Conceptual Framework of Industrial Engineering

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Sasaran

Memahami disiplin Teknik Industri baik yang terkait dengan:

• Cakupan keilmuan, bidang garapan dan profesi

• Perkembangan pola pikir, keilmuan dan keahlian

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Materi

• Conceptual Framework of IE

• Evolution & Development of IE

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Engineering

ScienceIndustrial

Engineering

Object : Natural System Artificial System Integrated SystemPhenomena : Determistic Det./Probabilistic Prob/UncertaintyOutput : Theory/Knowledge Product/service Value AddedPerformance : Truth Benefit EfficiencyValidity : Absolute Relative ContextualStart : Curiosity Need/Problem Need/ProblemProfession : Scientist Engineer Industrial Engineer

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Science

Prime objective: increase knowledge of natural system

Research(Scientific Method)• Formulate Hypothesis

• Execute Experiment

• Analyze Result

• Generalize Hypothesis Theory/Law

(New Knowledge)

• Publish the New Knowledge

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Basic Knowledge And Tool

• Basic knowledge» Logic

» Creativity

• Tool» Analysis

» Synthesis

• Process» Scientific Research

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Engineering

Prime objective: use the knowledge to design and develops usable devices, structure and processes

for better human life

Design ProcessIdentification of Need

Problem DefinitionSearch

ConstraintCriteria

Alternative SolutionAnalysisDecision

SpecificationCommunication

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Basic Knowledge And Tool

• Basic knowledge» Mathematics

» Natural Sciences

• Tool» Analysis

» Synthesis

• Process» Applied Research

» Design

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Basic Engineering Process

Problem (Incl.Outcome)

Decision ( Best Altv.)

Synthesis of Alt.Solution

Analysis(Incld. Exp’tation)

Symptom/Need

Solution, System or Method

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Characteristic Of Engineer

• Solve Problem

• Analyze

• Design System– Creativity

– Analysis

– Synthesis

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Engineering Function

• Research

• Development

• Design

• Production &Testing

• Construction

• Operation

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Engineering Era

Early ModernEra : Before 1750 - After 1750 Knowledge : -Mathematics - Not Only Mathematics &

-Physics Physics * Chemical

* Molecular * Social Sciences

Object : Physical System - Not Only Physical System * Life System Abstract

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Early Engineering Era

• Egyptian Engineering (3200 BC)

• Mesopotamian Engineering (2000 BC)

• Greek Engineering (500 BC)

• Roman Engineering (320 BC)

• Oriental Engineering

• European Engineering

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Modern Engineering Era

Big Five Engineering Newer Engineering• Civil . Nuclear • Mechanical . Computer• Electrical . Bioengineering• Chemical . Environmental • Industrial Engineering . Etc.

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Big 5 Disciplines• Military Engineering

• Civil Engineering• Mechanical Engineering

Mathematics + Physics Mechanical Principle Steam Engine

• Electrical EngineeringMathematics + Physics Electrical Science

Telegraph: Samuel MorseCarbon filament lamp: Thomas Edison

• Chemical EngineeringMathematics + Physics + Chemistry Synthetic Material

• Industrial EngineeringMathematics +Physics +Man Integrated System

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Why IE Was Born ?

• As a Result of Industrial Revolution

• Need for Technically Trained People Who Could Plan, Organize, and Manage the Operations of Large Complex System

• Need to Increase Productivity and Efficiency of Operation System

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Pioneers Of IE

• Adam SMITH

• Charles BABBAGE

• Eli WHITNEY

• Henry TOWNE

• Frederick W TAYLOR

• Frank B GILBERTH

• Lillian GILBERTH

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Adam SMITH

Wealth of Nations (1776)

Specialization of Labor– Division of the task in pin making into 4

separate operations increased output by a factor of almost 5

– 10 worker could produce 48.000 pins per day

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Charles BABBAGE On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacture (1832)

– motion and time study– division of labor

• Result of factory visit in England and USA(early 1800)• Observed the manufacture of straight pins that:

– involve 7 distinct operations– measured the cost and time of performing each operation

Money Could Be Saved Using Woman and Children

• Critics : Do not attempt to improve the work methods or reduce the operation time

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Henry TOWNE

The Engineer As Economist (1886)

