pertemuan 2_the history of life on earth.ppt
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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PowerPointLecture Presentations for
BiologyEighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Pertemuan
2he !istory o" #i"e on Earth
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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Outline Materi1. Kontrak Pembelajaran dan Pengantar (Pokok Bahasan Biologi
Evolusioner)
2. Sejarah Kehidupan di Bumi (The History of Life on Earth)
3. Kepunahan dalam Evolusi (Extinction)
4. agasan Biologi Evolusioner(Darwins Decent with Moification)
!. Evolusi Populasi(The Evolution of Po!ulations)
". Konsep spe#ies dan Spesiasi (The "rigin of s!ecies)
7. Presentasi Tugas Terstruktur dan Review Materi UTS
$. %&S
'. Konsep spe#ies dan Spesiasi (The "rigin of s!ecies)
1(. Evolusi )olekular (#eno$es an Their Evolution)
11. *ilogeni dan Pohon Kehidupan (Phylogeny an the Tree of Life)12. Evolusi pada &umbuhan (Plant Diversity %)
13. Evolusi pada &umbuhan (Plant Diversity %%)
14. Evolusi pada +e,an (&n %ntrouction to &ni$al Diversity)
15. Presentasi Tugas Terstruktur dan Review Materi UAS
1". %-S
'onse! kunci
*'onisi awal $ula +u$i $e$ungkinkan ter+entuknya
kehiu!an
,*-eka$ fosil $enoku$entasikan se.arah kehiu!an
/*Peristiwa kunci ala$ se.arah kehiu!an $encaku!
ter+entuknya organis$e unisel0 $ultisel0 an kolonisasi aratan*1*'e$unculan an keruntuhan kelo$!ok organis$e o$inan
terkait engan hanyutan +enua0 ke!unahan $asal0 an raiasi
aa!tif*
2*Evolusi tiak +erorientasi !aa tu.uan akhir*
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Oeriew! Lost"orlds
3 "rganis$e $asa lalu sangat +er+ea enganorganis$e sekarang
3 4ossil $enun.ukkan aanya !eru+ahan
ma#roevolusise!an.ang waktu ter$asuk$ Munculnya verte+rata aratan
$ &anya fotosintesis
$ Ter.ainya ke!unahan $assal
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4ig* ,25
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4ig ,2567
Cryolophosaurus
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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Concept #$%&! 'ondisi awal mula bumi memun()in)anterbentu)nya )ehidupan
3 Proses ki$iawi an fisika !aa awal ke+eraaanBu$i telah $enghasilkan sel sangat seerhana
$elalui taha!an s++
* 8intesis unsur a+iotik $en.ai $olekul
organik kecil,* Pengga+ungan $olekul5$olekul organik
kecil $en.ai $akro$olekul
/* Penge$asan $olekul5$olekul ke 9!roto+ionts:
1* &sal usul !er+anyakan iri $olekul5$olekul
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Synthesis of Or(anic Compounds on EarlyEarth
3 Bu$i ter+entuk kira5kira 1*; $iliar tahun lalu0+ersa$a engan ter+entuknya tata surya
3 &t$osfer +u$i !aa saat awal ke$ungkinan
+erisi ua! air an +ahan5+ahan ki$ia yangile!askan oleh eru!si vulkanis (nitrogen0 nitrogen
oksia0kar+onioksia0 $etana0 a$onia0 hirogen0
hirogen sulfia)
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3 "!arin $enge$ukakan +ahwa asal $ula kehiu!anter.ai +ersa$aan engan evolusi ter+entuknya +u$iserta at$osfirnya*
3 &t$osfir +u$i $ula5$ula $e$iliki air0
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3 Mono$er 5 $ono$er lalu +erga+ung $e$+entuk !oli$er0$isalnya !rotein an asa$ nukleat* 'e$uian agregasi ini$e$+entuk $olekul ala$ +entuk yang ise+utprotobion* Proto+ion ini $e$iliki ciri ki$ia yang +er+eaengan lingkungannya*
3 'onisi at$osfer $asa kini tiak lagi $e$ungkinkan untukter+entuknya sintesis $olekul organik secara s!ontan
karena oksigen i at$osfer akan $e$ecah ikatan ki$iaan $engekstraksi elektron*
3 Poli$erisasi atau !engga+ungan $ono$er ini a!ati+uktikan oleh 8yney 4ox*
3 8yney 4ox $elakukan !erco+aan engan $e$anaskanlarutan kental $ono$er organik yang $enganung asa$a$ino !aa suhu titik le+urnya* 8aat air $engua!0ter+entuklah la!isan $ono$er 5 $ono$er yang+er!oli$erisasi* Poli$er ini oleh 8yney 4ox ise+utproteinoid*
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3 Dala$ !enelitian i la+oratoriu$ +ila !roteinoiica$!ur engan air ingin akan $e$+entuk
ga+ungan !roteinoi yang ise+ut mikroser*3 Mikrosfer iselu+ungi oleh $e$+ran selektif
!er$ea+el*
3 Tahun @2Aan hi!otesis tentang evolusi ki$ia$ena!at ukungan ari 8tanley Miller angurunya Harol 6rey (@2/)*
3 Teori 6rey iasari atas !e$ikiran +ahwa +ahan
organik $eru!akan +ahan asar organis$e yang!aa $ulanya i+entuk se+agai reaksi gas yangaa i ala$ enan +antuan energi*
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3 8tanley Miller an Harol 6rey $elakukan!erco+aan i la+ yang $enun.ukkan +ahwa
ala$ $ensintesis +ahan organik $en.ai
$olekul organik sangat $ungkin ter.ainya
reuksi at$osfer
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3 7a$un e$ikian0 fakta5fakta +elu$ cuku!
