code switching in swing kids drama musical film
TRANSCRIPT
CODE SWITCHING IN SWING KIDS DRAMA MUSICAL
FILM(SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS)
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiner
in Partial fulfillmentof the Requirement for
Literature degree at English Literature Department
By
Ramzawati
NIM.AI.121273
ADAB AND HUMANIORA FACULTY
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDI JAMBI
2020
i
NOTA DINAS
Jambi, 6 November 2020
Pembimbing I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum
Pembimbing II : Dian Mukhlisa, S. Pd., M.A
Alamat : Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora
UIN STS Jambi
Kepada Yth
Ibu Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora
UIN STS Jambi
Di-
Tempat
Assalamu’alaikum wr.wb
Setelah membaca dan mengadakan perbaikan seperlunya, maka kami
berpendapat bahwa skripsi saudari: Ramzawati, Nim. AI.121273, yang
berjudul “CODE SWITCHING IN SWING KIDS DRAMA MUSICAL
FILM (SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS)”,telah dapat diajukan untuk
dimunaqosahkan guna melengkapi tugas - tugas dan memenuhi syarat –
syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana strata satu (S1) pada Fakultas Adab
dan Humaniora, UIN STS Jambi. Maka, dengan itu kami ajukan skripsi
tersebut agar dapat diterima dengan baik.
Demikianlah kami ucapkan terima kasih, semoga bermanfaat bagi
kepentingan kampus dan para peneliti.
Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb
ii
APPROVAL
Jambi, November 6 th
2020
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M.Hum
Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, S. Pd., MA
Address : Adab and Humanities Faculty The State Islamic
University Sulthan Thaha Saifudin Jambi
To
The dean of Adab and humanities
faculty the state Islamic university in
Jambi
Assalamu’alaikum wr.wb
After reading and revising everything extended necessary, so we agree that the
thesis entitled “CODE SWITCHING IN SWING KIDS DRAMA MUSICAL
FILM (SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS)“ can be submitted to Munaqasah
exam in part fulfillment to the equipment for the degree of humanities scholar.
So we submit it in order be received well. Thus, we hope it can be useful for
all.
Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb
iii
MOTTO
Artinya :
Dan di antara tanda-tanda kekuasaan-Nya ialah menciptakan langit dan bumi dan
berlain-lainan bahasamu dan warna kulitmu. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikan
itu benar-benar terdapat tanda-tanda bagi orang-orang yang mengetahui.1
Meaning:
And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the
diversity of your languages and colors. Surely in this are signs indeed for people
who have knowledge (of the facts in creation and who are free of prejudices).
1 https://tafsirweb.com/7386-quran-surat-ar-rum-ayat-22.htm
iv
DEDICATION
Bismillahirrohmanirrohim
First of all I would say the grateful to Allah SWT always given me health
to finish this thesis. Shalawat and salam to Prophet Muhammad SAW who has
brought human’s life to a better life to a beautiful world. Proudly, I dedicate this
thesis to My beloved Angel whom I call Bak (Abunjani) and Mak (Si’ah) . All
my struggles up to this point cannot be separated from the love and prayers that
they always say in their long bow in prayer, asking to their Robb for the happiness
of their dear children. I know Bak and Mak have gone through a lot of struggle
and pain, by me, thank you for giving me a lot of love without demanding any
balances from me, Mak, Bak I like to thank you for your opening arms for me
when the world closes its doors for me, thank you for opening your heart to me
when people close their ears for me. There is nothing I can think of from myself
but thanks to your love, love and prayers that I can get to this point. Thank you for
always supporting me when I want to give up, more and more you always show
your trust in me. Even when people say bad things about me to make you angry
and hate me, but again I am grateful because you always believe that I will arrive
at this point. I'm sorry I gave you this happy news so late. Thank you very much
for your love to heaven. I love you both
I also dedicate this description to myself, thank you for wanting to struggle
through things that are not pleasant with me, thank you for always believing that
we can be at this point, thank you for never giving up on dreams that may have
been buried in my mistakes. This description is the best gift for you as I was too
late to make it happen for you. Thank you for never giving up trusting me.
the last I dedicated this thesis to my beloved brothers and sisters, to my
beloved Kakak ( Maskuri ) , Abang (Ulul Azmi S. Pd. I ) Abang (Abdul saman)
mandok (Saib) And my Beloved Uni (Ani Sidarni), ayux ( Ramah, S. Pd), cik
(Nor) and little sister (Martini) whom always love and support me to keep live to
life of my dream and my education.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, the writer wants to say alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin, all the prise
belong to Allah SWT the lord of all creatures, for his blessing from starting point
of my study until now the end the end of my study. after that, shalawatandsalam
be upon to our prophet Muhammmad SAW, hopefully we will get his syafa’at
later as the last day.
Secondly, the writer would like to say thanks to my beloved supervisors: Dr.
Diana Rozelin, M. Hum and Dian Mukhlisa, S. Pd M.A whom has helped, guided,
supported and suggested me in writing this thesis. I also want to say thanks for all
of suggestion and support to finish this thesis.
To accomplish this thesis, the writer had been given one great deal to many
people. So, the writer would like to say thanks for their contribution, they are :
1. The Rector of State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Sifuddin Jambi,
Prof. Dr. H. Su’aidi, MA. Ph. D. The vices of Rector, Dr. Rofiqoh
Ferawati, S.E., M. El.; Dr. As’ad Isma, M. Pd and Dr. Bahrul Ulum, S.Ag.
M.A.
2. The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Dr. Halimah Dja’far, M.
Fil.I the vice of dean, Dr. Ali Muzakir, M. Ag., Dr. Alfian, S. Pd., M.Ed.,
and Dr. Raudhoh, S. Ag., SS. M.Pd.I.
3. The Chairman of English Literature Department, Dian Mukhlisa, S. Pd.,
M.A, And The Secretary of English Literature Department, Chandri Febri
Santi, M. Pd
vi
4. All of academic Staff of Adab and Humanities Faculty whom help me
with the administrative plan.
5. Racana Sulthan Tahaha and Srie Soedewi family
6. My beloved kakak (Fitri Lisdiani S. Pd) abang ( Edward Eka Putra S.
Pd.I) my mama (Hj.Arnawilis S.ag) and Papa Alm. (Ir. H. Udin Herman)
7. My best friend mas Syahrizal Afandi, S.Pd.I. M. Pd, pakde Heri Novrizal
S.Sos, mas Joko Samudro,S, Pd. I, and Doni Adi saputra, S. Pd. Much
Rinaldi S. Hum. My beloved sister, Titin Rezeki Saputri, S. Pd, Rina
Suciatitis, S. Sos, Ummi Kalsum, S. Pd, Parida Mamlilia, S. Pd, Sri
Wahyuni S. Pd , Evi Susanti , Amd. Keb and Rostiana ,S. Pd who never
bored in listening to my worried and curiosity, and never bored in
supporting me. All people who have helped me in writing this thesis. I
would like to say thank you so much. I love you all as always
This thesis is still far away from perfection, the writer needs some critics
and suggestion, so that the writer can be better in the future. Finally, the writer
hopes this thesis will give positive contributions for readers, especially for the
students of English Literature Department of Adab and Humanities Faculty
vii
ABSTRACT
Ramzawati, 2020 : Code switching in Swing Kids Drama Musical
Film (Sociolinguistic Analysis). English Literature
Department, Adab And Humanities Faculty the
State Islamic University Sultan Thaha saifuddin
jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum.
Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, S. Pd. M.A.
The most important component in communication is language. Therefore,
many people in the world study languages. Code switching is one way of applying
the use of language in everyday life in sociolinguistic studies. Therefore,
researchers took research on code switching which were often used by the
community to make it easier to communicate with other people. This research the
researcher take the code switching in the Swing Kids drama musical film. The
purpose of this study are : (1) to determine the types of code switching used by the
first female character in the Swing Kids film. (2) To find the reasons that the main
female character in the film uses code switching. This research uses Code
Switching theory by Hoffmann.This research is qualitative research. The data
collections used documentation techniques, and descriptive techniques used to
describe and analyze the data. The data of this research are texts that contain Code
Switching which is used by the first female character in the dialogue film Swing
Kids. The results of this study show that the first female character in this film uses
three types of code switching in the dialogue film, 1. Tag switching, 2. inter-
sentential switching and 3. intra-sentential switching. From 7 reasons for using
code switching, there are only five categories used in the dialogue film,1. taking
about particular topics, 2. being emphatic about something, 3. repetition used for
clarification, 4. interjection and 5. expressing identity.
Keywords: Sociolinguistics, code switching, film.
viii
ABSTRAK
Ramzawati, 2020 : Code switching in Swing Kids Drama Musical Film
(Sociolinguistic Analysis). English Literature Department,
Adab And Humanities Faculty the State Islamic University
Sultan Thaha saifuddin jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, M. Hum.
Supervisor II : Dian Mukhlisa, S. Pd. M.A.
