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Wireless Networking
at Dartmouth College
Paul Arabasz, IDC
Judith Pirani, Sheep Pond Associates
CA! Case Stud" #, $%%$
Case Stud" &rom the
D'CA'S Center &or Applied !esearch
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())$ Walnut Street, Suite $%*
+oulder, Colorado %-%.
www/educause/edu0ecar0
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Wireless Networking
at Dartmouth College
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D'CA'S is a nonpro&it association whose mission is to ad1ance higher
edu2cation b" promoting the intelligent use o& in&ormation technolog"/
3he mission o& the D'CA'S Center &or Applied !esearch is to &oster
better decision making b" conducting and disseminating research and
anal"sis about the role and implications o& in&ormation technolog" in
higher education/ CA! will s"stematicall" address man" o& the
challenges brought more sharpl" into &ocus b" in&ormation technologies/
Cop"right $%%$ D'CA'S/ All rights reser1ed/ 3his CA! !esearch Stud" is
proprietar" and intended &or use onl" b" subscribers and those who ha1e pur2
chased this stud"/ !eproduction, or distribution o& CA! !esearch Studies to
those not &ormall" a&&iliated with the subscribing organization, is strictl" pro2hibited
unless prior written permission is granted b" D'CA'S/ !e4uests &or
permission to reprint or distribute should be sent to ecar5educause/edu/
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Wireless Networking in Higher Education Case Stud" #, $%
Wireless Networkingat Dartmouth College
Preface3he D'CA'S Center &or Applied !e2search 6CA!7
produces research to promote e&&ecti1e decisions
regarding the selection, de1elopment, deplo"ment,
management, socialization, and use o& in&ormation tech2
nolog" 6I37 in higher education/ CA! re2search includes
research bulletins, short summar" anal"ses o& ke" I3
issues8 research studies, in2depth applied research on
com2ple9 and conse4uential technologies and practices8
and case studies designed to e92empli&" important themes,
trends, and e92periences in the management o& I3
in1estments and acti1ities/
CA! has in1estigated the state o& wire2lessnetworking in higher education and has issued
:Wireless Networking in ;igher du2cation/< 3his
research was undertaken in three phases=
an online sur1e" o& -#. D'CA'S members to
establish the state o& wire2less networking in
higher education and to understand its
implementation char2acteristics8
&ollow2up, in2depth telephone and on2site
inter1iews, co1ering .) selected in2stitutions, with
I3 personnel and uni1er2sit" members who are
directl" in1ol1ed with the creation, operation, oruse o& wireless networks8 and
best practices cases studies with si9 hig
education institutions about their wireless netw
implementations/+etween >arch and >a" $%%$, CA!
and IDC began with a list o& appro9imatel" .?% colle
and uni1ersities that had e92perience implemen
wireless networks/ @rom this list, $% were inter1iew
e9ten2si1el" b" telephone, and si9 were selected &or eit
on2site 1isits or e9tensi1e telephone &ollow2up/ n2
1isits are rigorous and in21ol1e nearl" two da"s
inter1iews and meetings with the widest 1ariet" o& inst
tional representati1es associated withBor a&&ected b"B
technologies or practices being in1estigated/
3his case stud" was undertaken to draw on tdirect e9perience o& others to pro21ide insights i
what hasBand, as appro2priate, what hasn
worked in wireless implementations/ It is assum
that readers o& the case studies will also read
main report, which incorporates the &indings o&
case studies within the generalized con2te9t o&
report/
CA! wishes to thank the leadership o& Dartmo
College &or their time, assistance, and diligence
support o& this research/ We hope readers o& this C
case stud" will learn &rom their e9periences/
$%%$ D'CA'S/ !eproduction b" permission onl"/
D'CA'S CN3! @!APPEID!SA!C;1
Wireless Networking in Higher Education
Introduction
Eocated
;ano1er, N
;ampshire,
Dartmouth
College is
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pri1ate &our2"ear college with an enrollment
o& (,$%% under2graduates in the liberal arts
and .,?%% graduate students/ With an annual
budget o& appro9imatel" F($? million 6&or
&iscal "ear $%%%7, Dartmouth emplo"s