$e$+uktikan aanya reuksi at$osfer awal
3 8e+aliknya +ahwa ko$!onen +ahan organik !erta$a
telah isintesis i ekat gunung +era!i an laut ala$
3 &sa$ a$ino .uga telah ite$ukan ala$ +e+era!a
$eteor
3 Poli$er $olekul organik kecil terkonsentrasi !aa
!asir0 tanah liat0 atau!un +atuan !anas
, ,
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4ig* ,25,
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*rotobionts
3 -e!likasi an $eta+olis$e $eru!akan sifatasar ari kehiu!an
3 Protobionts$eru!akan aggregat yang
i!rouksi ari unsur a+iotik yang ikelilingioleh $e$+ran atau struktur se$aca$
$e$+ran
3 Proto+ionts a!at $elakukan re!rouksiseerhana0 $eta+olis$ an $e$elihara
lingkungan ki$ia tu+uhnya
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3 Hasil !erco+aan $enun.ukkan +ahwa!roto+ionts a!at i+entuk secara s!ontan ari
+ahan a+iotik an ko$!onen organik
3
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4ig* ,25/
/a0 Simple reprodu#tion by liposomes
/b0 Simple metabolism
Phosphate
)altose
Phosphatase
)altose
-mylase
Star#h
lu#osephosphate
lu#osephosphate
2( m
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Self+Replicatin( RN and the -awn of NaturalSelection
3 Materi genetik awal aalah -7& +ukan D7&3 Molekul -7& ise+ut riboymes yang dapat
mengkatalisa banyak ma#am reaksi.
$
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3 Proto+iont awal $e$iliki ke$a$!uan$e$!er+anyak iri an $a$!u $engkatalisis
-7& se+agai $ateri genetik* Dengan e$ikian
$aka akan le+ih efektif ala$ $enggunakan
su$+eraya an ala$ $enghaa!i se.u$lahseleksi ala$*
3 Materi genetik awal yang ter+entuk terse+ut
ise+ut engan 9-7&:
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Concept #$%#! .he fossil record documents thehistory of life
3
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4ig* ,251Present
i!etrodon
Co""osteus "uspidatus
*ossilied
stromatolite
StromatolitesTappania# auni#ellulareukaryote
i"kinsonia"ostata
$allu"igenia
asts oammonites
Rho!aleosaurus vi"tor#a plesiosaur
1((millionyearsago
2((
15!
3((
25(
4((
35!
!((
!2!
!"!
"((
36!(
(
16!((
2.!#m
4.! #m
1 #m
4ig ,2515
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4ig* ,2515
*ossilied
stromatolite
StromatolitesTappania# a
uni#ellular
eukaryote
i"kinsonia
"ostata
$allu"igenia
!
((
!2
!
!"
!
"(
(
36!
((
16!(
(
2.!#m
4.! #m
1 #m
4ig ,251a5,
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4ig* ,2 1a ,
Present
i!etrodon
Co""osteus "uspidatus
asts o
ammonites
Rho!aleosaurus vi"tor#
a plesiosaur
1((milliony
earsago
2((
15!
3
((
25
(
4((
35!
4.!#m
4ig ,251+
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4ig* ,2 1+
Rho!aleosaurus vi"tor#a plesiosaur
4ig* ,251c
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4ig* ,2 1c
i!etrodon
4ig* ,251
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4ig* ,2 1
asts o ammonites
4ig* ,251e
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g
Co""osteus"uspidatus
4.! #m
4ig* ,251f
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g
$allu"igenia1 #m
4ig* ,251g
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g g
i"kinsonia "ostata 2.! #m
4ig* ,251h
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g
Tappania# a uni#ellular eukaryote
4ig* ,251i
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Stromatolites
4ig* ,251.