Komponen terpenting dalam komunikasi adalah bahasa. Oleh karena itu, banyak
orang di dunia mempelajari bahasa. Alih kode merupakan salah satu cara
penerapan penggunaan bahasa dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dalam kajian
sosiolinguistik. Oleh karena itu peneliti melakukan penelitian tentang alih kode
yang sering digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk memudahkan dalam berkomunikasi
dengan orang lain. Penelitian ini peneliti mengambil alih kode dalam film drama
musikal Swing Kids. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) untuk mengetahui jenis
alih kode yang digunakan oleh karakter wanita pertama dalam film Swing Kids.
(2) Untuk mengetahui alasan pemeran utama wanita dalam film tersebut
menggunakan alih kode. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Code Switching oleh
Hoffmann. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data
menggunakan teknik dokumentasi, dan teknik deskriptif digunakan untuk
mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis data. Data penelitian ini adalah teks-teks yang
berisi Code Switching yang digunakan oleh tokoh perempuan pertama dalam film
dialog Swing Kids. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tokoh perempuan
pertama dalam film ini menggunakan tiga jenis alih kode dalam film dialog, 1.
Alih tag, 2. alih antar-sentensial, dan 3. alih intra-sentensial. Dari tujuh alasan
penggunaan alih kode, hanya ada lima kategori yang digunakan dalam film dialog,
1. mengambil tentang topik tertentu, 2. berempati tentang sesuatu, 3. pengulangan
digunakan untuk klarifikasi, 4. kata seru dan 5. mengungkapkan identitas.
Kata kunci: Sosiolinguistik, alih kode, film.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
NOTA DINAS…………………………………………………………i
APPROVAL…………………………………………………............. ii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT………………………………...iii
MOTTO…………………………………………………….. ............. iv
DEDICATION……………………………………………… ............. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………… .............. vi
ABSTRACT………………………………………………… ............. vii
ABSTRAK…………………………………………………… ........... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………… .............. x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the problem…………………………………………1
B. Formulations of the problem……………………………………….5
C. Objective of the of the problem…………………………………….5
D. Limitations of the problem……………………………………........5
E. Propose of the problem …………………………………………….5
F. Significance of the research………………………………………...6
CHAPTER II THEORICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Sociolinguistic ………………………………………………….. 7
B. Bilingualism …………………………………………………… 9
C. Code ……………………………………………………11
D. Code switching …………………………………………………..12
E. Type of code switching …………………………………………..13
F. Reason of using code switching ………………………………….14
G. Review of related study ………………………………………….15
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
A. Design of research ………………………………………………17
B. Data and data sources of data ……………………………………19
C. Technique of data collection …………………………………….19
D. Technique of data analysis ……………………………………..20
CHAPTER IV RESERCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
x
A. Research finding …………………………………………………22
1. Type of code switching ………………………………….22
2. The functions of code switching …………………………23
B. Discussion ……………………………………………………….26
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ……………………………………………………34
B. Suggestion …………………………………………………36
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
APPENDIX III
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of problem
The most important means of communication is language. Important
position that made language never separated from human life and it always
present in every activity of their life. Language is word that refers to way of
human‟s communicating. Without using language their ideas did not
successfully delivered to listener “Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal
symbols with permits all people in an given culture, or other people who have
learned the system of that culture, to communicate and interact
(Finocchiarno1974:3). ” 1
Definitely people around the world have their own languages in different
countries because it includes the culture from the country. Indonesian speaks
used Indonesia language while talking to another people who is Indonesian,
also another people who is not Indonesian could not understand what
Indonesian were talking about with exception they have studied it. That is
because language is communication system of speech and writing used by
people of a particularly country. This language comes from an agreement in
society which has own structures, rules, vocabulary and speaking instruction
that differ one another. There are three categories of general communication
namely, Traditional, National, and International language. For example, a
Sundanese person can be used and understand at least two languages. They are
Sundanese language, as the mother tounge, and Indonesian language, as the
first language. The language is used to communicate with other Sundanis
people. Then, Indonesia language is used to communicate with other non
Sundanese people who belong to Indonesian. Same with this example, all of
country in this world had national, regional language and also other language .
It is in line with this stement “Language is integrally intertwined with our
nations of who we are on both the personal and the broader, societal levels,
1 In A. ChaedarAlwasilah: beberapaMazhabdanDiktonomiTeory linguistic. Angkasa Bandung,p.4
2
when we use language, we comunicate our individual thoughts, as well as the
culture beliefs and practices of the comunities of which we are a part: our
families, social gruops, and othe associations.”2
In this modern era English had been taught in the schools in the world, all
of society levels have been learned English in the term of English as a foreign
language. people should master English as an international language. This
brings good impact for the people. People, nowadays, understand the basic of
English conversation although they rarely use it for communicating. English is
essential for almost all people. sometimes people used some English words or
utterances to communicate with others. They use some English words, phrases,
or sentences in the middle of their speech. On he other hand, people usually use
some their national words, phrases or sentences while they are speaking in
English. And definetly people in their country whom used English as their
National language.
The development of science and technology were very fast. It mad the use
of new languages in activities of everyday life. And the use of various
languages such as regional, national, slang and so on cannot be searched in
everyday life. The phenomenon of changing one language into another
language was called code switching.The phenomenon of code switching can be
found in our daily life. In the world, there are many languages spoken by
people everyday. They were national language, regional language, and foreign
languages. People who ware bilingualists or multilingualists often switch their
language from one language into another language for several reasons.
Bilingualists people who speak two different languages and multilingualists
were people who speak more than two languages. Most of people in the world
were bilingualist. They, at least, speak two languages.
This thesis was about the code switching from mother thong Language to
other languages such as English, Japan, Mandarin and so on. The phenomenon
of code switching can be found in any media both oral and written. People
2Julie S. Amberg and Deborah J.vause. American english: History, Stucture, and Usage. Cambrage
university press. P.3.pdf. retrived o
3
could find codes witching in ,magazine,novel, in news paper, television
broadcast, radio broadcast, movie, social media such asfacebook, Instagram,
WhatsApp and so on. In this research, the researcher will discuss code
switching used by the characters in the film entitled „Swing Kids’. The used of
code witching additionally the community in basically are bilingual and
multilingual. And definitely that is also occurred in the literature. Literature
book, plays, poems, etc that people think important and good Printed
information produce by people who want to tell you something or tell you
about something: sale literature.3
Code switching was one of the most frequent linguistic phenomena among
people, bilingual, multilingual and monolingual communities. It was lacking
get attention among people who were less attentive or less centralized in the
world of language or culture. But for a language researcher or researcher
cultural phenomenon this will become an interesting discussion. Therefore the
researcher want to research that code switching reviewed above, with a lighter
and can understood by all, not just linguists or cultural researchers. Such as
now the multilingualism community is very difficult to avoid over code
switching. But in using code switching we have to know the prevailing
restrictions in order to avoid language overlap and confusion in understanding
the language. Like the example:
Jackson : The auditions are over
Xiaofang :Wǒtīngshuōnǐzàixúnzhǎowǔzhě
(I heard you’re looking for dancer)
Dàjiādōuqùnǎle?
(Where is everybody?)
Yang Pan Rae :Shìjìngjiéshùle. (The auditions are over)
From this dialogue above the researcher found Yang Pan Rae switch her
mother tongue language (Korean) to English language Because of that Jackson
3 Longman Dictionary of contemporary English new edition 2009
4
given statement he was never listen no one Korean people can speak English
well. So the researcher can see that Jackson surprise because he can
communicate with other people in feeling comfortable. In the dialogue above
researcher found that Yang Pan Rae was not only switch her Language from
Korean to English but also she change her language to Chinese language.
Based on the phenomena at the top researchers was challenged to explore
issues of language Code switching that is contained in this film, in addition to
this film which is a Film that is very interesting and in the interest of young
people with the genre of drama musical is also one attraction for the audience,
especially for musical movie lovers. The name of the drama musical film is
Swing Kids (Swingkizeu ).The researchers chose cod switching problem as the
topic because; firstly the researches is very interested of code switching
because code switching it‟s always used in everyday life either consciously or
without realizing it always lead to mix the language or change the code was
not separated from the everyday human life, language was influences every
activity in human life like in media social, in their literature and also created a
film.
Film and literature are two different things with a similar goal to create
sublimity in human imagination and understanding. Both film and literature
work hand in hand to boost the progress of human civilization. And they are
the complimentary in nature and one is no substitute to the other, like letters
and sounds in human communication. Film and literature inspire and enrich
each others. They also ennoble human mind through action, images, words and
replicating life of human beings.4
From this statement the researcher the researcher concludes that the film is
part of the reflection of everyday human life that involves communication in it.
Therefore, researchers took research on analyze about Language Code
switching that use and appear in film dram musical film “ Swing Kids”, and the
second the writer very interested into the way the director take the background
of the film. This film that is quite brave because it lifts the story of the war
4 http://www.epitomejournals.com, Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2016, ISSN: 2395-6968
5
between South Korea and North Korea in this time and involves the United
States and China. This film also had a very deep meaning where people cannot
just follow their wishes and have to fight for freedom. Because of the several
reason above so the researcher decide to chose code switching in the film as the
topic in this research .The researcher would be a little difficult to analyze
because study linguistic is a study with complex course, while the researcher
interested to the topic and wont to do the bests in this research paper, and from
the problem above the researcher will take the title for this research” Code
switching in Swing Kids Drama Musical film (Sociolinguistic Analysis)”
B. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background of the problem above the researcher mad the
formulation of problem:
1. What were the types of code switching used by the character in Swing
Kids drama musical film?
