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PENGARUH KADAR KOLESTEROL TOTAL DAN GULA
DARAH PUASA TERHADAP PENURUNAN REFERENCE
MEMORY PADA TIKUS WISTAR JANTAN DAN BETINA
YANG DIINDUKSI DIET TINGGI LEMAK
SKRIPSI
ATTAUFIQ IRAWAN
1510211022
UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” JAKARTA
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA KEDOKTERAN
2019
i
PENGARUH KADAR KOLESTEROL TOTAL DAN GULA
DARAH PUASA TERHADAP PENURUNAN REFERENCE
MEMORY PADA TIKUS WISTAR JANTAN DAN BETINA
YANG DIINDUKSI DIET TINGGI LEMAK
SKRIPSI
Diajukan Sebagai Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Memperoleh
Gelar Sarjana Kedokteran
ATTAUFIQ IRAWAN
1510211022
UNIVERSITAS PEMBANGUNAN NASIONAL “VETERAN” JAKARTA
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA KEDOKTERAN
2019
v
PENGARUH KADAR KOLESTEROL TOTAL DAN GULA
DARAH PUASA TERHADAP PENURUNAN REFERENCE
MEMORY PADA TIKUS WISTAR JANTAN DAN BETINA
YANG DIINDUKSI DIET TINGGI LEMAK
Attaufiq Irawan
Abstrak
Obesitas telah menjadi pandemi yang ditandai dengan berbagai komplikasi
kesehatan dan penyakit komorbid. Salah satu penyebab pandemi ini adalah
meningkatnya pola diet yang tidak sehat seperti diet tinggi lemak. Berbagai studi
menunjukan bahwa konsumsi diet tinggi lemak, menyebabkan gangguan kognitif.
Peningkatan kadar kolesterol dan insensitivitas reseptor insulin diduga dapat
menyebabkan gangguan konsolidasi memori. Studi yang membahas pengaruh
peningkatan kadar kolesterol dan disregulasi glukosa terhadap gangguan memori
masih terbilang jarang. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh perubahan
kadar glukosa darah puasa dan kolesterol total terhadap penurunan reference
memory pada tikus Wistar jantan dan betina yang diinduksi diet tinggi lemak.
Kadar kolesterol total dan gula darah puasa diukur menggunakan spektrometer
dan error reference memory diukur menggunakan labirin delapan lengan. Desain
penelitian ini adalah eksperimen dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 24 tikus Wistar.
Hasil menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara peningkatan kolesterol total
(p=0,000) dan gula darah puasa (p=0,005) dengan peningkatan error reference
memory, serta tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis kelamin (p=0,385) dan berat
badan dengan peningkatan error reference memory (p=0,099). Peningkatan
kolesterol total merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh (59,7 kali) dalam
meningkatkan error reference memory.
Kata Kunci : Kolesterol, gula darah, diet tinggi lemak, reference memory.
vi
THE EFFECT OF TOTAL CHOLESTEROL AND FASTING
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL ON DECREASING OF
REFERENCE MEMORY ON MALE AND FEMALE WISTAR
RATS INDUCED BY HIGH FAT DIET
Attaufiq Irawan
Abstract
Obesity has become a pandemic characterized by various health complications
and comorbid diseases. One of the causes of this pandemic is increasingly
unhealthy diet patterns such as high-fat diets. Various studies show that the
consumption of a high-fat diet causes cognitive impairment. Increased cholesterol
levels and insensitivity of insulin receptors are thought to cause impaired memory
consolidation. Studies that discuss the effect of increasing cholesterol levels and
glucose dysregulation on memory disorders are still fairly rare. The purpose of
this study was to determine the effect of changes in fasting blood glucose levels
and total cholesterol on decreasing reference memory in male and female Wistar
rats induced by a high-fat diet. Total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose levels
were measured using a spectrometer and a reference memory error was measured
using an eight-arm maze. The design of this study was an experiment with a
sample size of 24 Wistar rats. The results showed that there was a correlation
between the increase in total cholesterol (p = 0,000) and fasting blood glucose (p
= 0,005) with an increase in reference memory error, and there was no
relationship between sex (p = 0,385) and body weight with an increase in
reference memory error (p = 0.099). Increasing total cholesterol is the most
influential factor (59,7 times) in increasing the reference memory error.
