik ............................................ . 353.11 Variabel Berat Molekul .............................................. ....................... 35

3.12 Melt Flow Index (MFI) ........................................... ................................ 363.13 diolah kembali Bahan ............................................... ............................... 373.14 Polimer Molekul ............................................... ................................... 373.15 Bahan dan Singkatan Nama ............................................. ............ 373.16 Bahan Aplikasi ............................................... .............................. 40

3.17 The Perilaku Termoplastik Selama Proses Injection Moulding ........................................ ............ 41 3.17.1 pretreatment Bahan Sebelum Moulding Injection ................. 41 3.17.2 Bahan diolah kembali ............................................. .................. 41 3.17.3 Bahan Mewarnai ............................................. ..................... 41 3.17.4 Aditif .............................................. .................................... 41 3.17.5 Bahan Pengeringan ............................................. ........................... 42 3.17.6 Plasticising atau Melting ............................................ ................... 43 3.17.7 Pengukuran Suhu Melt ........................................... 44 3.17.8 Degradasi Bahan Selama Plasticising ............................. 44 3.17.9 Memilih Melt Suhu optimum .................................. 45 3.17.10 Pengaruh Kecepatan putaran Screw dan Tekanan Kembali ............ 45 Karakteristik Arus 3.17.11 dari Lelehkan Selama Fase Injeksi ....... 46 3.17.12 Pemilihan Speed Injeksi ........................................... ............ 46 3.18 Cavity Filling Tahap awal ............................................. .......................... 48 3.19 Cavity Holding Tahap Tekanan ............................................. ................... 49 3,20 Gate Freeze-off Tahap ............................................ .................................. 49 3,21 Melt kompresibilitas dan susut ............................................. ........... 49 3,22 Bak cuci dan Void .............................................. ........................................ 50 3,23 Lines Weld dan Meld Lines ............................................ ......................... 53 3.24 Pendinginan dan Solidifikasi dari Melt ........................................... .......... 54 4 Praktek Good Design .............................................. ............................................ 55 4.1 Analisis Pra ............................................... ................................... 56 Membaca Diagram 4.2 Pengaturan Umum (GA) ........................................ 56 Memahami Konsep Toolmaking 4.3 .............................................. ........ 57 Panduan Desain Mould iv 4.4 Mengamati Tools Mould .............................................. ............................ 58 4.5 Ringkasan Praktek Good Design ............................................ ............... 58 5 Desain Checklist ............................................... .................................................. 59 5.1 Daftar Periksa Pra ............................................... .................................. 59 5.2 Rincian Perkiraan Asli .............................................. .......................... 60 5.3 Komponen Menggambar ............................................... ............................... 60 5.4 Komponen Geometri ............................................... .............................. 60 5.5 Komponen Bahan ............................................... ................................ 61

5.6 Kuantitas Diperlukan ............................................... ................................... 61 5.7 Komponen Fungsi ............................................... ............................... 61 5.8 Komponen Toleransi ............................................... ............................ 62 5.9 Jumlah Tayangan .............................................. ............................. 62 5.10 Gating Metode ............................................... ........................................ 62 5.11 penyemburan Metode ............................................... ...................................... 63 5.12 Komponen Estetika ............................................... ............................. 63 6 Menentukan Nomor Hak Tayangan ........................................... ......... 65 6.1 Kuantitas Versus Kualitas .............................................. ........................... 66 6.2 Penampilan ................................................ ............................................. 66 6.3 Bagian Geometri ............................................... ......................................... 67 6.4 Menggambar Toleransi ............................................... ................................. 67 6.5 Diskusi ................................................ .............................................. 67 6.6 Rongga Lebih = Kontrol Kurang ............................................ ...................... 68 6.7 Ringkasan ................................................ ................................................ 70 Isi v 7 Langkah-demi-Langkah Desain ........................................... ................................................. 71 7.1 Persyaratan Pra ............................................... ........................... 71 7.2 Gold en Aturan .............................................. ............................................ 71 7.3 Langkah-demi-Langkah Desain ........................................... ..................................... 72 7.4 Contoh Desi gn .............................................. ........................................ 72 7.4.1 LANGKAH 1: The Line Split ......................................... ...................... 73 7.4.2 LANGKAH 2: Gating ........................................... .............................. 75 7.4.3 LANGKAH 3: penyemburan ........................................... ............................. 75 7.4.4 LANGKAH 4: Menyisipkan Cavity .......................................... ..................... 76 7.4.5 LANGKAH 5: ventilasi ........................................... ............................. 78 7.4.6 LANGKAH 6: Pendingin Air .......................................... .................... 79 7.4.7 LANGKAH 7: Tayangan Pusat .......................................... ............. 80 7.4.8 LANGKAH 8: Layout Mould .......................................... .................... 81 7.4.9 LANGKAH 9: Lihat Sectional ......................................... Utama ........... 82 8 Mould membuat ............................................... .................................................. .... 83 8.1 Diskusi ................................................ .............................................. 83 Mould 8.2 Persyaratan Umum .............................................. .................... 83 8.2.1 Bahan Mould ............................................. .......................... 83 8.2.2 Alloy Steels ............................................. .................................. 84 8.2.3 Mild Steel ............................................. .................................... 84 8.2.4 Berilium-Tembaga ............................................ .......................... 84 8.3 Konstruksi Umum ............................................... ............................... 85 8.3.1 Konstruksi Cavity ............................................. ..................... 85 8.3.2 Turning .............................................. ...................................... 86