2. What were the reasons used of code switching by character in dialogue
Swing Kids drama musical film?
C. Objective of the problem
The objective of the only in dialogue by the character that contain code
switching.
D. limitation of the problem
The research will analyze the specific problem about code switching that
contain in dialogue film that used by character in dialogue with 4 other
participant in Swing Kids Drama musical film named Yang Pan Rae, Jackson,
Xiao fang and Kang Byung sam.
E. Purpose of the problem
In accordance with the formulation of the problem, the objectives of the
study are as the following:
1. To know the types of code switching used by character in swing Kids
drama musical film
2. To know the reasons used of code switching by character in dialogue
Swing Kid drama Musical film.
6
F. Significance of the research
Some expected advantages could be acquired from this study were for the
researcher this researcher will be trained to make scientific writing in the form
of thesis. Then, the researcher was also learned a lot about analyzing the
dialogue in this code switching in “Swing Kids drama musical film. in the
future thesis will be beneficial and useful for her as the student of English
literature By analyzing code Switching, the researcher will have more
understanding about the English use in some context so that the researcher gets
the right messages conveyed.
For Linguists, it was hoped that the findings of this study may help the
linguists and also English teacher to understand code switching employed in
the film so that the linguist and the teachers can consider in using film as media
of teaching. By reading this thesis, the English teacher can have more
understanding that can lead them to choose the appropriate learning material
taught to their students.
For English literature Department students it is hoped that the findings of
this study will arouse the desire of English Literature students to conduct
further research about code switching using other media.
For readers It is hoped that the readers get information and some
knowledge related to code switching between English and others language and
its application that can be found in Indonesia film. Then, the readers will be
able to identify code switching in everyday life
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Sociolinguistic.
Language is very important to communicate and interact with other
people, while society is the environment where the people live. Language and
society has important relationship in human life. Sociolinguistics is a study
about relationship between language and society. As Yule said on his book that
sociolinguistic is used generally for the study of the relationship between
language and society.5 In other side, sociolinguistic focuses to relationship
between language and society with the understanding and function in
communication as the goal. As explained by Yule, that “Sociolinguistic
concerns with investigating the relationships between language and society
with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and how
languages function in communication.”6
This study is useful for communication. Sociolinguistic is discussing all
aspects, context, and effect between language and society. In sociolinguistic, it
will be known that language is quite complete in one of several possible
relationships between language and society is that social structure may either
influence or determine linguistic structure and behavior.7 If the language and
society do not correlate each other, they will not be able to have influence for
human life, whereas language is one of the aspect of human civilization.
Sociolinguistic is conserned with investigating the relationships
between language and society with the goal being better understanding of
thestruuctureof language and how language functions incomunications.The
language that is used in certain society may be differentwith the language
used in other society.
5 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 254
6 Yule George, The study of Language fourth edition. 13
7Wardhaugh Ronald. (2006) An Intoduction to Sociolinguistic fifth Edition. UK: Blackwell
Publishing. P. 10
8
B. Bilingualism
Most people as speakers usually occupy more than one language and
require a selected language whenever they choose to speak with other people.
When two or more languages are used alternately by the same speaker, it can
be said that those languages contact each other. Events are using two or more
languages alternately by a speaker called bilingualism.8
People occasionally speak languages they master in daily use. When they
know more than one language, they may use both of which in their
conversation. They use more than one language that occurs in situation of
social context, which is a situation where they learn a second language in
their communities. In situation where a person learns a second language, they
can be divided between the situation of language learning, language
acquisition and people who learns the language. Bilingualism is an
individual‟s ability to use more than one language variety. According to
Wardhaugh, bilingualism is the ability to use two languages. Such people are
likely to be immigrants, visitors, or children of „mixed‟ marriages and in that
respect „marked‟ in some way, and such marking is not always regarded
favorably9. Many countries in this world are called bilingual because it has
more than one language and it also has an ability to speak more than one
language. In this time, bilingualism has become a common phenomenon.
Social interaction always involves communication among the society
members by using language. While in the social interaction, the society
members often use more than one language variety on their bases language. It
is done by purpose to convey what they mean in communication. This
phenomenon is called the development of communication. It commonly
happens in almost area of people‟s life.
There are three reasons why someone becomes bilingual, namely
membership, education and administration. The example of membership
reason is the use of French by all European aristocracy to signal the
8Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. p. 101
9Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.p. 96
9
membership of the elite. The example of education and administration reason
is the use of English by Indonesians, Scandinavians, Germans, and Dutches in
discussing their technologies, academics, or business. In many countries and
communities, bilingualism is a normal requirement for daily communication
and not a sign of any particular reason.10
Bilingualism can occur because of
existence of the society. It means the bilingualism proceed from language
which is used as the medium to communicate. It gives some effects such code
switching and code mixing but in this case, the writer will only discuss about
code switching.
C. Code
In everyday interaction, people usually chose different codes in different
situation. They may choose a particular code or variety because it makes them
easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless where they are speaking.
Wardaugh (2006:) states that people are nearly always faced with choosing an
appropriate code when they speak.11
Nilep (2006) assumes that code is a language (or variety of language).
Code emerge from interaction, and become relevant when parties to discourse
treat them as such. In this thesis, code refers to the language that can be varied
in the form such as a single word, phrases or sentences. Code emerge from
interaction, and become relevant when parties to discourse treat them as such.
In this thesis, code refers to the language that can be varied in the form such as
a single word, phrases or sentences. According Wardhaugh “code refers to
language or any system that two or more people use to communicate”.12
The
codes are used to indicate the changing of language in context. The changing of
language, therefore, can be in the form of switching the language into another
language or inserting another language or adapting the rule from another
language. There are four social factors which influence the code choice:
10
Hoffmann, Charlotte. An Introduction to Bilingualism. (New York:Longman. 1991), p. 3 11
Wardhaugh Ronald. (2006) An Intoduction to Sociolinguistic fifth Edition. UK: Blackwell
Publishing. P 88 12
Wardhaugh Ronald. (2006) An Introduction to Sociolinguistic fifth Edition. P. 89
10
1. The speaker-hearer or the participants, the relationship between participants is
often expressed a change in: the solidarity or social distance dimension
(intimate-distance or high solidarity-low solidarity); the status relationship
between people (superior-inferior); or the formality of the interaction.
2. The setting or social contexts of interactions, the conversation setting or place
will determine what code should the speaker used.
3. The topic, topic is regarded as the primary factor in language user as
multilingual context. It is related to what is being talked about and the choice
of code in the conversation
4. The function, there are two basic functions can be identified. They are the
referential and the affective. The referential emphasizes on information and
the affective concerns with expressing feelings.13
From those opinions of the code above, the researcher can make a
conclusion that codes can be said a language. The code is a form of the
language variation that is used by a society to make communication with
other people.
D. Code Switching
Code switching is a phenomenon of switching from one language to
another language in bilingual or multilingual communities (Wardhaugh,
2006). Code- switching may also be defined as the alternation between two or
more languages in a speaker„s speech, occurs naturally in the scheme of
bilingualism.14
Code switching can occur quite frequently in an informal
conversation among people who are familiar and have a shared educational,
ethnic, and socio-economic background. It is avoided in a formal speech
situation among people especially to those who have little in common factors
in terms of social stats, language loyalty, and formality15
.
Code switching occurs if the speakers switch one language to another
language. Code switching was often occurs in an informal conversation among
13
Ibid 8 14
Wardhaugh Ronald. (2006) An Introduction to Sociolinguistic fifth Edition. UK: Blackwell
Publishing. P 101 15
Hoffmann, Charlotte. An Introduction to Bilingualism. p. 113
11
people and it is too avoided if code switching occurs in a formal speech
situation. Code switching can occur between different languages, dialect or
styles within one sentence or adjacency pair16
. From the explanation above,
code switching occurs where there is a change from one clause of language to
another clause of language in a sentence or more because it occurs different
languages, dialect or styles.
Hymes states that code switching has become a common term for
alternate us of two or more languages, varieties of language or event speech
styles17
.
According to the previous statement, code switching had become a
common and regular term in an informal conversation. From theories above, it
can be concluded that code switching occurs when someone switches the
language and also changes dialect or speech style. Code switching was a
systematic rule-governed linguistic behavior. Therefore, when people switch
the language they have to pay attention to the grammar or rule of the language.
Cod Switching may be intentional and unintentional. Intentional switching can
be applied to indicate shift in topic, change in interlocutor, and change in
interpersonal or social relationship. Unintentional switching is caused by
psycho and sociolinguistic variables that the speaker is not aware of, involving
processing issue and the tendency of speakers to adapt their speech style to the
interlocutor‟s style and/or community norms and expectations. Some people
may perform code switching unconsciously as the result of their ability in using
more than one language, while others may perform code switching to repeat
what has said before.
