the aging process

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THE AGING PROCESS

DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY MEDICAL SCHOOL

Aging berhubungan dengan penurunan progresif pada hampir semua fungsi biologi.

EBM: orang inaktif (sedentary lebih cepat tua dibanding orang aktif/atlet

I. PENDAHULUAN

Usia Harapan Hidup

• Saat ini: 78 years• In 1900 : 47 years• In 2150 : 150 years• Usia harapan hidup dipengaruhi faktor lingkungan dan gaya hidup

Kelompok tua• 65 – 75 : young old• 75 – 85 : middle old• 85 - > : old• 90 - > : very old

• Saat ini: 78 years• In 1900 : 47 years• In 2150 : 150 years• Usia harapan hidup dipengaruhi faktor lingkungan dan gaya hidup

Kelompok tua• 65 – 75 : young old• 75 – 85 : middle old• 85 - > : old• 90 - > : very old

1.2 Demographic

II. AGING PROCESS

Aging is a complex interaction of genetic, chemically, physiology and behavior

Aging is a complex interaction of genetic, chemically, physiology and behavior

2.1 Basic mechanism of aging process

Mekanisme dasar dari penuaan tergantung pada proses ireversibel dan universal pada tingkat seluler dan molekuler dari dua kategori teori: akumulasi random cedera dan program genetik terkontrol

• First Category : Akumulasi acak kesalahan struktur protein, Mutasi sel somatik, akumulasi produk sisa metabolisme dan kerusakan radikal bebas

• Second Category :Usia genetik maksimum yang menentukan proses penuaan

Theory AgingTheory Year Proponent

Waste product theory 1923 Carrel and Ebeling

Wear and tear theory 1924 Pearl

Rate of living theory 1928 Pearl

Neuroendocrine theory 1947 Korenchevsky and Jones

Free radical theory 1955 Harman

Collagen theory 1957 Verzar

Metabolic theory 1957 ; 1961 Carlson et al; Johnson et al

Somatic mutation theory 1959 Sziliard

Error-catastrophe theory 1963 ; 1970 Orgel

Cross – linking theory 1968 Bjorksten

Programmed senescence theory 1969 Hayflick

Immunologic theory 1969 Walform

Evolution theory 1977 Kirkwood

Pada 1950-an Harman: Teori radikal bebas

Dalil bahwa kerusakan makromolekul seluler akibat produksi radikal bebas dalam organisme aerobik merupakan penentu utama dari rentang hidup.

Versi modern: “Teori stres oksidatif "

Penuaan akibat “Reactive oxygen specific” (ROS) yang menyebabkan perubahan fungsional, kondisi patologis dan bahkan kematian.

.

A schematic summary of proposed mechanisms by which ROS and oxidative stress could contribute to the process of aging

Relationship between ROS, Inflamation and Aging

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can play a role in cell signaling

2.2 PERUBAHAN FISIOLOGI PADA PENUAAN

• Pada marker mitokondria, terutama DNA mitokondria,

• Factor trankripsi dan mitochondrial encoded protein menurun pada peningkatan usia.

Molecular LevelMolecular Level

• Perubahan sel:• Atrofi, perubahan fungsi , kehilangan struktur/integritas sel apoptosic

• DNA sensitif untuk cedera • DNA repair menurun

Cellular AgingCellular Aging

• Perubahan fungsi fisiologis tubuh• Terjadi kekakuan/rigiditas progresif pada

berbagai sistem, misal:- Cardiovascular - Pulmonary - Musculoskeletal - Renal • Atrofi endokrin & immune system

Tissue and Systemic AgingTissue and Systemic Aging

Penurunan Kebugaran Fisik Karena Pertambahan Usia

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Dayatahan Kekuatan Kelenturan Kecepatan Intelektual

• Inflamasi adiposa dan endotel kapiler: metabolic syndrome of aging

• Muscular atrophy : Sarcopenia• Perubahan komposisi tubuh

- Weight Gain - Widening of pelvis- Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis- Increase body fat- Total body water decreases- Type II diabetes- Heart disease

Gejala yang muncul:

WHY EXERCISE ? VO2-Max (A) Cardiac Output (A) Resting Heart-Rate (A) Blood Pressure (A) Body Fat (A,W,K) Metabolism Rate (A,O) Muscle Mass (O) Capillary Density (A) Mitochondrial Density (A) HDL (A) Muscle Strength (W)

Counteract Osteoporosis (W)Counteract Obesity (A,O) Improved Efficiency of the

Muscle (A) Improved Vascularization

(A) Risk of Disease & Stroke

(A) Improved Blood Sugar

Control (A) Improved Structure &

Function of Ligaments & Joints (W,K)

Self Esteem (A,W,K)

Olahraga adalah STRESS !!Sel-sel otot banyak

rusakMenghabiskan

banyak energiJantung dan organ

lain harus bekerja keras

Menyisakan rasa sakit & lelah

Ternyata !! Stress itu perluTeori Penuaan (Aging):

Sel dan komposisinya akan selalu baru bila sering di ganti !!

Untuk dapat cepat diganti Harus rusak !!!

Olahraga StressTubuh Akan Rusak

Adaptasi Kerusakan

Hasil Lebih baik

Fisiologi Olahraga : Respon adaptasi faal tubuh terhadap perubahan homeostasis akibat stress karena olahraga

Recovery phasesRapid recovery Late recovery

Normalization of functional activity

Normalization of homeostatic balance

Resuscitation of work capacity

Resuscitation and super compensation of energy resources

Reconstruction function

ReconstructionPeningkatan sintesis anti oksidan sebagai

counteract radikal bebasProtein synthesis

Aktivasi hormon anabolikRepair of cell damageRe-synthesis actins-myosin

c-leucine myosin (super-compensation)

4.2 Calorie restriction 4.2 Calorie restriction

• In the late 1980s to mid-1990s: ditemukan gen spesifik yang teraktivasi oleh retriksi kalori.

• Guarente and Sinclair menemukan gen SIR2 (encodes enzymes that stabilize DNA)

preventing abnormal DNA formation and extending life span

4.3 Sirtuin4.3 Sirtuin

• Sirtuin or Sir2 proteins, sejenis protein yang memacu aktivitas histone deacetylase dan mono-ribosyltransferase Sirtuins mengatur transkripsi, apoptosis dan resistensi stress resistance saat terjadi retriksi kalori

• mempertahankan sel dari kerusakan

Crystallographic structure of yeast sir2 (rainbow colored cartoon, N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red) complexed with ADP (space-filling model, carbon = white, oxygen = red, nitrogen = blue, phosphorus = orange) and a histone H4 peptide (magenta) containing an acylated lysine residue

Crystallographic structure of yeast sir2 (rainbow colored cartoon, N-terminus = blue, C-terminus = red) complexed with ADP (space-filling model, carbon = white, oxygen = red, nitrogen = blue, phosphorus = orange) and a histone H4 peptide (magenta) containing an acylated lysine residue

•Olahraga adalah bagian dari retriksi kalori•Olahraga lama memacu “DNA-stabilizing actions” oleh sirtuins ,

4.4 Exercise dan Sirtuin4.4 Exercise dan Sirtuin

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