Panduan Desain Mould vi 8.3.3 Penggilingan .............................................. ....................................... 86 8.3.4 Grinding .............................................. ..................................... 87 8.3.5 Fabrikasi .............................................. ................................. 88 8.3.6 Standar Electrodischarge Machining (EDM) ............................ 89 8.3.7 Kawat Electrodischarge Machining ............................................ .. 91 8.3.8 Dingin Hobbing ............................................. .............................. 92 8.3.9 Berilium-Tembaga ............................................ .......................... 93 8.3.10 Electro membentuk ............................................. ............................. 93 8.3.11 Korosi dan Erosi Cavity ........................................... ........ 95 8.3.12 penyerangan dgn gas beracun dan Burning ............................................ ..................... 95 8.4 Diferensial susut ............................................... .............................. 96 8.5 Kondisi Metal Maksimum .............................................. ..................... 97 8.6 Contoh ................................................ ................................................. 97 9 Dua-Plate Tools Mould ............................................ .......................................... 99 9.1 Desain Details ............................................... .......................................... 99 9.1.1 Menemukan atau Daftar Ring ........................................... .............. 101 9.1.2 Top Plate ............................................. .................................... 101 9.1.3 Split Line ............................................. .................................... 102 9.1.4 Cavity Sisipkan ............................................. ............................... 102 9.1.5 Plate Front Cavity ............................................ ........................ 102 9.1.6 Plate Belakang Cavity ............................................ ......................... 102 9.1.7 Dukungan Cavity Plate ............................................ 103 .................... 9.1.8 Sistem penyemburan ............................................. ........................... 103 9.1.9 penyemburan Gap ............................................. ............................... 104 Isi vii Dukungan 9.1.10 Blok ............................................. ............................ 104 9.1.11 Panduan Pilar ............................................. ................................. 104 9.1.12 Kembali Pins ............................................. ................................. 104 9.1.13 Fine Tuning Perangkat Mould .......................................... .......... 104 9.1.14 Jarak .............................................. ................................. 106 9.1.15 Semak .............................................. ....................................... 106 9.1.16 Sekrup .............................................. ....................................... 106 9.1.17 Dukungan Pilar ............................................. ............................ 106 9.1.18 Taper Threads ............................................. ............................ 107 9.1.19 Stand-off Tombol ........................................... 107 .......................... 9.1.20 Chamfers dan Radius ............................................ ..................... 107 9.1.21 Panduan Semak ............................................. .............................. 107 10 penyemburan Sistem ............................................... ................................................. 109