Acording to Hoffman. There are seven reasons in total of why people
perform code switching in the conversations. Those reasons are talking about a
particular topic, quoting somebody else, being emphatic about something,
16
Brown & Attardo. Understanding Language Structure, Interaction, and Variation : An
Introduction to Applied Linguistics and Sociolinguistics for Nonspecialists. (United
States:University of Michigan Press. 2000), p. 84
17
Hymes, Dell. Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. (Philadhelpia:
University of Pennsylvania. 1974), p. 103
12
interjection, repetition, intention to clarify the speech content, expressing group
identity, to soften and straighten request or command, real lexical need, and the
last is to exclude other people. However, some people also may perform the
different kinds of code switching. This research focuses on the theories from
Hoffman (1994) whose concepts of code switching can be summed up as:
Inter-sentential switching, Intra-sentential switching, and Emblematic-
switching (tag switching).
E. Type of code switching
Hoffman shows three types of code switching based on the juncture or
the scope of switching where language takes place, tag switching Intra-
sentential switching, inter -sentential switching.18
1. Tag Switching
Kind of switching is sometimes called emblematic switching or tag
switching. The switch is simply an interjection, a tag, or sentence filler in
the other language which serves as an ethnic identity marker. Tag
switching is code switching with sentence tags that they precede or follow
a sentence. This involves the insertion of a tag in one language into an
utterance that is otherwise entirely in the other language. Example of
common tags in English include „right‟. A Japanese-English example
might be: “I‟m a good friend, neh?” Where the Japanese particle,
„neh‟(„no? or isn‟t that right?‟) is added to give a teasing tone to the
sentence.
X: “Engari [so] now we turn to more important matters.” (Switch
between Maori and English) Ming: “Confiscated by Customs, dà gài
[probably]” (switch between English and Cantonese Chinese)
18 Hoffman, C. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. New York: Longman.
13
2. Intra sentential Switching
Intra sentential is code switching within the clause or sentence. In
this case, the speaker may switch parts of clauses, lexical items, or even
morphemes. Intra sentential is code switching in which switches occur
between a clause or sentence boundary. An example is from an English
native speaker who speaks Spanish and has resided in Spain for many
years: “I was speak ando with Steve the other day”. In this case the
speaker uses the Spanish progressing morpheme „ando‟ rather than the
English „ing‟. The grammatical boundaries for this are similar in English
and Spanish and so the code switching „works‟. In intra sentential code-
switching, the shift is done in the middle of a sentence, with no
interruptions, hesitations, or pauses indicating a shift. It often happens
within one sentence or even a one phrase. The speaker is usually unaware
of the switch, until after the fact, and for example, “You have to find a
kalo pedi (good guy)and marry him. (English-Greek).
3. Inter sentential Switching
Inter sentential switching is code switching that happens between
clause or sentence boundary. In this case, an entire clause or sentence is in
one language, but the speaker switches to another language for a
subsequent clause or sentence. Indirectly this switching is concerned with
the situation and the atmosphere of the conversation. Different from the
previous type, this switching is not limited to the insertion of one or two
words. In addition, this switching should take place between at least two
clauses, which also can be mean two sentences. A considerable number of
codes switching under this type can be found below:
1. “... Last week aku shopping dengan sisterku. That’s why aku gak di
rumah”
2. The classic example is from Poplack‟s article title, “Sometimes I will
start a sentence in English y termin ό in español.” (Sometimes I‟ll
start a sentence in English and finish in Spanish).
14
F. Reasons of Using Code Switching
When code switching or code mixing occurs, the motivation or reasons of
the speaker is an important consideration in the process. Jendra (1991: 134-
135), explains that every speech event probably happened because by some
speech act will involve elements such as: speaker and another speaker, the
language media used, and speech the purpose. According to Hoffman
(1991:116), there are a number of reasons for bilingual or multilingual person
to switch or mix their languages. 19
1. Talking about a particular topic
People sometimes prefer to talk about a particular topic in one
language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels free and more
comfortable to express his/her emotional feelings in a language that is not
his/her everyday language. The case can be found in Singapore, in which
English language is used to discuss trade or a business matter, Mandarin
for international “Chinese” language, Malay as the language of the
region, and Tamil as the language of one of the important ethnic groupsin
the republic.
2. Quoting somebody else
A speaker switches code to quote a famous expression, proverb, or
saying of some well-known figures. The switch involves just the words
that the speaker is claiming the quoted person said. The switch like a set
of quotation marks. In Bahasa Indonesia, those well-known figures are
mostly from some English-speaking countries. Then, because many of
the Indonesian people nowadays are good in English, those famous
expressions or sayings can be quoted intact in their original language. For
example
A: Bolehkah saya tahu nama anda, Pak? (May I know your name, Sir?)
B: What is a name.
In this conversation, B answers the question from A with the
19
, Hoffman, C. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. New York: Longman. P 116
15
famous proverb “what is a name”.
3. Being emphatic about something (express solidarity)
As usual, when someone who is talking using a language that is not
his native language suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he
either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second
language to his first language. Or, on theother hand, he switches from his
second language to his first language because he feels more convenient to
be emphatic in his second language rather that in his first language.
4. Interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)
Interjection is words or expressions, which are inserted into a
sentence to convey surprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention.
Interjection is a short exclamation like: Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!, etc.
They have no grammatical value, but speaker uses them quite often,
usually more in speaking than in writing.Language switching and
language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes
mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen
unintentionally. The following are examples of the usage of interjection
in sentences: Indonesian-English Dompetku ketinggalan di taksi! Shitt!
(My wallet was left in the taxi!) Spanish-English (Gumperz, 1982:77)
Chicano professionals saying goodbye, and after having been introduced
by athird speaker, talking briefly:
A : Well, I‟m glad to meet you.
B : Andale pues (O.K.Swell). And do come again. Mm?
5. Repetition used for clarification
When a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his
speech so that it will be understood better by listener, he can sometimes
use both of the languages (codes) that he masters to say the same
message. Frequently, a message in one code is repeated in the other code
literally. A repetition is not only served to clarify what is said, but also to
16
amplify or emphasize a message. For example: English-Hindi (Gumperz,
1982:78) Father calling his small son while walking through a train
compartment, “Keep straight. Sidha jao” (keep straight).
6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
When bilingual or multilingual person talks to another
bilingual/multilingual, there will be lots of code switching and code
mixing occurs. It means to make the content of his speech runs smoothly
and can be understood by the listener. A message in one code is repeated
in the other code in somewhat modified form.
7. Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express
group identity. The way of communication of academic people in their
disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from the other groups. In
other words, the way of communication of one community is different
from the people who are out of the community.
G. Character of Yang Pan Rae
As the researcher stated before, the research was aimed to analyze the code
Switching happened in Swing Kids film. There are a lot of code switching
emerge in the conversation between the characters. However, to gain the
validity of this research study, the writer only focuses on code switching used
by Yang Pan Rae and other character, she a one of main characters in the film.
Yang Pan Rae is a South Korean civil society who also lives near the refugee
camp where the Yang Pan Rae is a kind and smart girl. In this film, Yang Pan
Rae is a very active female lead. In this film, she is acts as a translator to
facilitate communication between the characters in this film.
Talking about the language used by the Yang Pan Rae, of course she uses
Korean as his mother tongue and also his everyday language. Because in this
film takes the background of a war between two allied countries but different
ideologies. Not a romance drama story that makes bittersweet and sobbing,
Swing Kids shows prison life for prisoners from South Korea, North Korea to
China (China) in 1951 who were in the Geoje prison camp because of that she
17
could have a hobby of reading books and intelligence. Which is very high so he
can speak English well and even he also master several languages such as
Chinese and also Japanese. From the background of his language mastery,
Yang Pan Rae From the background of his language mastery From the
background of his language mastery Yang Pan Rae can speak in four languages.
They are Korean language, English , Chinese and also Japans. Yang Pan Rae
sometimes switch the language because of some reason. From those theories, it
can be concluded that sociolinguistic is a study of language and society. The
language spoken by a speaker can be switched based of some functions. „Swing
Kids‟ drama musical film is multilingual film that contain code switching in
the conversations between the characters.20
H. Review of Related Study
Code switching has been analyzed by another researcher from several
Universities and Institutions.
The first thesis that researcher refers is Dias Astuti Cakrawati 2011 The
thesis entitled Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Teenlit
Canting Cantiq Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University. by contains
sociolinguistic studies that involve code switching and code mixing events that
occur within the teenager. The author examines six types of code switching and
code mixing based on Hoffman's theory, while the author uses Hoffman and
Saville-Troike theories in assessing the causes of code switching events.
