i

ANALISA KEBIJAKAN PIVOT TO ASIA U.S PASCA CHINA

MENERAPKAN STRATEGI MILITER ANTI ACSESS AND AREA

DENIAL 2011-2016

SKRIPSI

Disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar

Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1

ENDRA KURNIAWAN

201410360311028

PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2018

ii

ii

viii

KATA PENGANTAR

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahhi wa barakatuh.

Pada dasarnya Asia-Pasifik merupakan tempat yang menarik untuk dikaji.

U.S telah hadir diwilayah ini sejak perang dunia kedua. Kehadirannya sangat

dominan diwilayah ini. Hubungan U.S dengan negara-negara di wilayah ini sangat

kompleks, terutama terkait dengan munculnya China sebagai rising power. China

melalui strategi A2/AD sangat berpotensi untuk menjadi great power di wilayah

Asia-Pasifik. U.S sendiri telah menempatkan wilayah ini sebagai prioritas utama

dikarenakan U.S menganggap politik dunia akan berpusat diwilayah ini. Oleh

karena itu U.S mengeluarkan kebijakan pivot to Asia. Hal tersebut dilakukan

untuk menghadapi munculnya A2/AD China.

Dengan terselesaikannya skripsi ini penulis wajib untuk bersyukur atas

kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat, dan karunianya sehingga

peneliti dapat menyelesaikan karya skripsi dengan judul Analisa Kebijakan Pivot

to Asia U.S Pasca China Menerapkan Strategi Militer Anti Acsess and Area

Denial 2011-2016. Tujuan penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk memenuhi salah satu

persyaratan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1, Fakultas Ilmu

Sosial dan Ilmu Politik. Penulis berharap skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat untuk

memberikan bantuan intelektual kepada para peneliti selanjutnya. Namun dalam

pengerjaan skripsi ini peneliti sadar masih banyak kekurangan. Oleh karena itu

penulis menerima segala macam kritik dan saran yang bertujuan untuk

membangun.

Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahhi wa barakatuh.

Malang, 1 Juli 2018

Endra Kurniawan

x

DAFTAR ISI

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN UJIAN SKRIPSI ................................................... ii

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ................................................................................. iii

BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ....................................................... iv

SURAT PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .........................................................v

ABSTRAKSI......................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... vii

KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ viii

LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN .............................................................................. ix

DAFTAR ISI ...........................................................................................................x

DAFTAR TABEL .............................................................................................. xiii

DAFTAR GAMBAR .......................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR GRAFIK ..............................................................................................xv

BAB I .......................................................................................................................1

PENDAHULUAN...................................................................................................1

1.1 Latar Belakang .............................................................................................. 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ......................................................................................... 6

1.3 Manfaat dan Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................... 7

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................... 7

a. Manfaat Akademis ................................................................................... 7

b. Manfaat Praktis ........................................................................................ 7

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ...................................................................................... 8

1.5 Landasan Teori ............................................................................................ 20

1.5.1 Balance Of Power ................................................................................. 20

1.6 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................ 28

1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian ..................................................................................... 28

1.6.2 Metode Analisa ..................................................................................... 28

1.6.3 Tingkat Analisa ..................................................................................... 28

1.6.4 Variabel Penelitian ................................................................................ 29

xi

1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian .................................................................... 29

a. Batasan Waktu ........................................................................................ 29

1.6.6 Teknik dan Alat Pengumpulan Data ..................................................... 30

1.7 Hipotesis ...................................................................................................... 30

1.8 Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................. 31

BAB II ...................................................................................................................33

STRATEGI MILITER A2/AD CHINA .............................................................33

2.1 Potensi Status Great Power China di Asia-Pasifik Melalui Modernisasi

People’s Liberation Army (PLA) ...................................................................... 33

2.2 Peningkatan Kapabilitas Militer China Dalam Penerapan Strategi A2/AD 38

BAB III ..................................................................................................................46

KEBIJAKAN PIVOT TO ASIA U.S ...................................................................46

3.1 Alasan U.S mengeluarkan kebijakan pivot to Asia sebagai Balancing

terhadap strategi A2/AD China ......................................................................... 46

3.1.1 Ancaman Ballistics and Cruise Missiles dalam Sistem Pertahanan

A2/AD ............................................................................................................ 50

3.1.2 Peningkatan Sistem Command, Control, Communications, Computers,

Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Sebagai Pendukung Strategi

A2/AD ............................................................................................................ 59

3.1.3 Ancaman Pengembangan Teknologi Anti-Satellite Weapons Test

(ASAT) .......................................................................................................... 61

3.2 Pivot to Asia Sebagai Kebijakan Balance of Power U.S Terhadap Strategi

Anti Acces and Area Denial ............................................................................... 66

3.2.1 Capstone Concept for Joint Operations: Joint Force 2020 (CCJO)

Sebagai Doktrin Umum Kebijakan Pivot to Asia U.S ................................... 68

3.2.1.1 Strategi Air Sea Battle (ASB) Sebagai Elemen Pivot to Asia U.S

Untuk Mengkounter Strategi A2/AD China .............................................. 71

3.2.1.2 Penerapan Doktrin Joint Concept for Entry Operations (JCEO) U.S

Untuk Freedom Operation Dalam Lingkungan A2/AD ............................. 73

3.3 Penguatan Hubungan Aliansi dan Partnership Kebijakan Pivot to Asia .... 75

3.4 Peningkatan Kababilitas Militer U.S di Asia-Pasifik Sebagai Implementasi

Piviot To Asia .................................................................................................... 79

BAB IV ..................................................................................................................84

KESIMPULAN.....................................................................................................84

xii

4.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 84

4.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 85

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...........................................................................................87

xiii

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1.1 Posisi Penelitian

Tabel 2.1. Military Expenditure 2007-2016

Tabel 2.2. Chinese Military Personnel

Tabel 2.3. Timeline Perubahan Jumlah Personil PLA

Tabel 3.1. Kategori Ballistic Dan Cruise Missile

Tabel 3.2. Jenis Close-Range Ballistic Missiles

Tabel 3.3. Short-Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBM)

Tabel 3.4. Medium-Range (MRBM) dan Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles

(IRBM)

Tabel 3.5. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)

Tabel 3.6. China Satelit Capabilities

Tabel 3.7. Timeline Peluncuran ASAT

Tabel 3.8. Latihan Bersama U.S Dengan Aliansi dan Partner

Tabel 3.9. Operasi Pacific Pathway

Tabel 3.10 Pemindahan Kapabilitas Militer U.S ke Asia-Pasifik

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1. Map of China’s Theater Commands and Surrounding Area

Gambar 3.1. Lingkungan Operasi A2/AD

Gambar 3.2. Sistem Pertahanan Anti-Acsess China

Gambar 3.2: Bagan Hubungan CCJO, JOAC, ASB, dan JCEO

Gambar 3.3. Konsep NIA/D3

87

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