Keywords: Cholesterol, blood glucose, high fat diet, reference memory.
vii
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, karena berkat rahmat
Nya-lah penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi dengan judul “Pengaruh kadar
kolesterol total dan gula darah puasa terhadap penurunan reference memori pada
tikus wistar jantan dan betina yang diinduksi diet tinggi lemak”. Penulis
menyadari bahwa banyak pihak terkait yang telah memberikan bantuan sejak
dimulainya masa perkuliahan hingga saat ini. Oleh karena itu penulis ingin
menyampaikan rasa hormat dan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada Dr.
dr. Prio Sidipratomo, Sp. Rad, selaku Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran UPNVJ, dr.
Niniek Hardini, Sp. PA, selaku ketua Program Studi Sarjana Kedokteran, dr. Tuty
Rizkianti, Sp. PD, selaku dosen pembimbing utama, Ibu Meiskha Bahar, S.Si,
selaku dosen pembimbing kedua yang telah bersedia meluangkan waktu, tenaga,
dan pikiran untuk mengarahkan serta memberi dukungan dan perhatian yang
sangat besar pada peneliti selama proses penyusunan skripsi ini, dan dr. Muttia
Amalia, M. Biomed, selaku penguji utama yang telah memberikan masukan,
saran, dan motivasi yang sangat bermanfaat dalam penyusunan skripsi ini, juga
kepada orang tua peneliti, Letkol CHB Bambang Irawan dan Krismiyati, kak Asri
dan Astri yang selalu memberikan dukungan di setiap langkah yang saya ambil.
Tidak lupa sahabat terbaik peneliti: Amed, Aldi, Maul, Daniel, Faiz, Izzy,
Shabrina, Toga. Terimakasih atas hiburan, dukungan, perhatian, dan
pengertiannya. Serta pihak-pihak lain yang tidak dapat peneliti sebutkan satu
persatu, untuk bantuan dan kontribusi yang diberikan kepada peneliti demi
kelancaran penulisan skripsi serta kehidupan perkuliahan yang peneliti lalui di FK
UPNVJ. Peneliti berharap semoga Allah SWT berkenan membalas segala
kebaikan semua pihak yang telah membantu. Semoga penelitian ini dapat
bermanfaat.
viii
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................ i
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ......................................................................... ii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .................................................. iii
PENGESAHAN ..................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... vi
KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... vii
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................ viii
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................. xi
DAFTAR BAGAN ............................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ........................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ........................................................................................ xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
I.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................... 1
I.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................................. 3
I.3 Tujuan Penelitian ............................................................................................... 3
I.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ................................................................................................ 3
I.4 Manfaat Penelitian ............................................................................................. 4
I.4.1 Manfaat Teoritis .............................................................................................. 4
I.4.2 Manfaat Praktis ............................................................................................... 4
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 5
II.1 Landasan Teori ................................................................................................. 5
II.1.1 Kolesterol ...................................................................................................... 5
II.1.2 Glukosa Darah ............................................................................................. 13
II.1.3 Insulin .......................................................................................................... 16
II.1.4 Memori ........................................................................................................ 17
II.1.5 Pengaruh diet tinggi lemak terhadap memori .............................................. 25
II.2 Kerangka Teori ............................................................................................... 29
II.3 Kerangka Konsep ........................................................................................... 30
ix
II.4 Hipotesis Penelitian ........................................................................................ 30
II.5 Penelitian Terkait............................................................................................ 31
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN.............................................................. 33
III.1 Jenis Penelitian .............................................................................................. 34
III.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ........................................................................ 34
III.3 Subjek Penelitian ........................................................................................... 34
III.4 Kriteria Penelitian ......................................................................................... 34
III.4.1 Kriteria Inklusi ........................................................................................... 34
III.4.1 Kriteria Eksklusi......................................................................................... 34
III.5 Besar Sampel ................................................................................................. 35
III.6 Variabel Penelitian ........................................................................................ 35
III.6.1 Variabel Bebas ........................................................................................... 35
III.6.2 Variabel Terikat ......................................................................................... 35
III.7 Definisi Operasional ..................................................................................... 36
III.8 Instrumen Penelitian...................................................................................... 37
III.8.1 Alat ............................................................................................................. 37
III.8.2 Bahan.......................................................................................................... 37
III.9 Alur Penelitian .............................................................................................. 38