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*ossilied stromatolite
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3 Be+era!a iniviu telah $e$fosil0 an
+e+era!a yang lainnya $asih ala$ !encarianoleh !ara ahli geologi
3 4akta fosil telah +ias !aa +e+era!a se!sies
yang
$ Telah eksis se.ak .utaan tahun yang lalu0
$ Cu$lah !o!ulasinya +anyak an terse+ar
ke$ana5$ana0 serta
$ Me$iliki +agian yang kuat
-nimation7 &he eologi# 8e#ord-nimation7 &he eologi# 8e#ord
/ R ) d 0 il - d
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/ow Roc)s and 0ossils re -ated
3 8trata sei$en $enun.ukkan u$ur relatif suatu
fosil
3 6$ur fosil a!at itera $elalui raio$etric
3 %soto! 9!arent: isaningkan engan isoto!9aughter:
3 8etia! isoto! $e$iliki waktu !aruh0 isoto! inuk
kehilangan waktu se+esar se!aruhnya
4ig* ,252
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&ime /hallives0
-##umulating
9daughter: isotope
8emaining
9parent: isotope*ra#tiono
.pa
rent
is
oto
perema
ining
1 2 3 4
1;2
1;41;$ 1;1"
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3 -aiocar+on a!at igunakan untuk $enata
fossil yang +eru$ur le+ih ari 20AAA tahun3 6ntuk fossil yang le+ih tua0 +e+era!a isoto! a!at
igunakan untuk $enata la!isan +atuan sei$en
i+awah $au!un i atas fosil yang ite$ukannya
3 Batuan $agnetik a!at .uga $e$+erikan
infor$asi*
3 Berasarkan +atuan $agnetik iketahui +ahwa
antara kutu+ utara an selatan telah ter.aikesa$aan !erke$+angan
3 Buktinya aa !aa +atuan seluruh unia
.h O i i f N 1 f
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.he Ori(in of New 1roups ofOr(anisms
3Ma$$alia ter$asuk kelo$!ok hewan yangise+ut tetra!oa
3 Evolusi fitur $a$alia ter.ai $elalui $oifikasi
secara !erlahan5lahan yg a!at itelusuri$ulai ari nenek $oyangnya yakni syna!si
sa$!ai saat ini
4ig* ,25;
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3
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Ta+le ,25a
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Ta+le ,25+
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3 Phanero=oicu$ $eli!uti kehiu!an eukariota $ultiseluler
3 Phanero=oicu$ i+agi $en.ai tiga eras
$ Paleo=oiku$0
$ Meso=oiku$0 an
$
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-nimals
oloniation
o land
Paleo
3oi#
)eso1
3oi#
+umans
4eno
3oi#
?rigin o solarsystem andEarth
ProkaryotesProterooi# -r#haean
Billion
so. years
ago
1 4
32
)ulti#ellulareukaryotes
Single#elledeukaryotes
-tmospheri#
oCygen
.he 0irst Sin(le Celled
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.he 0irst Sin(le+CelledOr(anisms
3 4osil tertua yang telah ikenal aalah
stro$atolites0 strukturnya se!erti +atu yang
la!isannya teriri atas +anyak +akteri an
ena!an
3 8tro$atolites aa se.ak /*2 $iliar tahun lalu
3 8aat itu Prokaryotes $eru!akan !enghuni
tunggal +u$i se.ak /*2 5 ,* $iliar tahun lalu
4ig ,2567,
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Prokaryotes
Billio
n
so. ye
arsag
o
4
32
1
Photosynthesis and the Oxygen
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Photosynthesis and the OxygenRevolution
3 'ehiu!an i$ungkinkan karena aanya ", i
at$osfer
3 ", ihasilkan ari fotosintesis yang ke$uian
+ereaksi engan 4e terlarut an $e$+entuk
for$asi 4e +erla!is
3 8u$+er ", !aa awal kehiu!an $ungkin aalah
+akteri yang seru!a engan siano+akteri $oern
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3 8ekitar ,* $ilyar tahun yang lalu0 ",$ulai
teraku$ulasi i at$osfer an $ela!ukan
+atuan aratan
3 9-evolusi oksigen: ari ,* 5 ,*, $iliar tahun lalu$eru!akan +ahan uta$a untuk kehiu!an hingga
organis$e a!at $engeks!loitasi ekosiste$ +aru
4ig ,2567/
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-tmospheri#
oCygen
Billio
nso
. y
ears
ago
4
32
1
4ig* ,25
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The First
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The FirstEukaryotes3 4osil tertua ari sel eukariotik aalah ,* $ilyar
tahun
3 Hi!otesis enosi$+iosis $enyatakan +ahwa
$itokonria an !lastia (kloro!las an