appro9imatel" -,..? sta&& and $,$?% &acult"/ A
member o& the I1" Eeague, Dartmouth o&&ers
.* gradu2ate programs in the arts and
sciences, as well as a medical school6Dartmouth >edical School7, a pro&essional
school o& engineer2ing 63ha"er School o&
ngineering7, and a graduate school o&
management 63uck School o& +usiness7/
Dartmouth College is also intimatel"
associated with the Dartmouth ;itchcock
>edical Center, o& which the College and the
>edical School are members/ In terms o&
in&ormation tech2nolog", the two
en1ironments are close peers, sharing
1arious ser1ices, although D;>C maintainsseparate networking/
Consistent with its size, Dartmouth
main2tains a highl" centralized I3
organization, known as Peter Giewit
Computing Ser1ices/ In addition, there
are smaller I3 organiza2tions a&&iliated
with each o& the three pro2&essional
schools/ With a sta&& o& appro9imatel"
.?%, Computing Ser1ices con2sists o&
Academic Computing
Administrati1e Computing Computing Support
3echnical Ser1ices
Academic Computing &ocuses on pro1id2
ing ser1ices to the student and &acult"
popu2lation/ It includes three subgroups/
3he Academic Consulting Ser1ices group
pro21ides general consulting assistance to
&ac2ult" and sta&&/ 3he !esearch
Computing group supports and de1elops
computing applications and in&ormation
resources with a primar" &ocus onsupporting research/ 3he Curricular
Computing group assists the Dartmouth
&acult" in the use o& in&ormation
2
Case Stud" #,$%%$
technolog" &or research and instructi
3he &ocal point o& support &or most
stitutional administrati1e s"stems, Admi
trati1e Computing pro1ides s"stems neeanal"sis, design, de1elopment or procu
ment, operations, and maintenance8 d
administration8 in&ormation s"stems a
capacit" planning8 s"stem securit"8 a
con2sulting on s"stem use/ 3his di1is
&orms close partnerships with institutio
e&&orts to impro1e the e&&ecti1eness a
e&&icien2cies o& local or campus2w
administrati1e processes/
Computing Support includes Compu
Sales, Ser1ice, and Support aCommuni2cations and 3elephone Ser1ic
3echnical Ser1ices de1elops a
supports Dartmouths techn
in&rastructure &or data networking a
computing/ 3he 3echnical Ser1ices di1is
supports the schools thernet backb
and ser1ers, connection o& the backbone
the Internet, and net2work applications/
3he core o& Dartmouths computing
&rastructure is an thernet backbone e
plo"ing Nortel routers that links all .*. o& schools buildings/ Dartmouth supp
appro9imatel" $% public computing clus
across the campus, the largest o& which
located in the Giewit Computation Center
the +aker2+err" Eibrar"/ 3he school a
pro1ides e9tensi1e computing &acilities
&acult", graduate students, and researche
including se1eral multiprocessor 'ni9
Einu9 ser1ers &or computational, statisti
and 1isualization applications/
Drivers of DartmouthsWireless Deployment
Dartmouths wireless initiati1e be
earl" in the &all o& $%%% with a series o& sm
department2le1el pilot programs in the
gineering and Computer Science dep
ments as well as parts o& the student un
and librar"/ While Computing Ser1ices h
some in1ol1ement in the wireless initiati1e
Wireless Networking in Higher Education
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it was b" and large a decentralized e&&ort,
enabled b" the departments willingness
to take ownership in the earl" stages/
3his meant not onl" installation,
maintenance, and management o& the $%
to -% access points 6APs7 that were
initiall" deplo"ed, but also pro1iding earl"
&unding &rom depart2ment budgets/
Since Dartmouths wireless initiati1estarted out as a :bottom up< deplo"ment,
man" &actors are cited as dri1ers/ ;owe1er,
the one basic dri1er common to all was the
increasing rate o& laptop computer owner2
ship in both the student and &acult" popu2
lations/ @or instance, &rom .### to $%%.,
the laptop share o& computers purchased
b" students through the campus computer
store rose &rom $) percent to (? percent to
)% percent/ 6At present, appro9imatel" (%
percent o& undergraduate students own alaptop/7 Coupled with the &act that all
laptops sold in $%%. were &actor"2e4uipped
with wireless cards, a consensus began to
emerge that wireless computing was
becom2ing a 1iable option on campus/
Within Dartmouths 3ha"er School o&
ngineering, the deplo"ment o& wireless was
seen as a low2cost means o& e9panding com2