III.10 Persiapan dan Perlakuan Pengujian ............................................................ 39
III.10.1 Sebelum Perlakuan ................................................................................... 39
III.10.2 Perlakuan pada Hewan Uji ....................................................................... 40
III.10.3 Setelah Perlakuan ..................................................................................... 40
III.11 Teknik Analisa Data .................................................................................... 41
III.11.1 Analisis Univariat..................................................................................... 41
III.11.2 Analisis Bivariat ....................................................................................... 41
III.11.3 Analisis Multivariat .................................................................................. 41
III.12 Etika Penelitian ........................................................................................... 41
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN .............................................................. 44
IV.1 Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................................. 44
IV.2 Hasil Analisis Univariat ................................................................................ 44
IV.2.1 Sebaran Data Numerik Variabel Bebas ..................................................... 44
IV.2.3 Hasil berat badan........................................................................................ 44
IV.2.4 Hasil Glukosa Darah .................................................................................. 45
x
IV.2.5 Hasil Kolesterol ......................................................................................... 46
IV.2.6 Hasil Error Reference Memory .................................................................. 47
IV.3 Hasil Analisis Bivariat .................................................................................. 48
IV.3.1 Hasil Uji Normalitas .................................................................................. 49
IV.3.2 Hasil Uji Korelasi Pearson ......................................................................... 49
IV.3.3 Hasil Uji T Independen .............................................................................. 50
IV.4 Hasil Analisis Multivariat ............................................................................. 51
IV.5 Pembahasan................................................................................................... 53
IV.5.1 Pembahasan Hasil Analisis Univariat ........................................................ 53
IV.5.2 Pembahasan Hasil Analisis Bivariat .......................................................... 55
IV.5.3 Pembahasan Hasil Analisis Multivariat ..................................................... 57
IV.6 Keterbatasan Penelitian ................................................................................. 58
BAB V PENUTUP ................................................................................................ 59
V.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................... 59
V.2 Saran ............................................................................................................... 59
RIWAYAT HIDUP ............................................................................................... 69
Lampiran ............................................................................................................... 71
xi
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1 Kadar Glukosa Darah Puasa ........................................................................ 16
Tabel 2 Penelitian Terkait .............................................................................. 30
Tabel 3 Definisi Operasional .......................................................................... 35
Tabel 4 Gambaran Sebaran Data Numerik Variabel Bebas ............................ 43
Tabel 5 Hasil Berat Badan Sebelum dan Setelah Pemberian Diet Tinggi
Lemak ....................................................................................... ……. 43
Tabel 6 Hasil Glukosa Darah Puasa Sebelum dan Setelah Pemberian Diet
Tinggi Lemak ............................................................................ ……. 44
Tabel 7 Hasil Kolesterol Total Sebelum dan Setelah Pemberian Diet
Tinggi Lemak ............................................................................ ……. 45
Tabel 8 Hasil Berat Badan Sebelum dan Setelah Pemberian Diet Tinggi
Lemak ....................................................................................... ……. 46
Tabel 9 Rerata Error Referece Memory Sebelum dan Setelah Pemberian Diet
Tinggi Lemak ............................................................................ ……. 47
Tabel 10 Uji Normalitas ................................................................................... 48
Tabel 11 Uji Korelasi Pearson ......................................................................... 49
Tabel 12 Uji T Independen Perbedaan Error Reference Memory antara Tikus
Jantan dan Betina ............................................................................... 50
Tabel 13 Ringkasan Hasil Uji Regresi Linier .................................................. 50
xii
DAFTAR BAGAN
Bagan 1 Ringkasan pembentukan kolesterol .................................................. 5
Bagan 2 Model Klasifikasi Memori Menurut Squire ...................................... 18
Bagan 3 Kerangka Teori ................................................................................. 29
Bagan 4 Kerangka Konsep .............................................................................. 30
Bagan 5 Alur Penelitian .................................................................................. 37
xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1 Nasib kilomikron remnan ............................................................... 9
Gambar 2 Nasib VLDL ................................................................................... 9
Gambar 3 Fungsi dan nasib HDL.................................................................... 10
Gambar 4 Pembentukan memory trace ........................................................... 21
Gambar 5 Pembentukan plak aterosklerosis ................................................... 26
Gambar 6 Efek influks 27-hydroxycholesterol ke dalam otak ........................ 27
Gambar 7 Insulin-like Growth Factors di otak dan implikasi klinisnya ......... 28
xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Surat Persetujuan Proposal Penelitian
Lampiran 2 Surat Persetujuan Etik
Lampiran 3 Gambar-gambar Penelitian
Lampiran 4 Hasil Data Penelitian
Lampiran 5 Hasil Analisis Data
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