organel lainnya) +erasal ari !rokariotik kecilyang hiu! i ala$ sel inang
$ Endosymbiontaalah sel yang hiu! i
ala$ sel inang
4ig ,25671
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Single#elledeukaryotes
Billio
n
so. ye
arsag
o
4
32
1
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3 7enek $oyang Prokariot ari $itokonria an
!lastis $ungkin $asuk ke ala$ sel inang
se+agai !arasit internal
3 Dala$ !rosesnya ke$uian enosi$+iotik
terse+ut $en.ai saling ketergantungan anakhirnya enosy$+ionts akan +ersatu $en.ai
organis$e yang utuh
3 Dala$ enosi$+iosis serial seharusnya$itokonria +erke$+ang terle+ih ahulu
se+elu$ !lastia $elalui se+uah urutan ke.aian5
ke.aian enosy$+iotic
4ig* ,25@5
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Du#leus
ytoplasm
@D-Plasma membrane
Endoplasmi# reti#ulum
Du#lear envelope
-n#estralprokaryote
4ig* ,25@5,
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-erobi#heterotrophi#prokaryote
)ito#hondrion
-n#estralheterotrophi#
eukaryote
4ig* ,25@5/
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-n#estral photosyntheti#eukaryote
Photosyntheti#prokaryote
)ito#hondrio
n
Plastid
4ig* ,25@51
ytoplasmPlasma membrane
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-n#estral photosyntheti#
eukaryote
Photosyntheti#prokaryote
)ito#hondrion
Plastid
Du#leus
y p
@D-Plasma membrane
Endoplasmi# reti#ulum
Du#lear envelope
-n#estralprokaryote
-erobi#heterotrophi#prokaryote
)ito#hondrion
-n#estralheterotrophi#eukaryote
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3 Bukti kunci yang $enukung ter.ainya
enosi$+iotik $itochonria an !lastia
$ 'esa$aan struktur an fungsi $e$+ran
$ 'e$iri!an ala$ !e$+elahan organel g+e+era!a !rokariota
$ "rganel !t $entranskri!si an $entranslate
D7& $ereka seniri$ -i+oso$nya le+ih $iri! engan !rokariotik ari
!aa ri+oso$ eukariotik
.he Ori(in of
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.he Ori(in ofMulticellularity
3 Perke$+angan sel eukariotik $enun.ukkan
rentang +entuk5+entuk uniselular yang le+ih +esar
3 Diversifikasinya ter.ai ketika organis$e
$ultiseluler +erke$+ang an $unculnya
ganggang0 tana$an0 .a$ur0 an hewan
The Earliest Multicellular
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The Earliest MulticellularEukaryotes
3 Per+aningan rantai D7& $enun.ukkan +ahwa
eukaryotes $ulticellular telah aa sekitar *2
$ilyar tahun yang lalu
3 4osil eukariot $ultiseluler tertua yakni algakecil telah hiu! sekitar *, $ilyar tahun yang
lalu
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Hi!otesis 9snow+all Earth:
3 Hy!othesis $enun.ukkan +ahwa !erios of
extre$e glaciation $e$+atasi kehiu!an
region euatorial atau!un laut ala$ ari 2A >2A .uta tahun yang lalu
3 Biota Eiacarian (organis$e +ertu+uh lunak)
telah hiu! antara 2;2 5 2/2 .uta tahun yanglalu
4ig ,25672
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)ulti#ellular
eukaryotes
Billio
nso. ye
arsag
o
4
32
1
The Cambrian
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Explosion
3 Leakan 'a$+riu$ $eninggalkan fosil
$enyeru!ai filu$ $oern ! !erioe
'a$+riu$ (2/252,2 .uta tahun yang lalu)
3 Leakan 'a$+riu$ $e$+erikan +ukti!erta$a ari interaksi !reator5$angsa
4ig ,2567;
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-nimals
Billio
n
so. ye
arsag
o
4
32
1
4ig* ,25A
es
ns
ds
ds
ms
es
ds
#s
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Spong
=ateProterooi#eon
EarlyPaleooi#era/ambrianperiod0
4nidaria
-nnelid
Bra#hiopod
E#hinoderm
4hordate
)i
llionso.yearsa
go
!((
!42
-rthropod
)ollus#
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3 &nalisis D7& $enun.ukkan +ahwa +anyak
filu$ hewan $enyi$!ang se+elu$ leakan'a$+riu$0 $ungkin se+elu$ AA5AAA .uta
tahun yang lalu
3 4osil i
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/a0 &,o#ell stage 1!( m 2(( m/b0 =ater stage
.he Coloni4ation of
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Land
3 Ca$ur0 tu$+uhan0 an hewan $ulai $enguasai
lahan sekitar 2AA .uta tahun yg lalu