Analysis is focused on the type and cause of the incident over the code and the
mix of the code that happened in Teenlit. Based on the results of the data
analysis, it concludes that the teenlit canting author, Dyan nuranindya used
English as the first language spoken The most dominant code is the intra
sentential code switching, since this Teenlit contains a lot of speech inserted
with words in both English and local. In addition, there are 10 causes of the
incidents over codes and intermingled codes, and the most dominant is the
identity. This is because most of the young characters on teenlit live in modern
20
Swing kids drama musical film
18
communities that they are accustomed to mixing Indonesian, English and
vernacular languages is common conversation
The second researcher took is from the script Diyan Safitri 2012
Fakutas keguruan dan ilmu pendidikan Universitas Muhammadiah Surakarta
in titled code switching and code mixing in the Enlightenment's movie dialogue
directed by Hanung Bramantyo. The purpose of this study is: To identify the
form of code switching and code mixing in the dialogue of Sang Pencerah film
directed by Hanung Bramantyo, Identifying what factors influence the use of
code switching and code mixing in the dialogue of Sang Pencerah directed by
Hanung Bramantyo. The benefits of this research are to add insight into code
switching and code mixing in film dialogue. This research was conducted with
qualitative methods.
Another researcher is Ega Pribadi 2019 code Switching Used by Boy
William in “Breakou Music Program on Net Tv” Islamic state university
Sulthan thaha Saifuddin Jambi analyzes between English - Indonesian and
Indonesian - English code switching used by Boy William in “Breakout” Music
Program on Net Tv. The writer only focuses on Boy William‟s utterances in
“Breakout” Music Program on Net Tv. In this research, the writer uses
Hoffman‟s theory. The method of this research is qualitative. The formulations
of the problem are what the types of code switching used by Boy William in
“Breakout” Music Program on Net Tv and what are the reasons why Boy
William using code switching in “Breakout” Music Program on Net Tv.
Based on the descriptions above, all of the researches talks about code
switching .This research, the researcher also talks about code switching.
Different from the researches above, the writer only analyzes between Korean
– English- English – Chinese code switching use by character in Swing Kids
drama musical Film the analysis only focus on the utterance that contain of
code switching. This research also used Hoffman‟s theory and the method of
the research is descriptive qualitative research. The formulation of the problem
are what type of cod switching used by main female character in swing kids
19
drama musical film and what are the reason of using code switching that used
by main female character in “ swing Kids” drama musical film.
20
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
A. Design of Research
In this research, the researcher applies descriptive qualitative research,
because qualitative research is suitable with the aim of this research.
“Riset kualitatif merupakan kajian berbagai studi dan kumpulan
berbagai jenis materi impiris, seperti studi kasus, pengalaman personal,
pengakuan introspektif, kisah hidup, wawancara, artifak, berbagai teks dan
produksi cultural, pengamatan, sejarah, interaksioal, dan berbagai teks
visual.”21
From this statement said that qualitative research was study of various
studies and collection of various materials of impirts, such as case studies,
personal experience, introspective recognition, life stories, artifact, various
text and cultural production, observation, in Tractable history, and various
visual texts.
Meanwhile, Djam‟an on Muhammad supported that Qualitative research
refers to the meaning, concepts, definition, characteristics, metaphors,
symbol, and description of things.22
This statement mentions that the qualitative method produces the
descriptive data in written or oral. These data was got from the people or the
objects that are analyzed. So, the data have been explained in descriptive
form. As stated in a book by Judith green” qualitative research is
characterized by its aims, which (in general) generated words, rather than
numbers as data for analysis”23
.
In conducting the research, the researcher used of descriptive qualitative
as a research method. It was the process of learning that tries to describe.
Qualitative research was a research procedure that represents a descriptive
21
Muhammad..MetodePenelitianBahasa. p 31 22
58Muhammad. (2014).MetodePenelitianBahasa. Yogyakarta: Ar-ruz Media. P. 30 23
Micchael Quinn patton and Michael Cochran.A guide to using qualitative research methodology
,2002,page 5
21
data such as words in written or oral from, the people and behaviors that can
be observed. The data had been described in the form of words, sentences or
paragraph related to the text which the writer finds during the process of the
study24
.
This research was classified as descriptive qualitative method because it
analyzes the data in the form of utterances descriptively. Qualitative research
was used to describe and analyzed code switching used by the character in
“Swing Kids (Swingkizeu)”drama musical film. Descriptive qualitative
research was appropriate design in conducting this research since it was
aimed at describing code switching found in on “Swing Kids (Swingkizeu)”
drama musical film. Besides that, the data was interpreted and displayed
descriptively and systematically based on the supporting theory used in this
research. In this research, the researcher did not only describe the reasons why
main female character in “Swing Kids (Swingkizeu)” drama musical film, but
also describe the types of code switching.
B. Data and Sources of Data
In this research, the researcher was analyze the types of code switching
and the reasons of using code switching of character utterances in “Swing
Kids” drama musical film. So, the data used in this research was the utterances
contained the types of code switching based on three types of code switching
explained those tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential
switching and the reasons of using code switching explained by theory
Hoffman (1991), those talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody
else, showing empathy about something, interjection, repetition used for
clarification, intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor,
expressing group identity, to soften or strengthen request or command, real
lexical need, and to exclude other people when a comment is intended for only
a limited audience.
24
Moloeng, A. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. (Bandung:PT Remaja Rosdakarya. 2006), p. 3
22
According to Arikunto, a data source is a person, something or place that
provides information for a piece of research. Sources of the data are subject
who gives the data or information or where the data are gotten from25
.
The data of this research was taken only part of character utterances in
dialogue “Swing Kids” drama musical film. To know the real context and to
get all of the data, the researcher has to download The film of swing kids that
was published by Next Entertainment World from internet as the public
facility https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7046974/ and then the researcher has to
listen repeatedly and write the Transcript of the dialogue that was taken from
the text by research from watching film.
C. Technique collects of data
To collect the data, the researcher used documentation technique that was
used based on the transcript and also the video taken from internet.
According to Arikunto, qualitative research may use written documents or
other artifacts to gain an understanding of the phenomenon under study.
Additionally, he also explains that documents may be such kind of personal,
such as autobiographies, diaries, and letters; official, such as files, reports,
memoranda, or minutes; or documents of popular culture, such as books, films,
and videos26
.
According to Sugiyono stated that “ dokumen merupakan catatan
peristiwa yang sudh berlalu dan dokumen ialah setiap bahan tertuis, film
ataupun dari record yang dipersiapkan karena adanya permintaan seorang
penyidik “ 27
Its means that in qualitative research was the research can be took from
some documents, record or film as the object the research of qualitative
research.
The technique that used to collect the data in this research was based on
some steps, those are:
25
Arikunto, Suharsimi. Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. (Jakarta:PT. Rineka
Cipta. 2006), p. 129
26
Ary, Donald. et al. Introduction to Research in Education. (Wardsworth Publishing 8th Edition.
2009), p. 442 27
Sugiono (2009) metode penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D bandung: alfabeta p.9
23
1. Download the film from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7046974/
2. Repeatedly playing the film swing kids
3. Retrieving the transcript as the secondary source of data
4. Checking the accuracy between the film and the English subtitle,
Selecting the code switching on the transcript that occurs on that film
5. The researcher reading the books and some articles that are related to
this topic of the research to complete the data.
D. Technique of Data analysis
The purpose of analyze the data was used to answer the question from the
formulation of problem and to understand the data.
According to Sugiono” data analisis adaah proses mencari dn menyususn
secara sistematis data di peroleh dari hasisl wawancara, catatan lapangan,
ovservasi dan bahan-bahan lain, sehingga dapat mudah di pahami dan
temuanya dapat di infomasikan ke orang lain “ 28
Its means that analyzing the data means looking for the data related to the
formulation of problem thought interview, file note and other materials and the
organizing them systematically to be easily to understood and informed to
other.
According to Nyoman Kutha Ratna stated that “sesuai dengan namanya
analisis isi terutama terutaa berhubungan dengan isi komunikasi baik secara
verba maupun non-verbal”.29
from the stateman of Nyoman Kutha ratna Said that as the name implies,
content analysis was mainly related to the content of communication both
verbally and non-verbally. In this research the researcher used descriptive
analysis technique because this research was descriptive form. Descriptive
analysis technique were used to describe the object of the research from the
data which had been collected in the transcript Swing kids Drama Musical film.
First procedure of this research was watch the film entitled “Swing Kids”
28Sugiono (2009) metode penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D bandung:alfabeta p.244
29
Nyoman kutha Ratna,teory,metode dan teknik penelitian sastra.p 50
24
then the researcher write on the transcription of some dialogue that contain of
code switching. The transcription was important since the instrument to gather
in the data was in the form of film i transcription, every sample consists of three
Things they are the spoken language of the speaker, the English translation of
some languages spoken by the speaker, and the annotation. The dialogues in the
transcriptions are labeled by number based on the appearance in the film. The
transcription of the dialogues can be seen in Appendix.
After the data have been collected, then those data was analyzed through
some steps as follows:
1. Identification of code switching
The first thing the researcher does after collecting the data is
identifying the data based on the type. The data are separated into
three group depend on the data belong to Tag switching, intra-
sentential or inter-sentential switching.
2. Coding the data based on the category
When the data have been identified into Tag Switching, intra-
sentential and intra-sentential, for every category, the writer gives
some code based on the functions why the character uses those
utterances.
3. Calculating the data
In this step, the researcher calculates the data of each category.