10.1 Persyaratan ................................................ ......................................... 109 10.1.1 Bagian Geometri ............................................. ............................. 109 10.1.2 Draft Sudut ............................................. ............................... 109 10.1.3 Toleransi .............................................. ................................. 110 10.1.4 Bahan .............................................. ..................................... 110 10.1.5 Gating .............................................. ....................................... 111 10.1.6 Saldo penyemburan ............................................. 112 .......................... 10.1.7 Spesifikasi Mesin ............................................. 113 ................ 10.1.8 Stroke Mould Pembukaan ............................................ ................. 113 Mesin ejeksi Fitur 10.1.9 ............................................ ............ 113 Kontrol Gerakan Fitur 10.1.10 ............................................ ......... 114 10.1.11 Persyaratan Selesai Komponen ............................................ 114 .. Panduan Desain Mould viii 10.2 Metode penyemburan ............................................... .................................... 114 10.2.1 Ejector Pin dan Blades ........................................... .................. 114 10.2.2 Lengan Pemilih ............................................. ............................. 116 10.2.3 Stripper Plate penyemburan ............................................ .................. 117 10.2.4 Valve penyemburan ............................................. ............................. 118 10.2.5 penyemburan Angkatan ............................................. ............................ 119 10.3 Ejection Force Perhitungan .............................................. ....................... 120 10.4 Formula ................................................ ............................................... 120 10.4.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 121 10,5 penyemburan Majelis aktuasi .............................................. 122 .................... 10.5.1 Mekanikal penyemburan ............................................. 122 .................... 10.5.2 Hidrolik penyemburan ............................................. ...................... 125 10.5.3 Pneumatik penyemburan ............................................. ...................... 126 10.5.4 Sistem penyemburan Hybrid ............................................ ............... 126 10.5.5 Double penyemburan ............................................. 129 .......................... 10,6 memuaskan Sistem ............................................... ............................ 132 11 Kontrol Suhu Mould .............................................. ................................ 133 11.1 Diskusi ................................................ ............................................. 133 Heat Transfer Cairan 11.2 .............................................. ................................ 134 11.2.1 Air .............................................. ........................................ 134 11.2.2 Heat Transfer Oil ............................................ ........................ 134 11.3 Chillers ................................................ .................................................. 135 11.4 Suhu Controllers ............................................... ......................... 135 11,5 Saluran Pendingin ............................................... ................................... 135 11.5.1 Pendingin Teras ............................................. .............................. 137 Isi ix

11.6 Cavity Pendingin ............................................... ........................................ 145 11.7 Circuit Efisiensi ............................................... .................................... 148 11.7.1 Seri Pendingin ............................................. ............................. 148 11.7.2 Paralel Pendingin ............................................. 149 .......................... 11,8 Berilium-Tembaga Cores dan Rongga ........................................... .......... 150 11.9 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Siklus Pendingin ............................................ ............ 150 11.9.1 Bagian Geometri ............................................. ............................. 151 11.9.2 Dinding Bagian ............................................. .............................. 151 11.9.3 Moulding Material ............................................. ...................... 151 11.9.4 Pengaruh Gate dan Runner ......................................... ..... 152 11.9.5 Bahan Mould ............................................ ..................... 152 11.10 Kontrol Suhu Mould .............................................. 152 .................... Efisiensi Pendinginan 11.11 ............................................... ................................... 153 11.11.1 Cavity Bahan dan Konstruksi ........................................... 153 .. 11.11.2 Channel Geometri ............................................. ...................... 154 11.11.3 Jumlah Saluran Diperlukan ........................................... 154 ...... 11.11.4 Tingkat Aliran Pendingin ........................................... 154 .................... 11,12 pendingin ................................................ ................................................ 155 11.12.1 ofMetals Konduktansi Termal ............................................ ... 155 11.13 Pendingin Perhitungan ............................................... ............................... 155 11.13.1 Tertentu Panas ............................................. ............................... 155 11,14 Pulsed Pendingin Mould .............................................. .............................. 161 11.14.1 Pendingin Berdenyut Selektif ............................................ ............... 162 11.15 Pendingin Variabel Mould .............................................. ......................... 163 Ringkasan 11.16 ................................................ ............................................... 163 Panduan Desain Mould x 12 Injeksi Cacat Mould Peralatan ............................................. ........................... 165 12.1 Pendahuluan ................................................ .......................................... 165 12.1.1 Komponen Cacat ............................................. 167 ................ 12.1.2 Dasar Mould Desain Cacat ........................................... 168 ...... 12.1.3 Loose Sisipan ............................................. ............................... 168 12.1.4 Moulding di Splits ............................................ ........................ 170 12.1.5 pena Angle Straight ............................................ .................. 170 12.2 Fitur Utama Desain .............................................. ................................. 172 12.2.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 173 12.3 pena Angle Offset .............................................. ................................ 175 12.3.1 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 177 12.3.2 Untuk Membangun P. Point .......................................... ...................... 177 12.4 Penggunaan Cores Side ............................................. ...................................... 178 12.4.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 178