3 Tu$+uhan an .a$ur secara +ersa$a5sa$a
$enguasai lahan sekitar 1,A .uta tahun yg lalu3 &rthro!oa an tetra!oa $eru!akan
hewan arat yg !aling +eraga$ an
terse+ar luas
3 Tetra!oa +erevolusi ari ikan +ersiri! lo+us
sekitar /;2 .uta tahun yang lalu
4ig ,2567
oloniation o land
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Billio
nso. ye
arsago
4
32
1
Concept #$%5! .he rise and fall of dominant
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3 'elo$!ok5kelo$!ok organis$e +erfluktuasi
se!an.ang se.arah kehiu!an +u$i
3 Hal terse+ut $eru!akan refleksi ari aanya/ hal yg sangat +er!engaruh0 yaitu
*
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-rift
3 8e!an.ang !er.alanan waktu0 $assa aratan+u$i telah $e$+entuk se+uah +enua(Pangaea) se+anyak / kali0 yaitu
*Paa waktu 0 .uta tahun yg lalu0
,*Paa waktu ;AA .uta tahun yg lalu0 an/*Paa waktu ,2A .uta tahun yang lalu
3 Pangea aalah +enua yang ter.ai sela$a
akhir Paleo=oic an awal era Meso=oiku$
Continental
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-rift
3 Bu$i +ergerak !erlahan se!an.ang $antel!anas yang $enye+a+kan ter.ainya !roses!ergeseran +enua
3 Laut an .uga le$!eng +enua +er+enturan0shg $e$isahkan satu sa$a lain
3 %nteraksi antara le$!engan $enye+a+kange$!a +u$i an !e$+entukan !egununganan !ulau5!ulau
4ig* ,25,
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/a0 uta,ay vie, o Earth /b0 )ajor #ontinental plates
nner#ore
?uter#ore
rust
)antle Pa#ii#Plate
Da#aPlate
Fuan de *u#aPlate
o#os Plate
aribbeanPlate
-rabianPlate
-ri#anPlate
S#otia Plate
Dorth-meri#anPlate
South-meri#anPlate
-ntar#ti#Plate
-ustralianPlate
PhilippinePlate
ndianPlate
Eurasian Plate
4ig* ,25,a
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/a0 uta,ay vie, o Earth
nner#ore
?uter#ore
rust
)antle
4ig* ,25,+
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/b0 )ajor #ontinental plates
Pa#ii#Plate
Da#aPlate
Fuan de *u#aPlate
o#os Plate
aribbeanPlate
-rabianPlate
-ri#anPlate
S#otia Plate
Dorth
-meri#anPlate
South
-meri#an
Plate
-ntar#ti#Plate
-ustralianPlate
PhilippinePlate
ndianPlate
Eurasian Plate
Consequences o Continental! it
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!rit
3 Pe$+entukan Pangaea ke / yakni sekitar
,2A .uta tahun yang lalu $e$iliki +anyak
efek
$ Penangkalan ha+itat !erairan$ Peru+ahan %kli$ aratan $en.ai le+ih
ingin an le+ih kering$ Peru+ahan ikli$ +enua sa$!ai ke kutu+
$ Peru+ahan !ola sirkulasi laut yang$engarah ke !eninginan glo+al
4ig* ,25/
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South-meri#a
Pang
aea
)illionso.years
ago
"!.!
13!
)eso3oi#
2!1
Paleo3oi#
ond,ana
=aurasia
Eurasia
ndia
-ri#a
-ntar#ti#a-u
strali
a
Dorth-m
eri#a
)adagas#ar
4eno3oi#
Present
4ig* ,25/a
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South-meri#a
)illio
nso.years
ago
"!.!
Eurasia
ndia
-ri#a
-ntar#ti#a -us
tralia
Dorth
-meri
#a
)adagas#ar
4en
o3oi#
Present
4ig* ,25/+
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Pangae
a
)illions
o.yearsago
13!
)eso3oi#
2!1
Paleo3oi#
ond,ana
=aurasia
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3 Pecahnya +enua Pangaea $enye+a+kan
ter.ainya s!esiasi allo!atric
3 Distri+usi fosil5fosil $encer$inkan telah
ter.ainya !ergerakan !ergeseran +enua
3 Misalnya0 kesa$aan fosil i +e+era!a
+agian &$erika 8elatan an &frika konsisten
engan gagasan +ahwa +enua terse+utse+elu$nya aalah satu
MassE i i
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E6tinctions
3
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Events
3 8e!an.ang se.arah !e$+entukan +u$i telah
ter.ai 2 !eristiwa ke!unahan $assal
3 Paa setia! !eristiwa ke!unahan $assal ts+
selalu ter.ai ke$usnahan s!ecies +u$i le+ih
ari 2AG
4ig* ,251
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&otaleCtin#tionrate
/.amilies
permillionyears07
&ime /millions o years ago0
Dumb
ero..amilies7
enooi#)esooi#Paleooi#
E ? S @ P &r F!42
(
4$$ 444 41" 3!' 2'' 2!1 2(( 14!
Era
Period
!
P D"!.!
(
(
2((
1((
3((
4((
!((
"((
5((
$((
1!