The first category was calculates by the frequency of every type of
code switching. The second category the researcher calculates the
frequency of reason used of code switching.
4. Conclusion Drawing/Verification
The research was drawing conclusion. Best on the analysis by
code switching theory and the researcher claims to have been
proceeding inductively. In this step, the researcher concludes the
result of the research based on the research problems.
25
BAB IV
FINDING AND ANALYSIS
A. Findings
This research was aimed to find out the type of code switching and also to
find out the reason used of code switching by main female character in the
dialogue film of “Swing Kids” drama musical film. This film have 02:13:43
minute durations, and only twenty there (23) unit of dialogue character that
contain of code switching and There are three type of code switching happened
in the film. They are tag switching, intra-sentential and inter-sentential. From
(23) twenty three units of dialogs, there are 7 (seven) utterance contain of tag
switching, 9 (nine) utterances contain of inter-sentential code switching and
then 7 (seven) utterances contain intra-sentential code switching used by the
main female character in the film After the writer gathered the data, the data
have been arranged and given a code based on the reason of using code
switching.
From seven (7) reason of using code switching there are only 5 categories
which have emerged in 23 unit of dialogue film by main female character that
are four (4) unit of dialogue talking a particular topic, five (5) unit of dialogue
being emphatic about something, ten (10) unit of dialogue repetition used for
clarifications, two (2) unit of dialogue interjection and two (2) expressing
identity.
B. Analysis
After findings all of the data based on the types and the reasons of using
code switching, the researcher analyzes all of data of character utterances
based on the types and the reasons of using code switching.
1. Type of code switching
1) Tag switching.
Tag switching occurs when a bilingual inserts short expression
from different language at the end of the utterances. It uses easily in
26
inserting speech at a number of point in monolingual utterance
without break syntactic rules. There are 3 of 5 data of tag switching of
Yang Pan Rae utterances in “Swing Kids drama Musical film”
explained below:
Datum 1
14 Solider : hey you seen moves like this? Get up!
Yang Pan Rae : Hey! ya 4 dae 4 gaja ( let’s four on four)
From the utterance above, Yang Pan Rae uses tag switching. She
says English utterance “Hey!” as short expression in English than she switch
her language into her mother tongue language (Korean). From the utterance
above it can be seen that there is an affirmation given by Yang Pan Rae to
the solider that she did not accept her friend being treated unfairly.
Datum 2:
16 Yang Pan Rae : Hey Jackson! Jaegseun babmeog
eoss-eo? (have you eaten? )
In this dialogue Yang Pan Rae uses tag switching she says English
utterance “Hey Jackson!” as shot expression of English language, than she
switch her language into Korean “Jaegseun babmeog eoss-eo? (have you
eaten? ) this sentence is politeness in Korean culture.
Datum 3
3 Jackson : Audition’s over!
Xiao fang : Wǒtīngshuōnǐhěnxǐhuānwǔzhěqǐngwèn
dàjiā ma? (I heard you looking
for dancer where is everybody?)
Yang Pan Rae : Shìjìngjiéshù (Audition’s over!
In this dialogue the situation is when Jackson and Yang Pan Rae hae
conversation Xiao fang coming and Jackson talk to him that “Audition’s
over!” because of Xiao fang does not understand English language he is ask
27
To Jackson in Chinese languge “Wǒtīngshuōnǐhěnxǐhuānwǔzhěqǐngwèn
dàjiā ma? (I heard you looking for dancer where is everybody?)” in this
situation there is miss communication between Xiao fang and Jackson and
Yang Pan Rae help them both of them by switch Jackson utterance
“Audition‟s over!” from English language into tag switching utterance in
Chinese language “Shìjìngjiéshù!”.
2) . Inter-Sentential Switching
Inter-sentential switching occurs when there is a complete sentence
in a foreign language uttered between two sentences in a base language.
There are 3 of 5 unit of data tag switching of Yang Pan Rae utterances
in “Swing Kids drama Musical film” explained below:
Datum 1
23 Yang Pan Rae :you know what! This are magi
shoes when I wear them war, food,
miserable thing just disappear
“naneungeudulgeteunneukkinaegi” there is
a song in my head,but I can‟t explain it, but
maybe I can show you
From the utterance above, Yang Pan Rae uses inter-sentential
switching. It shows that she mixes two languages in his utterances between
two sentences. In the first utterance, she says English utterance “you know
what this is magic shoes when I wear them war, food miserable thing just
disappear” than she switches into Korean language utterance
“naneungeudulgeteunneukkinaegi” after that, she continue the sentence
into English utterance again “there is a song in my head, but I can’t explain
it, but maybe I can show you”
Datum 2
Jackson : you won’t be able to work for a while.You-Could
use some money.
Yang Pan Rae : I didn’t work so I will not take it.
Jackson : just take it!
28
Yang Pan Rae : saehae cheosnal-e naneun wanjeonhi
Pasanhaessseubnida (that’s on new year’s
bay Just so happens), I’m completely broke
Thank you very much
In this dialogue Yang Pan Rae also used intra-sentential switching,
when dialogue began with Jackson she is using English language, and when
Jackson as her to take the many, she switch her language into Korean
language saehae cheosnal-e naneun wanjeonhi Pasanhaessseubnida
(that’s on new year’s bay Just so happens)” because she is shy to herself,
and she continue the conversation in English “I am completely broke, thank
you very much “ to Jackson like she really grateful to Jackson.
Datum 3
18 Yang Pan Rae : So, how did you end up here anyway?
They said only trouble making sent to
Korea.
Jackson :black in America being black make you a-
troublemaker.
Yang Pan Rae :Igo geuneun bulpyeongd jalhanda (what!
don’t complain) you should tray living here
as woman.
Jackson : bad as seems, being back is ….
In this dialogue Yang Pan Rae and Jackson have conversation she as
to Jackson in English language and also Jackson give respond in English
language like “black in America being black make you a trouble maker”
Yang Palla switch her language to Korean language” Igo geuneun
bulpyeongd jalhanda (what! don’t complain)” this sentence to give
respond to Jackson utterance that she is disagree with Jackson and she
continue the conversation switch the language in to English again“ you
should tray living here as woman “ for make sure that she is disagree with
29
Jackson utterance.
3) Intra-Sentential Switching
Intra-sentential switching is when a word, a phrase, or a clause, of
a foreign language found within the sentence in a base language. There are
3 of 9 data of intra-sentential switching of Yang Pan Rae utterances in
“Swing Kids drama Musical film” explained below:
Datum 1
6 Jackson : so if you…. I means if we do well thing
will Be good and they‟re gonna go well.
Any questions?
Yang panl Rae :Tā shuō wǒmen zuò dé
hǎo. geuneun jal hajago malhabnida.
Yang pan Rae :jilmunissnayo? Rènhé wèntí?
In this dialogue Yang Pan Rae used intra-sentential switching, this
conversation began with Jackson give motivation to their team” so if you. I
means if we do well thing will be good and they’re gonna go well. Any
question? “and Yang Pan Rae repeated what Jackson have said into simple
Korean language “geuneun jal hajago malhabnida” and also into simple
Chinese language “Tā shuō wǒmen zuò dé hǎo” to make other member of
grub from Chinese and Korean understand what Jackson mean.
Datum 2
11 Kang byung sam : ulineun eolmana yumyeong hal su-
issseubnikka? (How famous can we
be?)
Yang Pan Rae :how famous?
Jackson :very
Yang Pan Rae : manh-i! (very)
Yang Pan Rae : Fēicháng (very)
30
In this dialogue Yang Pan Rae used intra-sentential switching, this
conversation began with Kang Byung sam ask to Jackson in Korean
language “ulineun eolmana yumyeong hal suissseubnikka? (How famous
can we be?)” And Yang Pan Rae repeated in English language into simple
sentence “how famous?” and Jackson answer “very” Than Yang Pan Rae
reaped into simple sentence into Korean “manh-i! (very)” and also into
simple Chinese sentence “Fēicháng (very)”to make sure Kang byung sam
and Xiao fang understand with the purpose.
Datum 3
12 Xiao fang : Hé xiǎochī? (and snacks?)
Yang Pan Rae : snacks?
Jackson : you will gets some
Xiao fang : Duōshǎo? (How much?)
Yang Pan Rae : what kind of snacks, how famous?
Jackson : extremely and all kind.
Yang Pan Rae : manh-I ( a lot )
Hěnduō xiǎochī ( a lot )
In this dialogue Yang Pan Rae used intra-sentential switching, this
conversation began with Xiao fang ask to Jackson in Chinese language ”Hé
xiǎochī? (and snacks?)“And Yang Pan Rae repeated in English language
into simple word “snacke” and Jackson answer “you will gets some” and
Xiao fang ask again “Duōshǎo? (How much) “and then Yang Pan Rae
reaped English languages in sentence” what kind of snacks, how famous?”
Jackson said “extremely and all kind” and she repeated into simple Korean
“manh-i! (a lot)” and also into simple Chinese sentence “Hěnduō xiǎochī (
a lot )”to make sure Kang Byung sam and Xiao fang understand with the
purpose.