Stressed the Need for Engineers to Be Concerned With the Profitability Effect of Their Decisions

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Frederick Winslow TAYLOR(1856-1915)

FW Taylor was Influenced by Towne and Wentworth

• 1874 : Machinist Apprentice in the Hydraulic Work

• 1983 : Mechanical Engineer From Stevens Institute and

Work at Midvale Steel Company

• 1881 : Began Study of Metal Cutting

• 1895 : Presented “A Piece Rate System” at ASME Meeting

• 1903 : Presented “ Shop Management”

• 1909 : Presented “ Principle of Scientific Management”

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Principle of Scientific Management

1. Develop a science for each element of a man’s work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method

2. Select scientifically and then train, teach, and develop the workman, whereas previously he chose his own work methods and trained himself as best as he could

3. Cooperate heartily with the men so as to ensure that all of the work being done is in accordance with the principles of the science which has been develop

4. There is almost an equal division of the work and the responsibility between management and the workmen. The management takes over all work for which they are better fitted than the workman.

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Relationship of Industrial Engineering to Other Engineering and Scientific Disciplines

Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

MechanicalEngineering

ChemicalEngineering

Industrial Engineering

ManufacturingEngineering

Early Industrial Engineering(Scientific

Management)

Ergonomics

Economics

Physiology

Psychology andSociology

Statistics

Mathematics Physics

Operation Research

Quality & Reliability

Computer & Inf.Sci

Control Theory

ProductivityScience

Chemistry

Military Engineering

Logic

Early ManagementPhilosophy

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Industrial Engineering ?

Industrial Engineering Is Concerned With the Design, Improvement, and Installation of Integrated Systems of

People, Material, Information, Equipment, and Energy. It Draws Upon Specialized Knowledge and Skill in the

Mathematical, Physical, and Social Sciences Together With the Principles and Methods of Engineering Analysis and Design to Specify, Predict, and Evaluate the Results to

Be Obtained From Such System

Object Knowledge Skill Job

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Object

Integrated System

People/Man

+Material + Equipment + Information + Energy

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Schematic Representation of Integrated System

MachineMan

Mat

Boundary

Environment

Input Out-put

: InteractionFeed-back

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Types of Research

Basic Research Applied Research - Curiosity - Need/Problem

- Theory/Explanation - Product/Service/Method

- Neutral - Purposive - Public Domain - Private Domain

Discovery Invention

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Knowledge

• Mathematics

• Physics

• Social Sciences

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Skill

• Method of Engineering Analysis

• Design

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Job

• Design

• Installation

• Improvement

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Performance

Efficiency

Effective + Min Cost

Objective

Achievement/Actual

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Contextual

2 + 2 = ?

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What Design IE Do ?

Integrated System

Industrial System(Manufacturing System)

Human Activity Management Control System System

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What Does IE Do ?

Production Management Corporate Operations System Services* Product &Services * Information System *Comprehensive Planning* Manufacturing Process * Financial &Cost System *Policies & Procedures* Facilities * Personnel * Performance Measurement* Work Methods & Standards * Analysis * Production Planning & Control

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Evolution and Development of Industrial Engineering

Dicipline

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Chronology Of Development In The Evolution Of IE

1494 1750 1890 1900 1915 1929 1941 1958 1980 1990 2000

Industrial World Depres World Space High Globalization Revolution War I sion War II Age Technology

Time Piece Layout Net- Optimi- Auto- CIMAccounting Studi Work SQC work zation mation

Scientific ManagementIndustrial Engineering

Industrial & SystemEngineeringOperation Research

Micro View

InterchangeablePart

Macro View

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Relationship of Industrial Engineering to Other Engineering and Scientific Disciplines

Civil Engineering

Electrical Engineering

MechanicalEngineering

ChemicalEngineering

Industrial Engineering

ManufacturingEngineering

Early Industrial Engineering(Scientific

Management)

Ergonomics

Economics

Physiology

Psychology andSociology

Statistics

Mathematics Physics

Operation Research

Quality & Reliability

Computer & Inf.Sci

Control Theory

ProductivityScience

Chemistry

Military Engineering

Logic

Early ManagementPhilosophy

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IE Thought

ScientificManagement

Adm & BehaviorManagement

ManagementScience

Systemic &Integrated

Man-MachineSystem

Human and Organization

Optimization and Modeling

IntegratedSystem

End of 18Century

End of 18Century

Beginning of 20 Century Mid of 20

Century

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Obyek dan Keilmuan Teknik Industri