1(
2(
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3 'e!unahan Per$ian ter.ai antara era
Paleo=oiku$ an Meso=oiku$
3 'e!unahan $asal ini ter.ai ala$ waktu
kurang ari 2 .uta tahun an $enye+a+kanke!unahan sekitar @;G s!esies hewan laut
3 Peristiwa ini ise+a+kan oleh $eletusnya
gunung +era!i0 yang $enye+a+kan!e$anasan glo+al0 an !enurunan oksigen
sa$ura
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3 'e!unahan $assal !aa era
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3 'e!unahan $assal i!er!arah oleh aanya
hu.an $eteor
3 &anya iriiu$ ! +atuan sei$en
$enun.ukkan a$!ak $eteorit sekitar ;2.uta tahun yang lalu
3 &anya kawah
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D?8&+
-)E8-
hi#Culub#rater>u#atGn
Peninsula
%s a &ixth Mass Extinction 'nder( )
-
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(ay)
3 Data $enun.ukkan +ahwa $anusia a!at
$enye+a+kan ter.ainya ke!unahan $assal
ke ena$
3 Para il$uwan $e$!erkirakan +ahwa la.uke!unahan yg ise+a+kan oleh $anusia
a!at $enca!ai AA hingga *AAA kali
!ampak dari ter*adinya MassE ti ti
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Extinctions
3 Mass extinction a!at $engu+ah ko$unitas
ecologi an keterseiaan niches +agi
organis$e
3 -ecovery keanekaraga$an hayati ari
ke!unahan $assal $e$erlukan waktu 2 5 AA
.uta tahun
3 'e!unahan $asal $e$aksa $ahluk hiu!untuk $elakukan raiasi aaftif
4ig* ,25;
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Predatorgenera
/per#entageo.marinege
nera0
&ime /millions o years ago0
enooi#)esooi#Paleooi#
E ? S @ P &r F
!42
(
4$$ 444 41" 3!' 2'' 2!1 2(( 14!
Era
Period P D
"!.! (
1(
2(
3(
4(
!(
daptieRadiations
-
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Radiations
3 -aiasi aa!tif aalah evolusi suatu
s!esies ari satu nenek $oyang yg sa$a
$elalui aa!tasi !aa lingkungan yang +aru
(orld+ide ,daptiveRadiations
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Radiations
3 Ma$alia $en.alani raiasi aa!tif setelah
ke!unahan inosaurus arat
3 Hilangnya inosaurus (kecuali +urung)
$e$ungkinkan ter.ainya keanekaraga$anan +erke$+angnya .u$lah $a$alia
3 -aiasi aa!tif ter.ai .uga !aa !rokariota
fotosintetik0 !reator +esar i era'a$+riu$0 tu$+uhan arat0 serangga0 an
tetra!oa
4ig* ,25
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)illions o years ago
)onotremes/! spe#ies0
2!( 1!( 1((2(( !(
-DES&8-=
>D?@?D&
(
)arsupials/324 spe#ies0
Eutherians
/pla#entalmammalsH!6(1( spe#ies0
-n#estralmammal
Regional ,daptiveRadiations
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Radiations
3 -aiasi aa!tif !t ter.ai a!a+ila organis$e
$ngoloni lingkungan +aru hanya engan
ko$!etisi seerhana
3'e!ulauan Hawaii aalah salah satu lokasiraiasi aa!tif ter+esar i unia
4ig* ,25
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lose Dorth -meri#an relative6the tar,eed Carl%uistia !uirii
Argyro&iphiu!sandwi"ense
u'autia linearisu'autia s"a'ra
u'autia waialealae
u'autia la&a
+-I-(.4
millionyears
?-+%3.5
millionyears
K-%-!.1
millionyears
1.3millionyears
)?=?K-)-%
=-D-
4ig* ,25a
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+-I-
(.4millionyears
?-+%
3.5million
years
K-%-
!.1millionyears
1.3million
years
)?=?K-
)-%
=-D-
4ig* ,25+
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lose Dorth -meri#an relative6the tar,eed Carl%uistia !uirii
4ig* ,25c
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u'autia waialealae
4ig* ,25
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u'autia la&a
4ig* ,25e
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u'autia s"a'ra
4ig* ,25f
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Argyro&iphiu! sandwi"ense
4ig* ,25g
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u'autia linearis
Concept #$%$! Ma7or chan(es in body form canresult from chan(es in the se8uences and re(ulation
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3 8tui ttg $ekanis$e !eru+ahan genetika!at $e$+erikan wawasan aanya
evolusi l$ skala +esar
result from chan(es in the se8uences and re(ulationof deelopmental (enes