2. The reason of using code switching
There are seven reasons why the speaker uses code switching, that
are talking about a particular topic, quoting somebody else, being
31
emphatic about something, interjection, repetition used for clarification,
intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor, and expressing
identity. There are only five categories which have emerged in the film.
The researcher was going to discuss five categories only. That was talking
a particular topic, being emphatic about something, repetition used for
clarifications, interjection and expressing identity.
a) Talking a particular topic
Sometimes, people need to switch their language in the purpose
of talking about a particular topic. In the film, it is the most reasons
why the characters in the film dialogue, when Yang Pan Rae has
dialogue with other participant in the dialogue film the character
change the language.
Datum 1:
1 Jackson : yes?
Yang Pan Rae : dancing..! I heard civilian can join?
Jackson :best English I have heard all day, comeback
when you’ve grown some kids
The dialogue in unit 1 occurs between Yang Pan Rae and Jackson
Both of them are have the different culture and also different language
.They are talking about Jackson looking for the dancer and he is carry on
dancing auditions . In this dialogue Yang Pan Rae has different culture and
language background than Jackson she used code switching to change her
language from her mother tongue language (Korean language) in to English
language as Jackson language. She switches her language in to English with
the purpose to get access for information about the dancing auditions and
make Jackson interested on her. The function of inter-sentential code switching
to talk a particular topic is also found in the film. One of the units which contain
inter-sentential code switching can be seen in below.
32
Datum 2:
23 Yang Pan Rae : you know what! This are magi shoes
when I wear them war, food, miserable thing just
disappear “naneungeudulgeteunneukkinaegi”
there is a song in my head,but I can’t explain it, but
maybe I can show you
The conversation was between Yang Pan Rae and Jackson dialogue film,
Yang Pan Rae tell to Jackson that the shoes they have for the tap dance
according to her is very special like her utterance “you know what” that mead
she need Jackson attentions, when she get it she continue to” these are magic
shoes, when Iwear them war, foods miserable thing Disappear”After that she
used Korean language. ”naneungeudul-iget-eunneukkimnaegi.”to (I beat
they feel the same) with the purpose she wan to wish for their friend in her
language. Because it‟s hope so she‟ll be more comfortable to pray in her
mother tongue. And „There’s a song in my head, I can’t explain it, but maybe I
can show you” because the shoes is very special for her, in this dialogue Yang
Pan Rae contain of inter-sentential code switching.
Datum 3
2 Yang Pan Rae : then you need translator I can do it
Jackson :no need for one without a dance team with
clowns.
Yang Pan Rae : 4 dollars one moth at any time you
want. Try me for a day then fire me if
you don’t Need, Ok 3 dollar, 2 dollars.
From the utterance above, the writer analyzes that the reason of Yang
Pan Rae using code switching is talking about a particular topic. When he only
speaks a topic, she feels free and more comfortable. It occurs because the
technical topic is firmly associated with particular code and the topic itself can
trigger a switch to the appropriate code. In that dialogue above she doing joint
33
offer to Jackson because of that she try used full English when she talk with
him to attract Jackson attention.
b) Being emphatic about something
Sometimes, the non native speaker uses his native language to
emphatic about something. She may not realize that she change the
language. This is happening in the film conversation.
Datum 1:
16 Yang Pan Rae :hey Jackson! Jaegseun bab
meog-eoss-eo? (Have you eaten ?)
The conversation happens when Jackson come to Yang Pan Rae home,
and she feel happy to see Jackson, she may not realize that she used Korean
language greeting to Jackson “hey Jackson” in English this sentence contain of
Tag switching the word “Hey” in the beginning of Yang Pan Rae utterance,
and she continue the sentence ask to Jackson in switch her language with
Korean language “jaegseunbabmeog-eoss-eo?” because she exited to Jackson
and feel like was comfortable meet with Jackson and she treated Jackson as
part of her family.
Datum 2:
Jackson : you won’t be able to work for a
while.
You-Could use some money.
Yang Pan Rae :I didn’t work so I will not take it.
Jackson :just take it!
Yang Pan Rae :saehae cheosnal-e naneun wanjeonhi
Pasanhaessseubnida (that’s on new year’s
bay Just so happens), I’m completely broke
Thank you very much
34
The second conversation was the dialogue continues when Jackson
announced his coming was to say that she couldn't work for a while, and it
seems she needed money. That's why Jackson came to give her the money.
And she think she's doesn't working with Jackson so she won't take the money.
Then Jackson's “say just take it” Because she realize she needed money so that
she took the money. and in order to maintain her worth she uttered
“saehaecheosnal-enaneunwajeonhipasahaesseubnida” in Korean as if she
had received the money because it was now in the state of the New Year. And
then she told the truth that she really needed the money and then she thanked
Jackson by using English “Thank you very much” the purpose that she used
Korean language because she did not want to admit to Jackson that she was
very happy. There is inter-sentential appear in this kind of the dialogue in the
film above.
Datum 3:
18 Yang Pan Rae : So, how did you end up here
anyway?They said only trouble making
sent to Korea.
Jackson :black in America being black make you a-
troublemaker.
Yang Pan Rae :Igo geuneun bulpyeongd jalhanda
(what! don’t complain) you should tray
living here as woman.
Jackson : bad as seems, being back is ….
This dialogue began with Yang Pan Rae asking Jackson "So, how did you
end up here anyway? They said only trouble making sent to Korea "then
Jackson responded by answering as if he did not accept what happened" black
in America being black makes you a troublemaker "
Yang Pan Rae feel that what was conveyed by Jackson make she feel
that Jackson blamed his fate, Yang Pan Rae responded in the form of an
expression of astonishment in the Korean language "igo geuneun bulpyeongd
35
jalhanda" proving that Yang Pan Rae she is not very receptive to what Jackson
complained. Because of that in the next sentence she said to Jackson "You
should tray living here as a woman" in where in this sentence she is confirms
to Jackson that what he experienced was far more than what Jackson
experienced. Therefore, in sentence Korean language revealed its disagreement
with Jackson's complaints. In this dialogue contain of Inter-sentential because
Yang Pan Rae used her mother tongue language (Korean) and she continue her
sentence into to English language.
c) Repetitions used for clarifications
Sometimes, people repeat their words in order to clarify the
language .The repletion used for clarification happens in both inter-
sentential code switching and Intra-sentential code switching.
Datum 1:
3 Jackson : Audition’s over!
Xiao fang :Wǒtīngshuōnǐhěnxǐhuānwǔzhěqǐngwèn
dàjiā ma? (I heard you looking
for dancer where is everybody?)
Yang Pan Rae : Shìjìngjiéshù (Audition’s over!)
In this dialogue happened between Jackson Xiao fang and also Yang
Pan Rae, securing the Xiao fang scene which suddenly enters the place used for
the tap dance audition conducted by Jackson. Because o the activity was over
Jackson said "the audition‟s over" but the response received by Xiao fang was
again saying that he “Wǒtīngshuōnǐhěnxǐhuānwǔzhěqǐngwèndàjiā ma? ( I
heard you looking for dancer where is everybody?)”
There was a miss communication between Jackson and Xiao fang. Than
Yang Pan Rae tray to repeat what was said by Jackson at the beginning that the
audition was over to Xiao fang in a different form of language namely the
Chinese language. Like “Shìjìngjiéshù (Audition’s over!). In this dialogue there
36
was repetitions use for clarifications, by Yang Pan Rae with the purpose to
Straighten out the misunderstanding between Jackson and Xiao Fang.
Repetition used for clarification was also found in intra-sentential code
switching.Thereisonlyadialogcontainingintra-sententialcodeswitchingwhich has
purpose on repeating the language for clarification.
Datum 2
7 Kang byung sam :eolmana jal? ulineun gal su
issseubnikka?Cheoleomn yeohaeng?
(How well? can we go place? like tour?)
Yang Pan Rae : we go on tour ?
Jackson : yes!
Yang Pan Rae : ulineun hal geos-ibnida.( we will )
: Wǒmen huì
In the dialogue between Kang Byung Sam, Yang Pan Rae, Jackson and
also Xiao Fang, there is a repetition of the words described in the conversation
above where each Kang Byung Sam speaks to Yang Pan Rae in Korean”
eolmana jal? ulineun gal su issseubnikka?Cheoleom yeohaeng?” and then
Pallae repeats what is said by Kang Byung sam to the Jackson in English “ we
go on tour” then Yang Pan Rae repeats Jackson answer and she give
clarifications about what Jackson say like “ yes” in Korean “ulineun hal geos-
ibnida” to Kang byung sam and Chinese language “Wǒmen huì” for Xiao
fang. Yang Pan Rae purpose in this dialogue is being translator to their talk.
Datum 3
11 Kang byung sam : ulineun eolmana yumyeong hal su-
issseubnikka? (How famous can we
be?)
Yang Pan Rae :how famous?