puting resources &or its (%% undergraduate
and .?% graduate students/ As enrollment in
the school grew, the School o& ngineer2ingcould not accommodateB&or reasons related
to both cost and ph"sical spaceB the
demand &or more workstations/ 3he logic o&
pro1iding wireless access in ngi2neering was
&urther buttressed b" the &act that students in
technical disciplines are more likel" to use
laptops and thus would be well positioned to
take ad1antage o& it/
Dartmouths pilot deplo"ments were
Hudged a clear success b" 1irtue o& their popu2
larit" with students and &acult"/ Determined tobuild on this success, sta&& &rom Computuing
Ser1ices began discussions with the Deput"
Pro1ost &or Academic A&&airs about making
wireless ubi4uitous across the
Case Stud" #, $%
campus/ According to Earr" Ee1ine, Direc2tor
o& Computing, the core 1alue proposi2tion &or
wireless was its abilit" to enable networking
&or e1er"bod", e1er"where/ :We made the
case that wireless would produce abundantbene&its to the o1erall academic process,athEab/ Eikewise, at the
3uck School o& +usiness, students use wire2
less to access e2mail, the Web, and a com2
prehensi1e arra" o& intranet ser1ices/
Wireless Security ProfileAt present, Dartmouths wireless network
securit" is token at best/ 3o access the wire2
less network, a user needs to enter a nonK
user2speci&ic ser1ice set identi&ier 6SSID7/
Case Stud" #, $%
Ee1ine sees the present weak securit"
regime as a temporar"B"et necessar"B
&act o& li&e in what is now the :earl" phaseAC Lmedia access controlM
address, mostl" because the >AC address
can change &re4uentl",< e9plained Ee1ine/
:'l2timatel" were mo1ing toward using our
EDAP Llightweight director" access
protocolM name director" &or sign on, but a
cross21en2dor standard does not e9ist &or
that right now/< Ee1ine does not see
unauthorized access as a problem right
now, although Dartmouth will nonetheless
mo1e swi&tl" toward re4uired login andother securit" measures/
Dartmouth does not plan to deplo" a
campus2wide 1irtual pri1ate network 6PN7
because o& the di&&iculties and comple9i2ties
o& pro1iding client so&tware &or all cli2ents/ In
the area o& encr"ption, wired e4ui1alent
pri1ac" 6WP7 is enabled and optional on
the wireless network/ Dartmouth chose to
make it a1ailable be2cause it was supported
b" the access points, "et chose to make it
optional because it was not supported b" allwireless cards/
Wireless "sagePatterns
At present, wireless use on campus &alls
under two broadl" de&ined categories= gen2
eral2purpose access 6the 1ast maHorit"7 and
targeted, customized wireless applications/
+ased on incidence o& use, the most com2
mon usage o& wireless is &or student2to2stu2
dent and student2to2pro&essor e2mail,
principall" through Dartmouths +litz>ail
messaging plat&orm 6discussed below7/
3his is &ollowed closel" b" Web browsing,
includ2ing the use o& the Web to conduct
librar"2based research/ Some other general
obser1ations about wireless usage on the
Dartmouth campus, drawn &rom a >arch
$%%$ stud", &ollow=
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Wireless Networking in Higher Education
!oaming is limited, with most users
lim2iting their acti1ities to a &ew ke"
sites in their dail" routine/
1erall, residential acti1it" dominates,
with most usage coming &romresidence hall rooms, e1en though all
residence halls are also wired/
!esidential and social2space use is
hea1ier in the e1ening hours,
academic and ad2ministrati1e usage
is highest during the da", and librar"2
based use is spread more e1enl"/
>ost sessions are short 6with a
median o& .* minutes7, probabl"
re&lecting stu2dents checking e2mail at
periodic inter21als/ +uildings with large lecture halls and
the +aker2+err" Eibrar" ha1e the most
con2centrated acti1it", impl"ing the need
to
con&igure APs accordingl"/
3he ne9t two sections pro&ile two o&
the more prominent department2speci&ic
wire2less applications deplo"ed at
Dartmouth, one &ostering engagement
and the other, collaboration/
Case Stud" #,$%%$
lecture en1ironments, students are 1er"
ten not acti1el" engaged, since taking no
amounts to passi1el" recei1ing and stor
in&ormation,< said Jernstedt/ :3his approapro1ides students with trul" interacti1e
perience, thus increasing the o1erall 4ua
o& the time spent in the classroom/