Eolutionary Effects of -eelopment1enes
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1enes
3 #enlah yang $engontrol !erke$+angan
an !eru+ahan +entuk organis$e sa$!ai
$en.ai ewasa
3 La.u !erke$+angannya0
3 aktu yg i+utuhkan untuk !erke$+angan0an
3 Pola +entuk yang akan ter.ai
Changes in Rate andTiming
-
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Timing
3 Heterochrony $eru!akan !eru+ahan
evolusioner ala$ hal la.u atau waktu!erke$+angan
3 La.u an waktu !erke$+angan
$enye+a+kan ter.ainya !er+eaan
signifikan terhaa! +entuk tu+uh
3 Bentuk kontras tengkorak $anusia ansi$!anse aalah aki+at aanya !er+eaan
kecil ala$ la.uItingkat !ertu$+uhan
relatifnya
4ig* ,25@
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/a0 @ierential gro,th rates in a human
/b0 omparison o #himpanee and human skull gro,th
De,born
-ge /years0
-dult1!!2
himpanee etus himpanee adult
+uman etus +uman adult
4ig* ,25@a
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/a0 @ierential gro,th rates in a human
De,born -ge /years0 -dult1!!2
4ig* ,25@+
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/b0 omparison o #himpanee and human skull gro,th
himpanee etus himpanee adult
+uman etus +uman adult
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3 Heterochrony a!at $engu+ah waktu
!eke$+angan organ re!rouksi $en.ai
!eke$+angan organ nonre!rouctive
3 Dala$ !aeo$or!hosis0 la.u !erke$+anganorgan re!rouksi le+ih ce!at i+aningkan
engan !erke$+angan organ so$atik
3 8!esies yg suah $atang secara seksuala!at $e$!ertahankan struktur fitur tu+uh
s!esies leluhurnya
4ig* ,25,A
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ills
Changes in &patialPattern
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3 Peru+ahan evolusioner .uga +isa ter.ai
se+agai aki+at anya !eru+ahan ala$ gen
yang $engontrol !ene$!atan an
!engaturan organ tu+uh
3 en homeotik$enentukan fitur asar
se!erti i $ana saya! an kaki akan
ite$!atkan an +erke$+ang !aa +urung
atau +agai$ana +agian5+agian +unga
tana$an akan isusun
-
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3 Hox gen aalah gen ho$eotik yang
$enyeiakan infor$asi !osisi +agi organ
tu+uh sela$a !erke$+angan $ahluk hiu!
3 Cika Hox #en isi$!an i lokasi yang salah0$aka +agian tu+uh akan +eraa !aa lokasi
yang salah
3 Misalnya0 !aa
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3 Evolusi verte+rata ari hewan inverte+rata
ikaitkan engan !eru+ahan ala$ Hox
#en
3 Dua u!likasi Hox gen telah ter.ai ala$silsilah verte+rata
3 Du!likasi ini $ungkin !enting ala$ evolusi
verte+rata untuk $e$+entuk karakteristik+aru
4ig* ,25,
+ypotheti#al vertebratean#estor /invertebrate0
-
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p
3 Meningkatnya iversitas yang luar +iasa
sela$a !erioe
-
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3 Morfologi +aru se!ertinya +erasal ari u!likasi
gen yang selan.utnya gen +aru ts+ akan$e$!rouksi gen !e$+angun +aru
3 Mekanis$e evolusi yang $asuk akal ialah
evolusi ari serangga +erkaki ; yang +erasal
ari serangga +erkaki +anyak yakni
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$o&gene " $o&gene 5 $o&gene $
-bout 4(( mya
rosophila Arte!ia
U'&
Changes in -eneRegulation
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g
3 Peru+ahan +entuk organis$e $ungkin le+ih
+anyak ise+a+kan oleh aanya !eru+ahan!engaturan !erke$+angan gen
3 8e+agai contoh0 8tickle+acks anau $e$iliki
uri le+ih seikit i+aning 8tickle+ack laut
3 Dala$ ua kelo$!ok ikan terse+ut0 urutan
gennya teta! sa$a0 teta!i regulasi eks!resigennya +er+ea
4ig* ,25,/
8ES%=&S
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&est o +ypothesis -7
@ieren#es in the #oding
seuen#e o the Pit&1geneJ
8esult7Do
)arine sti#kleba#k embryo
loseup o ventral sura#e
&est o +ypothesis B7
@ieren#es in the regulation
o eCpression o Pit&1J
Pit&1is eCpressed in the ventral spine
and mouth regions o developing marine
sti#kleba#ks but only in the mouth region
o developing lake sti#kba#ks.
&he 2$3 amino a#ids o thePit&1protein
are identi#al.