12,5 Angkat lekukan Splits .............................................. ..................................... 179 12.5.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 179 12.5.2 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 181 12.5.3 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 181 12.5.4 Formula .............................................. ................................... 181 12.6 Formulir Pins ............................................... ............................................... 182 12.6.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 182 12.6.2 Tindakan Straight Pins Formulir ........................................... .............. 182 12.6.3 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 183 12.6.4 Formulir Pins lekukan ............................................ ......................... 184 12.6.5 Formulir Aksi lekukan Pin ........................................... 185 ................ Isi xi 12.6.6 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 186 12.6.7 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 186 12.6.8 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 188 12.6.9 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 188 12.7 Desain Side tidak standar Core ............................................. 188 ................ 12.7.1 memotong di Sudut untuk Axis Tool ......................................... 189 ...... 12.7.2 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 189 12.7.3 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 190 12.8 memotong Lengkung ............................................... ................................... 190 12.8.1 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 190 12.8.2 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 192 12,9 Radial memotong ............................................... .................................... 192 12.9.1 Deskripsi Operasi ............................................ .............. 195 12.9.2 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 195 12.10 memotong pada Gears spiral dan impeler pompa ..................................... 196 12.11 Teknik penyemburan Normal .............................................. 196 .................... 12.11.1 Bentuk Cacat ............................................ ......................... 197 12.11.2 Bahan Komponen ............................................. ................... 198 Memuaskan 12.11.3 Bahan ............................................. .................. 198 12.11.4 tidak memuaskan Bahan ............................................. .............. 198 12.12 Desain penyemburan Khusus .............................................. ........................... 199 12.12.1 Memisahkan Komponen tersebut ............................................ ............... 200 12.12.2 Moulding di One Piece ........................................... .................. 202 12.12.3 helix penyemburan ............................................. ........................... 202 Panduan Desain Mould xii 13 Desain Perangkat Otomatis unscrewing Mould ............................................ ............ 205 13.1 Pendahuluan ................................................ .......................................... 205

13.2 Injection Moulding Formulir Thread ............................................. 206 ............. 13.3 Thread Geometri ............................................... ................................... 207 13.3.1 Paralel Threads ............................................. 207 .......................... 13.3.2 Jumlah Mulai ............................................ 207 .......................... 13.3.3 Formulir Thread ............................................. .............................. 208 13.3.4 Taper Threads ............................................. ............................ 213 Thread 13.3.5 Pipa British Standard ........................................... ......... 214 13.3.6 Jointing Threads ............................................. ......................... 214 13.3.7 Longscrew Threads ............................................. ..................... 214 13.3.8 Formulir Thread moulded ............................................ ............... 216 13.4 Thread Kompensasi susut .............................................. .............. 217 13.4.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 217 13.4.2 Pengaruh salah susut pada Formulir Thread .................. 217 13.4.3 Pitch Ketidakakuratan ............................................. 218 .......................... 13.4.4 Formulir Thread Ketidakakuratan ............................................ .............. 218 13.4.5 Diameter Thread tidak akurat ............................................ ........ 218 13,5 Penerapan Penyisihan susut pada Formulir Thread ............................ 218 13.5.1 susut Formula ............................................. 219 .................... Moulding Injection Pertimbangan 13,6 .............................................. ........... 220 13.6.1 Moulding terkait Masalah ........................................... ........... 220 13.6.2 Tekanan Injeksi ............................................. ........................ 220 13.6.3 Injeksi Speed ............................................. ............................ 220 13.6.4 unscrewing Speed ............................................. ....................... 220 Isi xiii 13.6.5 penyemburan Speed ............................................. ............................. 220 13.6.6 Operasi Window ............................................. ..................... 221 13.6.7 Alat Kontrol Suhu ............................................ ........... 221 13,7 Thread Screw Dasar Mould Desain ............................................ ............ 222 13.7.1 Split Tooling ............................................. ............................... 222 13.7.2 Thread Jumping ............................................. 223 .......................... 13.7.3 dilipat Coring ............................................. ...................... 224 13.7.4 Pengoperasian Cores Multisegment ........................................... 227 .. 13,8 Rotary unscrewing ............................................... ................................. 227 13.8.1 Coring Details dilipat ............................................ ............ 228 13,9 Jenis Core dilipat ............................................. ......................... 228 13.9.1 Dua-segmen Core Details .......................................... 229 ............. 13.9.2 Multisegment Cores dilipat ............................................ ... 230 13.10 Cores Karet Silicone Sleeve Menggunakan ............................................ ............ 231 13.10.1 Keuntungan .............................................. ................................ 231 13.10.2 Kekurangan .............................................. ............................ 232

