ch02, mgmt acct, hansen

7/29/2019 Ch02, Mgmt Acct, Hansen

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2 -1

Basic

ManagementAccounting

Concepts

CHAPTER


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2 -2

1. Describe the cost assignment process. (mendeskripsikan

proses pembebanan biaya)

2. Define tangible and intangible products and explain why

there are different product cost definitions. (mendefinisikan

produk berwujud dan tdk berwujud dan menjelaskan

perbedaan definisi biaya produk)

3. Prepare income statements for manufacturing and service

organizations. (menyusun lap laba rugi untuk organisasi

manufaktur dan jasa)4. Outline the differences between functional-based and

activity-based management accounting systems.

(menjelaskan sistem akmen berdasar fungsi dan aktivitas)

Objectives

After studying this

you should be


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2 -3

Exactly what ismeant by cost?

Cost is the cash or cash-equivalent value

sacrificed for goods and services that is

expected to bring a current or futurebenefit to the organization.

I see Its a dollar

measure of the

resources used toachieve a given

benefit.


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2 -5

Traceabilityis the ability to assign a cost to a costobject in an economically feasible way by means of a

cause-and-effect relationship. (kemampuan untuk

membebankan by ke objek by dgn cara yang layak

secara ekonomi berdasarkan hubungan sebab akibat)

Direct costsare those costs that can be easily andaccurately traced to a cost object. (by yang dengan

mudah dan akurat ditelusuri sebagai objek biaya)

Example: If a hospital is the cost object,the cost of heating andcooling the hospital is

a direct cost.


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Indirect costsare those costs that cannot beeasily and accurately traced to a cost object.

Example:The salary of a plant manager, where

departments within the plant are definedas the cost objects.


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Tracing is the actual assignment of costs to a costobject using an observable measure of the resourcesconsumed by the cost object. Tracing costs to cost

objects can occur in the following two ways:Direct tracingis the process of identifying and assigningcosts that are exclusively and physically associated with acost object to that cost object.

Driver tracingis the use of drivers to assign costs to costobjects. Drivers are observable causal factors thatmeasure a cost objects resource consumption.


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2 -8

Cost Assignment Methods

Cost of Resources

Direct

Tracing

Driver

Tracing Allocation

Physical

Observation

Causal

Relationship

Assumed

Relationship

Cost Objects


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2 -9Interface of Services withManagement Accounting (interaksi jasa dgn akunt manajemen

1. Intangibility (ketidak

wujudan)

2. Perishability(tdk tahahlama)

3. Inseparability(tdk dpt

dipisah)

4. Heterogeneity

Services cannot be stored.

No patent protection.Cannot display or

communicate services.

Price difficult to set.

Derived Properties

Services benefits expire

quickly.

Services may be repeatedoften for one customer.

Customer directly

involved withproduction of service.

Centralized mass

production of services

difficult.

Wide variation in service

products possible.


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2 -10Interface of Services withManagement Accounting

No inventories.

Strong ethical code.Price difficult to set.

Demand for more accurate

cost assignments.

Impact on Management

Accounting

No inventories.

Need for standards and

consistent high quality.

Costs often accounted

for by customer type.Demand for measure-

ment and control of

quality to maintain

consistency.

Productivity and quality

measurement and

control must be

ongoing.Total quality manage-

ment critical.

1. Intangibility

2. Perishability

3. Inseparability

4. Heterogeneity


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2 -11

Product costis a cost assignment that supports a

well-specified managerial object. Thus, what

product costmeans depends on the managerial

objective being served.(Biaya produk ad.

Pembebanan biaya yang mendukung tujuan

manajerialyg spesifik, jadi arti dari by prod

tergantung pada tujuan manajerial yg sedangberusaha dicapai)


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2 -12

Design

Produce

Market

Distribute

Service Develop


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2 -13Product Costing Definitions

Pricing Decisions

Product-Mix Decisions

Strategic ProfitabilityAnalysis

Strategic Design Decisions

Tactical Profitability

Analysis

External Financial

Reporting

Research andDevelopment

Production

Marketing

CustomerService

Value-Chain

Product Costs

Production

Marketing

CustomerService

Operating Product

Costs

Traditional Product

Costs

Production


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2 -14

Direct materialsare those materials that are directlytraceable to the goods or services being produced.

Steel in an automobile (besi pada mobil)

Wood in furniture (kayu pada perabotan)

Alcohol in cologne(alkohol pda pemb

muka)

Denim in jeans ()kain pada jeans

Braces for correcting teeth (kawat untuk

perbaikan gigi)


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2 -15

Direct laboris the labor that is directly traceable tothe goods or services being produced.

Workers on an assembly line at

Chrysler (pekerja pada lini perakitan )A chef in a restaurant (kepala koki

restoran)

A surgical nurse attending an open

heart operation (perawat bedah yg

terlibat pada operasi jantung)

Airline pilot (pilot garuda airline)


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2 -16

Overheadare all other production costs.

Depreciation on building

and equipment

Maintenance

Supplies

Supervision

Power

Property taxes


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2 -17

Noninventoriable (period) costs

are expensed in the period in

which they are incurred.

Salaries and commissions of

sales personnel (marketing)

Advertising (marketing)

Legal fees (administrative)

Printing the annual report

(administrative)


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2 -19

ExternalFinancial

Statements


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2 -21

Direct materials:

Beginning inventory $200,000Add: Purchases 450,000Materials available $650,000Less: Ending inventory 50,000Direct materials used $ 600,000

Direct labor 350,000Manufacturing overhead:

Indirect labor $122,500Depreciation 177,500Rent 50,000

Utilities 37,500Property taxes 12,500Maintenance 50,000 450,000

Total manufacturing costs added $1,400,000

Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured

For the Year Ended December 31, 2004

2-21

continued on next slide


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2 -22

Total manufacturing costs added $1,400,000

Add: Beginning work in process 200,000Total manufacturing costs $1,600,000

Less: Ending work in process 400,000

Cost of goods manufactured $1,200,000

Work in process consists of all

partially completed units found inproduction at a given point in time.


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2 -23Service Organization

Income Statement

For the Year Ended December 31, 2004

Sales $300,000Less expenses:

Cost of services sold:

Beginning work in process $ 5,000

Service costs added:

Direct materials $ 40,000Direct labor 80,000

Overhead 100,000 220,000

Total $225,000

Less: Ending work in process 10,000 215,000

Gross margin $ 85,000

Less operating expenses:

Selling expenses $ 8,000

Administrative expenses 22,000 30,000

Income before income taxes $ 55,000

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2 -24Functional-Based

Management Model

Efficiency

Analysis

Performance

Analysis

Operational View

Resources

Functions

Products

Cost View


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2 -25Activity-Based

Management Model

Resources

Activities

Products and

Customers

Cost View

Driver

Analysis

Performance

Analysis

Process View

Why? What? How Well?


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2 -26

1. Penggerak berdasarkan unit

2. Allocation-intensive3. Pembiayaan produk sempit

dan kaku4. Fokus pada pengelolaan

biaya

5. Informasi aktivitas sedikit

6. Maksimilisasi dari kinerja

unit individu7. Penggunaan ukuran kinerjafinansial

1. Penggerak berdasarkanunit dan non unit

2. Tracing intensive3. Pembiayaan produk luas

dan fleksibel

4. Fokus pada pengelolaanaktivitas

5. Informasi aktivitas rinci

6. Maksimilisasi kinerja

meluas7. Use of both financial andnonfinancial measures of

performance

Functional-Based Activity-Based


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2 -27

The End

Chapter Two


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