8esult7>es
=ake sti#kleba#k embryo
loseupo mouth
4ig* ,25,/a
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)arine sti#kleba#k embryo
loseup o ventral sura#e
=ake sti#kleba#k embryo
loseupo mouth
Concept #$%9! Eolution is not (oaloriented
-
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3 Evolusi se!erti halnya orang seang $engelas
+a.aJ!roses i $ana +entuk +aru ti$+ul olehseikit $oifikasi ari +entuk5+entuk yang telah
aa*
EolutionaryNoelties
-
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3 8e+agian +esar struktur5struktur +iologis +eru+ah
ala$ +anyak taha! ari struktur se+elu$nya
3 Mata ko$!leks aalah hasil +erke$+ang ari sel5sel !eka cahaya seerhana secara +e+as
3 8truktur a!at +erke$+ang ala$ satu hal tertentuteta!i tiak lagi untuk fungsi +er+ea
3 8eleksi ala$ hanya a!at $eningkatkan se+uah
struktur ala$ konteks utilitas terkinisnya
4ig* ,25,1
Pigmented #ells/photore#eptors0
Epithelium
Pigmented
#ells
-
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/a0 Pat#h o pigmented #ells
?pti#nerve Pigmented
layer /retina0
*luidilled #avity
Epithelium
/#0 Pinhole #ameratype eye
?pti# nerve
ornea
8etina
=ens
/e0 ompleC #ameratype eye
/d0 Eye ,ith primitive lens
?pti# nerve
orneaellularmass/lens0
/b0 Eye#up
Derve ibers Derve ibers
Eolutionary.rends
-
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3 Menyi$!ulkan evolusi ari fakta tunggal evolusi
+isa $enyesatkan
3 "leh karena itu !erlu itelaah kecenerungan
yang le+ih luas lagi
4ig* ,25,2
8e#ent/116!(( ya0
Pleisto#ene/1.$ mya0
)%uus$ippidion and other genera
-
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(eohipparionPlio#ene/!.3 mya0
/1.$ mya0
$ipparion
(annippus
Pliohippus
Callippus
Mery"hippus
Ar"haeohippus
Megahippus
$ypohippus
Parahippus
An"hitheriu!
Sinohippus
)io#ene/23 mya0
?ligo#ene/33.' mya0
Eo#ene/!!.$ mya0
Miohippus
Paleotheriu!
Propalaeotheriu!
Pa"hynolophus
$yra"otheriu!
*rohippus
Mesohippus
)pihippus
Bro,sers
raers
Key
4ig* ,25,2a
-
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?ligo#ene
/33.' mya0
Eo#ene/!!.$ mya0
Miohippus
Paleotheriu!
Propalaeotheriu!
Pa"hynolophus
$yra"otheriu!
*rohippus
Mesohippus
)pihippus
Bro,ser
s
raers
Key
4ig* ,25,2+
-
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8e#ent/116!(( ya0
(eohipparionPlio#ene/!.3 mya0
Pleisto#ene/1.$ mya0
$ipparion
(annippus
)%uus
Pliohippus
$ippidion and other genera
Callippus
Mery"hippus
Ar"haeohippus
Megahippus
$ypohippus
Parahippus
An"hitheriu!
Sinohippus
)io#ene/23 mya0
-
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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
3 Menurut 9s!ecies selection $oel:0 s!eciasi
ter.ai ketika karakteristik tertentu r suatus!esies +ertahan le+ih la$a0 seangkan
!aa generasi +aru ter.ai karakteristik lain
yg sangat +er+ea
3 7a$un e$ikian0 ter.ainya evolusi tiak
selalu +erarti +ahwa aa +e+era!a
orongan intrinsik $enu.u fenoti!e tertentu0
na$un .uga karena aanya orongan
ekstrinksik
4ig ,2567
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)illions o years ago /mya0
1.2 bya7*irst multi#ellular eukaryotes
2.1 bya7*irst eukaryotes /single#elled0
3.! billion years ago /bya07
*irst prokaryotes /single#elled0
!3!!2! mya7
ambrian eCplosion/great in#reasein diversity oanimal orms0
!(( mya7oloniationo land byungi6 plantsand animals
Present
!((
26(
((
16!
((
1
6(((
36(
((
26!
((
36!
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o1
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?rigin o solar systemand Earth
4
32
1
Paleo
Proterooi# -r#haean
Billionso. ye
arsago
4ig ,2567A
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*lies andleas
)oths andbutterlies
addislies
+erbivory
4ig ,2567
eo3oi#
)eso1
3oi#
4eno1
3oi#
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?rigin o solar system
and Earth
4
32
1
Paleo
3
Proterooi# -r#haean
Billionso. years
ago
:ou should now be ableto!
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Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
* Define raio$etric ating0 serial
enosy$+iosis0 Pangaea0 snow+all Earth0exa!tation0 heterochrony0 an
!aeo$or!hosis
,* Descri+e the contri+utions $ae +y "!arin0
Halane0 Miller0 an 6rey towar
unerstaning the origin of organic $olecules
/* Ex!lain why -7&0 not D7&0 was likely the first
genetic $aterial
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1* Descri+e an suggest evience for the $a.or
events in the history of life on Earth fro$Earths origin to , +illion years ago
2* Briefly escri+e the
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