13.11 Core unscrewing ............................................... .................................... 234 Sistem 13.11.1 Core Tetap ............................................ ...................... 234 13.11.2 Cavity di Pindah Setengah ........................................... .................. 234 13.11.3 Cavity di Half Tetap ........................................... ...................... 235 13.11.4 Fitur Utama Desain Gambar 13,18 ......................................... .238 13.12 Anti-Rotasi Keying ............................................. ................................ 239 13.12.1 Base Geometri Kunci ............................................ ...................... 239 13,13 Sistem Core Pindah .............................................. ............................... 240 13.13.1 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 241 Panduan Desain Mould xiv 13.14 Cavity Rotasi ............................................... ...................................... 242 13.14.1 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 244 13.14.2 Pedoman .............................................. .................................. 245 13.15 Desain unscrewing Dua-thread ............................................ 245 ................ 13.15.1 Diskusi .............................................. ................................. 245 Fitur 13.15.2 Desain Key untuk Dua Threads Eksternal ......................... 245 13.15.3 Operasi .............................................. .................................. 247 13.15.4 Fitur Utama Desain ............................................ ..................... 249 13.15.5 Operasi .............................................. .................................. 250 13,16 Gearing Geometri ............................................... .................................. 250 13.16.1 Pendahuluan .............................................. ............................... 250 13.16.2 Dasar Definisi Spur Gear ........................................... ........... 252 13.16.3 Dasar Spur Gear Formula ........................................... 253 ............. 13.16.4 Konversi Antara ISO dan Sistem Imperial ......................... 253 13.16.5 Contoh Perhitungan Gear (ISO) ......................................... 253 .... 13.16.6 Pedoman Seleksi Gear (ISO )........................................ ... 255 13.16.7 Pedoman Desain Gear Train (ISO) .................................... 255 13.17 Panduan Umum Desain Mould untuk Threads ........................................... ... 256 13.17.1 Pengamatan .............................................. ............................... 256 13.17.2 Tahap 1 ............................................. ........................................ 256 13.17.3 Tahap 2 ............................................. ........................................ 257 13.17.4 Tahap 3 ............................................. ........................................ 258 13.17.5 Tahap 4 ............................................. ........................................ 259 13.17.6 Tahap 5 ............................................. ........................................ 259 Isi xv 13.18 Mengemudi Sistem ............................................... ...................................... 260 13.18.1 Rack-dan-sayap Sistem ......................................... 260 ................ 13.18.2 Membuka Gerakan ofMould Tool .......................................... 260 13.18.3 aktuasi oleh Silinder ............................................ .................. 261

13.18.4 Pneumatik Motors ............................................. ....................... 263 13.18.5 Hidrolik Motors ............................................. ....................... 263 13.18.6 Motor Listrik ............................................. ........................... 265 13.18.7 Kopling dan Kontrol Rotasi ........................................... 265 ...... 13.18.8 Menggunakan Kopling ............................................. ............................ 266 13.18.9 Menggunakan Motor Stepper ............................................ ................... 267 13.18.10 Menggunakan Limiters Torsi ............................................ .................. 268 13,19 Khusus Desain ............................................... ....................................... 269 13,20 unscrewing Sistem Komersial .............................................. .............. 270 Alat multiplate Sistem 14 .............................................. ...................................... 271 14.1 Tiga-Plate Peralatan ............................................. ..................................... 271 14.1.1 Tiga-Plate Operasi Alat .......................................... ........... 273 14.2 Cacat Tools multiplate .............................................. ....................... 279 14.2.1 Sequential Membuka ............................................. ..................... 281 14.3 Stack Cetakan ............................................... .......................................... 285 15 Runnerless Moulding ............................................... .......................................... 291 15.1 Sprueless Moulding ............................................... ................................. 291 15.1.1 Jenis Dasar ruang depan ............................................ .............. 291 15.1.2 Dipanaskan Semak Sariawan Hot ........................................... .............. 293 15.1.3 Ringkasan .............................................. ................................... 297 Panduan Desain Mould xvi 15.2 Sistem Runner Insulated .............................................. ......................... 298 15.2.1 Insulated .............................................. .................................... 298 15.2.2 Semi-terisolasi ............................................ .............................. 299 15.3 Kendali Sistem Hot Runner ............................................. ........................... 300 15.3.1 Keuntungan Lebih Cetakan Runner Dingin ..................................... 300 15.3.2 nozel dan Semak Gate ........................................... ............... 305 15.3.3 nozel Gate Terbuka ............................................ ...................... 305 15.3.4 Nozzle Spring-Dioperasikan Needle .......................................... 307 ...... 15.3.5 hidrolik Needle Valve Nozzle Dioperasikan ............................ 308 Multipoint 15.3.6 Gating ............................................. ....................... 309 15.3.7 Ringkasan .............................................. ................................... 311 15.4 Pemanasan ................................................ ................................................. 311 15.4.1 Band Pemanas ............................................. .............................. 311 15.4.2 Coil Pemanas ............................................. ................................ 312 15.4.3 Cartridge Heaters ............................................. ........................ 312 15.4.4 Tubular Pemanas ............................................. 312 .......................... 15.4.5 Integral Pemanasan ............................................. 313 .......................... 15.4.6 Pipa Panas ............................................. ................................... 313 Suhu 15,5 Control di ............................................. manifold ............ 313