37
Jackson :very
Yang Pan Rae : manh-i! (very)
Yang Pan Rae : Fēicháng (very)
From the utterance above, the writer analyzes that the reason of Yang
Pan Rae usind code switching is repetition used for clarification. In that
utterance, Yang Pan Rae repeats an utterance. He firstly says “how famous”
she repeat what Kang Byung sam said to Jackson, and she repeats an utterance
which has been said by Jackson ”very” than she repeat again what Jackson
have said into Korean and Chinese language to give clarification to Xiao fang
and Kang Byung sam Based on the utterance above, she make a more
understandable conversation of the group.
d) Interjections
Interjection is used express feelings or emotions. Interjection can be
a single word and can be a figure of speech refers to the use of one
word. In this film, the writer finds some interjections in Korean and
English.
Datum 1
16 Yang Pan Rae :amkae (Bitch!)
The used of this interjection occurred after the kidnapping carried out by
several American soldiers against Roh-Kiso and his friends, the challenge of
tap dancing was won by Yang Pan Rae and she‟s friends. Then when Yang Pan
Rae and her friends wanted to get out of the breeding area but were intercepted
by the American army because they felt they did not accept their defeat and
one of them slapped Yang Pan Rae. Feeling threatened and angry over the
treatment of the soldier Yang Pan Rae cursed the soldier with the word "bitch"
in Korean to vent his anger and not accept the treatment an also Interjections
also happen in the film below.
Datum 2
22 Yang Pan Rae : fucking ideology!
38
Jackson : hehe………. Fucking ideology.
The use of interjections also took place in the dialogue that was held
between Yang Pan Rae and Jackson, they were talking about the continuation
of the tap dance team which was forced to temporarily halt due to the tension
of the war between South Korea, North Korea, China and also the United
States which again occurred in the security cam the. Because people feel that
they are too selfish about each other's ideology, resulting in a prolonged war,
therefore the pallae cursed by saying "fucking ideology" in English with the
aim of expressing disagreement over what happened, she just wanted to tap
dance with the team she must not think that China, South Korea, North Korea
and also America have different ideologies. They just want to dance without
being burdened by ideology.
e) Expressing identity
There is expressing identity in tag switching in code switching that
happens in the conversation in the film. The writer only finds the
expressing identity in the use of tag Switching Look at the dialogs below.
Datum 1
14 Solider :hey you seen moves like this? Get up let’s
see your dance
Yang Pan Rae : Hey! ibwa ne nes-e gaja (hey!Let’s go
fore on four)
In this seen in the seen in the film when some American soldiers bring the
Roh-kiso into a warehouse to be blown and invited to compete in tap dance. When
the kidnapping action took place, Yang Pan Rae and his friends came to help the
spirits, he opened the door and then said the words of the officer "hey! jegegya let
for on four "challenge the paratroopers again with a draw using Korean language.
In the dialogue above illustrates that Yang Pan Rae uses Korean swear words "yes
esegya! Which shows that he did not accept the treatment of these soldiers against
his teammates so he cursed the soldiers and continued his sentence in English
language "let go for on four" by showing that they were a team. Here it is clear
39
that the code switching is used by Yang Pan Rae to show their identity as a team
even though they have different ideologies.
After researcher write gathered the data, the data have been arranged and
give a code base on the reason using of code switching .there are seven function
of code switching have been stated in chapter II. Through some simple formula,
the researcher write calculated the data that can bee see in the table. And then
the researcher identify the highest and the lowest frequency both the type of
code switching and the reason of using code witching for every type of code
switching. Coding (F1-F7) is symbol for the reason using of code switching,
frequency is the symbol for determining how many coding appear in the type of
code switching and percent (%) call for determining which coding that dominant
to present. According to Hatch (1982) stated that the function in using rate are
(1) to compare different populations with respect the frequency of some
variable; (2) to compare the same population at different times30
%
Note:
P = percentage
n = number of type or functions
N = total number of data
Note
1. F1 = talking about particular topic
2. F2 = quoting somebody else
3. F3 = being emphatic about something
4. F4 = interjections (inserting sentence filler or connector)
5. F5 = repetitions of use for clarifications
6. F6 = intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
7. F7 = expressing group identity
30
Hatch, E, and Farhady, H. 1982. Research Design and Statictics for Applied
Linguistics. USA : Newbury House Publishers, Inc
40
Table 1. The type of Tag switching
Coding Reason frequency Percent (%)
F1 Talking about particular topic 1 14,28%
F2 Quoting somebody else
F3 Being emphatic about something 1 14,28%
F4 Interjections 2 28,57%
F5 Repetitions use for clarifications 1 14,28%
F6 Intention of clarifying the speech
content
F7 Expressing group identity 2 28,57%
Total 7 100%
From the seven reason in used of code switching, there were only five
reason of code switching find in the type of tag switching which have appeared in
the film. They are talking about a particular topic, being emphatic about
something, interjections, repetition used for clarification, and expressing group
identity. There other reason like quoting somebody else, and Intention of
clarifying the speech content cannot be found in the film. From the table, it can be
seen that the most functions occurred in tag switching from the film is talking
about expressing identity and interjections (28, 57%) and for the type of inter-
sentential code switching, the result can be seen in the following table.
41
Table 2. The type of inter-sentential
Coding Functions frequency Percent (%)
F1 Talking about particular topic 3 33,33%
F2 Quoting somebody else
F3 Being emphatic about something 4 44,44%
F4 Interjections
F5 Repetitions use for clarifications 2 22,22%
F6 Intention of clarifying the speech
content
F7 Expressing group identity
Total 9 100%
From the seven categories reason of using of code switching, in the type
of intra-sentential code switching, there was only there reason that existing in the
film. They are talking about a particular topic, emphatic about something, and
repetition used for clarification. Four other reasons which are quoting somebody
else, intention of clarifying the speech content, interjections and expressing
group identity cannot be found in the film. From the table, it can be seen that the
most functions occurred in inter-sentential from the film is emphatic about
something (44, 44%)
42
Table 3. The type of intra-sentential
Coding Functions frequency Percent (%)
F1 Talking about particular topic
F2 Quoting somebody else
F3 Being emphatic about something
F4 Interjections
F5 Repetitions use for clarifications 7 100%
F6 Intention of clarifying the speech
content
F7 Expressing group identity
Total 7 100%
From the table, it can be concluded that the most reason existing in
the film is only Repetitions use for clarifications (100%) in the type of intra
sentential code switching.
In the conclusion, based on the calculation, the most frequency
reason of using code switching in type of tag switching was the expressing
group identity and interjections (28,57%) in the type of inter-sentential
code switching from the film was talking about particular topic and being
emphatic about something (44,44%) and in the type of inter-sentential
code switching was Repetitions use for clarifications (100%). From the
table, it can be seen that the most reason of code switching Discussion of
frequency is repetitions use for clarifications (50%) And the second talking
about particular topic (17, 39%) and the last one is expressing group
identity and interjections (17, 39%)
43
BAB V
CONCLUSION AND SUGESTION
A. Conclusions
Based on the finding and analysis in chapter four, the researcher draws the
following conclusion
1. There are three type of code switching happen in the film entitled „Swing
kids‟ they are Tag switching, inter-sentential code switching and intra-
sentential code switching. The character named Yang Pan Rae mostly uses
of codes witching in her dialog. There are 7 seven unit (30,43%) type of tag
switching, 9 nine unit (39,13%) utterances type of inter-sentential code
switching and then 7 seven (30,43%) utterances was the type of intra-
sentential
2. From seven reason of using code switching, there are only five categories
which have emerged in the film. They are talking a particular topic, being
emphatic about something, repetition used for clarifications, interjection and
expressing identity. There are only five reasons in the type of Tag Switching
found in the film. They are talking about a particular topic (14‟28%), being
emphatic about something (14‟28%), interjection (28,57%),repetition used
for clarification (14,28%),and expressing group identity (28,57%).There are
only four reason of used of code switching in the type of inter-sentential
code switching found in the film. They are talking about a particular topic
(33,333%), being emphatic about something (44,44%) and repetition used for
clarification (22,22%).The only one functions of intra-sentential code
switching found in the film is repetition used for clarifications (100%)
The result shows that the character Yang Pan Rae in the dialogue film
more used type of inter-sentential cod switching and the reason of using
code switching she more used of repetition used for clarification.
44
B. Suggestion
In the end of this research the researcher there was some suggestion
related to this research:
As students who study foreign languages and literature it is very important
for us to understand what code switching is and also the various reasons for
using code switching both in education and in everyday life. by understanding
code switching, it will certainly be able to help us to apply the foreign
languages we learn to our daily lives so that the language we learn is applied
properly.
The researcher hoped this research would give contribution and
knowledge for junior of English literature Department, especially about
creativity to make literary work. The research hope to junior whom
interested in this film can continue this research with other subject for
example social life and analyze about the struggle of main character, etc.
This research will help them about the theory. The researcher realize that
research was no perfect yet, this research have many mistake, therefore the
researcher expect to the reader for give some critic and suggestion for
make this thesis better.
45
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http://www.epitomejournals.com, Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2016, ISSN: 2395-
A6968
http://www.1712071009_2015_The Explora Journal Journal of English
Language Teaching (ELT) and Linguistics_3. An Analysis of Code
Switching and Code Mixing as Found in Television Advertisement (1)