Analisa Proses Negosiasi Bhutan Melalui Gross National Happiness

(GNH) dalam Penyusunan Agenda Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) Sebagai Model Pembangunan Global

SKRIPSI

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar

Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1

Frandy Davan Harvanto

201010360311115

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2017

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LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN

Dengan menyebut nama Allah SWT yang Maha Pengasih lagi Maha

Penyayang, kami panjatkan puja dan puji syukur atas kehadirat-Nya, serta

rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini.

Peneliti menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa tanpa adanya bekal ilmu

pengetahuan, dorongan serta bimbingan dari berbagai pihak, penelitian ini

tidak mungkin dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Pada kesempatan ini penulis

menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada:

1. Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya

2. Kedua orang tua penulis, Bapak Suharyono (alm) dan Ibu Silfana

tercinta yang selalu memberikan kasih sayang, do’a, semangat serta

dukungan yang luar biasa kepada peneliti selama menjalankan kuliah

hingga terselesaikannya skripsi ini.

3. Bapak Gonda Yumitro, MA. selaku Ketua Jurusan Hubungan

Internasional Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang dan pembimbing pertama serta Bapak Ruli

Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si selaku dosen pembimbing kedua yang

telah bersedia dengan sabar membimbing, memberikan ilmu,

dorongan dan meluangkan waktu hingga terselesaikannya skripsi ini.

4. Teman – teman HI angkatan 2010 atas kekeluargaan, semangat dan

keceriaan yang selalu diberikan kepada penulis.

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5. Keluarga besar Hubungan Internasional yang tidak dapat penulis

sebutkan satu persatu, atas kehangatan, kekeluargaan, dan keceriaan

yang selalu diberikan kepada penulis.

Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan skripsi ini masih jauh

dari sempurna, oleh karena itu kritik dan saran yang sifatnya membangun

sangat diharapkan peneliti. Akhir kata, semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat

bagi banyak pihak.

Malang, 4 Agustus 2017

Frandy Davan Harvanto

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DAFTAR ISI

Lembar Pengesahan ........................................................................................ i

Lembar Persetujuan Skripsi ............................................................................ ii

Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi ..................................................................... iii

Pernyataan Orisinalitas .................................................................................... iv

Abstraksi ......................................................................................................... v

Abstract ........................................................................................................... vi

Lembar persembahan ...................................................................................... vii

Daftar Isi .......................................................................................................... ix

Daftar Tabel ..................................................................................................... xii

Daftar Gambar ................................................................................................. xiii

Daftar Lampiran .............................................................................................. xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ............................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................... 6

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................. 6

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................. 6

1.3.2 Manfaat Praktis dan Akademis ........................................................ 7

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................. 8

1.5 Kerangka Teori / Konsep .......................................................................... 14

1.6 Metode Penelitian ...................................................................................... 17

1.6.1 Tipe Penelitian .................................................................................. 17

1.6.2 Teknik Analisa Data .......................................................................... 18

1.6.3 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ................................................................ 19

1.6.4 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian ................................................................. 19

1.7 Hipotesa .................................................................................................... 20

1.8 Kerangka Penulisan ................................................................................... 21

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BAB II Konseptualisasi GNH dalam Konteks Pembangunan

Berkelanjutan di Bhutan

2.1 Kondisi Umum Bhutan .............................................................................. 24

2.2 Gross National Happiness (GNH) dan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di

Bhutan ............................................................................................................. 26

2.2.1 Konteks dan Konsep dalam Pembangunan Bhutan ....................... 27

2.2.2 Definisi Model Pembangunan GNH ............................................. 31

2.3 Implementasi Pilar-pilar dan Kebijakan Gross National Happiness

(GNH) dalam Pembangunan Bhutan .............................................................. 38

2.4 Tatanan Pembangunan Antara Gross National Happiness (GNH) dengan

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) di Bhutan ........................................ 43

2.5 Perspektif Bhutan dalam Visi Pembangunan Global ................................ 45

BAB III Inisiatif Negosiasi Bhutan dan Perspektif PBB dalam Visi

Pembangunan Global

3.1 Tujuan Bhutan dalam Negosiasi di PBB ................................................... 48

3.2 Perspektif PBB dalam Visi Pembangunan Global ..................................... 52

3.2.1 Kelemahan Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Sebagai Indikator

Kesejahteraan ............................................................................... 53

3.2.2 Krisis Ekologi ............................................................................... 57

3.2.3 Krisis Sosial dan Ekonomi ........................................................... 59

3.2.4 Krisis Pemerintahan ...................................................................... 62

3.3 Usulan Bhutan Tentang New Development Paradigm (NDP) Sebagai

Implementasi GNH di Tingkat Global ..................................................... 63

3.3.1 Pendekatan transformasi Tentang Paradigma Baru ..................... 65

3.3.2 Prinsip-prinsip paradigma baru .................................................... 66

3.3.3 Model kerja yang diusulkan Bhutan dalam paradigm

pembangunan baru di PBB ........................................................... 69

3.3.4 Menuju paradigma pembangunan baru ....................................... 71

3.3.5 Penjelasan mengenai NDP model ................................................ 72

BAB IV Ketetapan PBB dalam Memutuskan Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs) Sebagai Model Pembangunan Global

4.1 Model Pembangunan Global Sebelum Penetapan Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) ....................................................................... 80

4.1.1 Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) ....................................... 80

4.2 Pembentukan International Expert Working Group (IEWG) Sebagai

Group Discussion dalam Membingkai Indikator SDGs .......................... 82

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4.3 Ketetapan PBB dalam Memutuskan SDGs Sebagai Model Pembangunan

Global ....................................................................................................... 83

4.3.1 Tujuan Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ......................... 84

4.3.2 Perbedaan Model Pembangunan MDGs dengan SDGs ................ 86

4.4 Analisa Fenomena Kasus Menggunakan Konsep Deliberatif ................... 88

BAB V Penutup

5.1 Kesimpulan dan Saran ............................................................................... 96

Daftar Pustaka

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Penelitian Terdahulu .................................................. 11

Tabel 2.1 Perbandingan Pembangunan GNH dan Ekonomi ...... 29

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Sembilan Domain GNH ............................................. 34

Gambar 3.1 Alur Negosiasi Bhutan ............................................... 50

Gambar 3.2 Krisis Ekologi ............................................................ 59

Gambar 3.3 Konvergensi Global Menuju NDP ............................. 70

Gambar 3.4 Kerangka NDP Bhutan di PBB .................................. 72

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DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Sustainable Development Goals

Lampiran 2. Millenium Development Goals

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