15.5.1 Closed-Loop Control ........................................... 314 .................... 15.5.2 Open-Loop Control ........................................... ...................... 314 15.5.3 Faktor-faktor Lain ............................................. .............................. 314 15.6 Gating ................................................ .................................................. .315 15.6.1 Pin dan Gating Edge ........................................... ...................... 315 15.6.2 Valve Gating ............................................. ............................... 316 15.6.3 Thermal Sealing ............................................. 316 .......................... Isi xvii Ekspansi termal 15,7 ............................................... ................................. 317 15,8 Manifold / Interface Nozzle ............................................. ......................... 318 15.8.1 Nozzle-Mould Interface ........................................... 318 ................ Kapasitas Pemanasan Persyaratan 15.8.2 ............................................ 318 .... 15.8.3 Watt Density ............................................. 319 .......................... 15.8.4 Heat-Up Time Manifold .......................................... ................. 320 16 Mould Bahan ............................................... ................................................. 321 16.1 Pendahuluan ................................................ .......................................... 321 16.2 Memilih Bahan untuk Aplikasi yang ........................................... 322 .... 16.3 Karakteristik Bahan ............................................... ......................... 323 16.3.1 Baja .............................................. ........................................... 323 16.3.2 Steel Plate ............................................. ................................... 324 16.3.3 Cast Steel ............................................. .................................... 326 16.3.4 Nonferrous Bahan ............................................. .................. 329 16.3.5 Aluminium Paduan ............................................. ....................... 330 16.3.6 Seng Paduan ............................................. ................................. 332 16.3.7 Berilium-Tembaga Paduan ........................................... .............. 332 16.3.8 Bismuth-Tin Paduan ........................................... ...................... 334 16.3.9 Epoxy Resin ............................................. ................................ 335 16.4 Heat Treatment ............................................... ...................................... 335 16.4.1 Melalui-Pengerasan ............................................ ..................... 336 16.4.2 Pretoughening .............................................. ............................ 338 16.4.3 Carburising atau Pengerasan Kasus ........................................... ..... 338 16.4.4 Nitridasi .............................................. .................................... 339 16.4.5 Tuftriding .............................................. .................................. 340 Panduan Desain Mould xvii 16,5 Mould Finishing ............................................... ..................................... 340 16.5.1 Poles .............................................. .................................... 341 16.5.2 Chromium Plating ............................................. ....................... 341 16.5.3 Fotokimia Etching ............................................. 341 ................ 16.5.4 EDM Finishes ............................................. ............................. 342

16.5.5 Bead Blasting ............................................. .............................. 342 16.5.6 Uap Blasting ............................................. 342 .......................... 16,6 Mould Pemeliharaan ............................................... ................................ 343 17 Runner dan Desain Gate ............................................. ....................................... 345 17.1 Sistem Feed .............................................. ...................................... 345 17.1.1 Sariawan The ............................................. ................................... 346 17.1.2 Dingin SlugWell ............................................. ............................ 346 17.1.3 Runner Desain ............................................. ............................ 347 17.1.4 Aturan Desain Sistem Runner ........................................... ......... 350 17.2 Menghitung Durasi Runner ............................................. .................. 352 17.2.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 353 17.3 Gate Desain ............................................... ............................................ 355 17.3.1 manual pakai Gates ............................................ ............ 360 17.3.2 otomatis pakai Gates ............................................ 360 ...... 17.3.3 Aturan Desain Gating ............................................ ..................... 362 17.3.4 Komputer Simulasi Desain Gate ..................................... 363 17.3.5 Jumlah dan Lokasi Gates .......................................... ....... 363 17.3.6 Ukuran Gate ............................................. .................................. 365 17.3.7 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 366 Isi xix 17.3.8 Gate Tanah Durasi ............................................ ........................ 367 17.3.9 Gate Diameter ............................................. ............................. 367 17.4 Menetapkan Ukuran Gate benar ............................................ .............. 369 17.4.1 Analisis Komputer ............................................. ...................... 370 17.4.2 Analisis Empiris ............................................. ...................... 370 18 Mould Bagian Standar .............................................. .......................................... 373 18.1 Standar Bagian Tersedia .............................................. 373 .......................... 18.1.1 Unit Mould Base ............................................ ......................... 374 18.1.2 Pelat Mould ............................................. ............................... 374 18.1.3 Lokasi dan Komponen Alignment ....................................... 374 18.1.4 Komponen penyemburan ............................................. .................. 374 18.1.5 Feed Sistem ............................................. ............................... 374 18.1.6 Komponen Pendingin ............................................. .................. 375 18.1.7 Komponen unscrewing ............................................. 375 ............. 18.1.8 Lain-lain .............................................. ............................ 375 18.2 Alat Mould Merancang Menggunakan Bagian Standar ........................................... 375 18.3 pembuatan alat Menggunakan Bagian Standar ............................................ .............. 376 18,4 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 378 19 Lendutan dan Stres dalam Komponen Mould ........................................... ............ 379 19.1 Diskusi ................................................ ............................................. 379