Obyek Komponen Keilmuan KinerjaWork Man, Machine Ergonomy ProductivityStation Material Eng. Economy Efficiency Psychology

Manufactur Man, Machine Inventory, PPC QCD Material Quality Control Lay out, OR & Modeling

Company Labor, Facility Management ROI, IRR, Material Leadership ROE Behavior Science

Industrial Labor, Material Policy QualitySystem Infrastructure Systemic Approach Welfare

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Perkembangan Teknik Industri S/D 1950

– TOKOH-TOKOH:• Adam Smith (1776) : Specialisation, productivity

• Charles Babbage (1832): Pembagian kerja • Frederick W. Taylor (1905): Scientific management • Frank & Lilian Gilberth (1912): Micro-motion study• Fayol : The 14 Principle of Management

– ORGANISASI:• Society to Promote the Science of Management (1912),

The Taylor Society (1915), Society of Industrial Engineers (1917).

– KONSEP-KONSEP:• Wealth of Nations: spesialisasi / keahlian untuk

produktivitas• Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers: pembagian

kerja• Principles of Scietific Management• Human Factors: micro-motion economy• Principle of Management

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Perkembangan Teknik Industri 1950 - 1970

• AIIE : American Institute of Industrial Engineers (1948)– BIDANG PERHATIAN:

• Teknik tata Cara• Pengukuran Kerja• Pengendalian: Produksi, Persediaan, Mutu,

Beaya, Anggaran• Evaluasi Jabatan, Sistem Pengupahan: analisis

jabatan, analisis kinerja, upah perangsang, administrasi pengupahan

• Rancangan dan Fasilitas Pabrik: tata letak, pengadaan dan peremajaan peralatan, perancangan produk, perkakas, peralatan.

– SARANA:• Statistika, Penelitian Operasional, Psikologi

Industri

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Perkembangan Teknik Industri 1970 - 1990

• AIIE menjadi IIE– BIDANG PERHATIAN:

– Bidang Industri, : Antariksa, Bank dan Keuangan, Industri Elektronika, Pemerintahan, Seni Grafis, Pelayanan Kesehatan, Retail, Industri Baja, Transportasi dan Distribusi, Utilitas

– Bidang Sistem Manusia dan Informasi : Komputer dan Sistem Informasi, Ekonomi Teknik, Ergonomi, Hubungan Kerja dan Industri, Manajemen, Pengukuran Kerja, Tatacara.

– Bidang Sistem Produksi : Manajemen Energi, Perancangan dan Perencanaan Fasilitas, Sistem Manufaktur, Penelitian Operasional, Pengendalian produksi dan Persediaan, Pengendalian Mutu, Keandalan.

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Perkembangan Sejak 1990• TOPIK-TOPIK BARU:

• CIM : Computer Integrated Manufacturing• DSS : Decision Support System• JIS : Just-in-Time Process Planning• Perkembangan Variasi dari Sistem Produksi,

Penelitian Operasional, Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia, dsb.

• Knowledge-based Management, dll.• TOPIK-TOPIK LAMA TETAP BERKEMBANG:• Ergonomi, dsb.

• DIDASARI OLEH PERKEMBANGAN KOMPUTER DAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI

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Proyeksi Perkembangan Abad Ke -21

• SANGAT DIPENGARUHI OLEH TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI:

• Perubahan pola kerja, gaya hidup dan bentuk transaksi

• Perubahan gaya kepemimpinan dan manajemen• Pergeseran pengendali kekuasaan ekonomi dan politik

– PERUBAHAN POLA KERJA, GAYA HIDUP, TRANSAKSI:• Kerja individual, outsourcing / networking, modal

maya• Internet driven : E-commerce, e-mail, distance

learning & services– KEPEMIMPINAN MASA DEPAN:

• Visioner, Kreatif, Transformatif, Komunikatif, Memberdayakan, Integratif-Networking-Sinergis, High-Touch & High-Tech, Antisipatif, Adaptif, Kompeten.

– PENGENDALI KEKUASAAN:• Bergeser dari Pimpinan Negara ke Pimpinan Pengendali

Informasi