19.1.1 Kompetisi .............................................. ............................... 380 19.1.2 Biaya Energi ............................................. ............................... 380 19.1.3 pecah .............................................. .................................. 380 19.1.4 Lendutan .............................................. .................................. 381 Panduan Desain Mould xx 19.2 Force dan Stres .............................................. ....................................... 381 19.2.1 Definisi Pasukan ............................................ 381 .................... 19.2.1.2 Tekan Force ............................................. ...................... 383 19.3 Stres ................................................ .................................................. ... 384 19.4 Strain ................................................ .................................................. 384 .. 19,5 Stress-Strain Grafik ............................................. .................................. 385 19.5.1 Young Modulus Elastisitas ........................................... ....... 385 19.5.2 Batas Proporsionalitas ............................................ ............... 386 19.5.3 Batas elastis ............................................ 386 .......................... 19.5.4 Yield Stress ............................................. ................................. 386 19.5.5 Kekuatan tarik ............................................. 386 .......................... 19,6 Faktor Safety (FOS )........................................... ................................. 386 19.6.1 rapuh bahan ............................................. 387 .......................... 19.6.2 Ulet bahan ............................................. ......................... 387 19,7 Poisson's Ratio ............................................... ....................................... 388 19.7.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 389 Suhu 19,8 Menekankan ............................................... .............................. 390 19.8.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 390 19,9 Beam Teori ............................................... .......................................... 390 19.9.1 Beam Model ............................................. .............................. 392 19,10 Bending Moments ............................................... ................................... 393 19.10.1 Netral Axis ............................................. ............................... 393 19.10.2 Kedua Momen Daerah ........................................... 394 ................ 19,11 Bending Formula ............................................... .................................... 396 19,12 Bagian Modulus ............................................... ..................................... 396 Isi xxi 19,13 lendutan dari balok .............................................. ................................. 397 19,14 Mould Alat Analisis .............................................. ............................ 397 19.14.1 Dua-Plate Contoh ........................................... ....................... 397 19.14.2 Split Tool Contoh ............................................ ...................... 400 19.14.3 Pins Core Menganalisis ............................................ ..................... 403 19,15 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 405 20 Kelelahan ................................................ .................................................. ............ 407 20.1 Pengamatan ................................................ ......................................... 407

20.2 Fakta tentang Kelelahan .............................................. ....................................... 408 20.3 Menghitung Tutup-off Wilayah ............................................ ......................... 410 20.3.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 412 20.4 Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Hidup Kelelahan ............................................. 414 .................... 20.4.1 Stres Konsentrasi ............................................. .................. 414 20.4.2 Stres RAISERS ............................................. .............................. 416 20.4.3 Machining Marks ............................................. ........................ 418 20.4.4 Pengaruh Finish Permukaan .......................................... ............ 419 20.4.5 Faktor Kekerasan ............................................. ........................ 420 20.5 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 421 21 Batas dan Fits .............................................. .................................................. ... 423 21.1 Menukar ................................................ .................................. 423 21.2 Toleransi ................................................ .............................................. 423 21.2.1 Sepihak .............................................. ................................... 424 21.2.2 Bilateral .............................................. ..................................... 424 21.3 Batas ................................................ .................................................. 424 .. Panduan Desain Mould xxii 21,4 Fits ................................................ .................................................. 425 ...... 21.4.1 Menjalankan Fit ............................................. ................................. 425 21.4.2 Push Fit ............................................. ...................................... 426 21.4.3 Drive Fit ............................................. ..................................... 426 21.4.4 Force Fit ............................................. ..................................... 426 21,5 Hole British Standard dan Fits poros ........................................... ............ 426 21.5.1 Clearance Fit ............................................. ............................... 427 21.5.2 Transisi Fit ............................................. .............................. 427 21.5.3 Interferensi Fit ............................................. ............................ 427 21,6 Clearance British Standard Fits ............................................. .................. 427 21.7 Clearance British Standard Fits - Dasar Hole .......................................... .429 21.7.1 Contoh .............................................. .................................... 430 21,8 geometris tolerancing ............................................... ........................... 431 22 Tayangan Blanking ............................................... ........................................... 437 22.1 Alasan untuk Blanking Tayangan ............................................. ............... 437 22.2 Contoh ................................................ ................................................ 438 22.2.1 Asli Perkiraan ............................................. ........................ 438 22.2.2 Pengaruh Berjalan pada Enam Tayangan ........................................ 439 22.2.3 Pengaruh Menjalankan pada Dasar 6-imp dengan Cycle 18-detik ...... 440 22.2.4 Siklus Diperlukan untuk Mencapai Tingkat Laba Original ........................ 440 22.2.5 Siklus Diperlukan untuk Break Even .......................................... ......... 441 22.3 Pengamatan ................................................ ......................................... 442 22,4 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 442

Isi xxii i 22,5 Metode Tayangan Blanking ............................................. .............. 442 22.5.1 pengeleman .............................................. ...................................... 443 22.5.2 Gate Memblokir ............................................. ............................. 443 22.5.3 Cavity Rotasi ............................................. 443 .......................... 22.5.4 Blanking yang Runner Cabang ........................................... .......... 445 22,6 Ringkasan ................................................ ............................................... 445 23 ofMould Perhitungan Ringkasan .............................................. 447 .......................... 23.1 Harga Produksi ............................................... .................................... 447 23.2 Pendingin Diameter Channel .............................................. ...................... 447 23.3 Runner Panjang Formula .............................................. 448 .......................... 23.4 Gate Desain ............................................... ............................................ 449 23,5 penyemburan Angkatan ............................................... ........................................ 449 23,6 Stres dan Strain .............................................. ....................................... 450 23.7 Faktor Keselamatan .............................................. ...................................... 450 23.7.1 Untuk Material Mengular ............................................ ..................... 450 23.7.2 Untuk Material Ulet ............................................ ................... 450 23.8 Poisson's Ratio ............................................... ....................................... 450 23.9 Momen Inersia .............................................. .................................. 451 23.9.1 Rectangular Bar ............................................. 451 .......................... 23.9.2 Edaran Bar ............................................. ................................ 451 23.10 Suhu Menekankan ............................................... .............................. 452 23,11 Bending Formula ............................................... ................................... 452 23.11.1 SectionModulus .............................................. ........................ 453 23,12 lendutan dari balok .............................................. ................................. 453 23,13 Blanking Tayangan ............................................... .............................. 454 Panduan Desain Mould xxiv 24 Contoh Desain Terpadu .............................................. ................................. 455 25 Matematika dan Referensi Tabel ............................................. ...................... 485 Logaritma 25.1 ................................................ ............................................ 486 25.2 Anti-logaritma .............................................. ....................................... 488 25.3 Alam Sines ............................................... ......................................... 490 25,4 Alam cosinus ............................................... ...................................... 492 25,5 Alam garis singgung ............................................... .................................... 494 25,6 Square Akar ............................................... .......................................... 496 25,7 reciprocals ................................................ ............................................ 500 25,8 Powers, Akar dan reciprocals ............................................ ................... 502 25.9 Termal Sifat Beberapa Bahan pembuatan Mould Common ............. 504

25,10 Termal dan Mekanik Khas dari Baja untuk Cetakan Injeksi ............................................. 505 .................... 25,11 Sifat Termal Material Plastik ............................................ ..... 506 25,12 I.S.O. Metrik Fine Threads in mm ............................................. 507 ............. 25,13 I.S.O. Metrik kasar Threads in mm ............................................. ......... 508 25,14 B.S.F. Threads (55 °) ............................................. .................................. 509 25.15 Whitworth Threads (55 °) ........................................... ............................ 509 25,16 Thread Pipa Inggris (BSP) - Ukuran Dasar di Inches ................................... 510 25.17 British Standard Pipe Taper (B.S.T.P.) Toleransi dan Tunjangan, Ternyata dari Thread ......................................... 511 25,18 Kekerasan Tabel Perbandingan .............................................. 512 .................... 25.19 Konversi Faktor ............................................... ................................. 513 Isi xxv 26 Istilah Moulding Terminologi ............................................. ....................... 515 26.1 Sisa Elemen dalam Siklus Moulding ........................................... ............ 515 26,2 Mould dan Pengolahan Terminologi ............................................. .......... 517 Indeks ................................................. .................................................. ...................... 527