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BAB III
119
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. MAKSUD PERCOBAAN
1. Mempelajari karakteristik pompa, yaitu hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan head pompa (H).
2. Mempelajari hubungan antara panjang ekuivalen (Le) dengan derajat pembukaan kran (oK).
3. Mempelajari hubungan antara coefficient of discharge (Co) dengan bilangan Reynold (Re).
4. Menera rotameter yaitu hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan tinggi float (h).
B. LATAR BELAKANG
Proses transportasi dengan menggunakan aliran fluida merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting, karena banyak digunakan dalam industri. Aliran fluida adalah salah satu cara untuk mengangkut fluida dari satu tempat ke tempat lain dengan cara mengalirkannya melalui pipa. Transportasi aliran fluida dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan pipa karena lebih mudah dan aman. Setiap pengangkutan dalam industri yang berupa cairan, larutan ataupun suspensi akan sering dijumpai dalam transportasi fluida, baik dengan pipa tertutup (closed duck) maupun saluran terbuka (open channel). Untuk pengangkutan zat padat dilakukan secara fluidized, artinya zat padat tersebut dimasukkan kedalam fluida sehingga menjadi campuran dua fase, dengan demikian zat padat dapat diangkut. Aliran fluida terjadi karena adanya perbedaan tekanan dan elevasi (pengaruh gravitasi).
C. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
Dalam proses transportasi fluida, salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh adalah densitas atau berat jenis. Fluida dapat dipengaruhi oleh tekanan dan suhu, tetapi ada pula fluida yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan tekanan.
1. Berdasarkan pengaruh suhu dan tekanan, fluida dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :
a. Fluida Compressible, yaitu jenis fluida yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan tekanan. Sering disebut fluida termampatkan. Contohnya uap dan gas.
b. Fluida Incompressible, yaitu jenis fluida yang densitasnya tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan tekanan atau biasanya disebut fluida tak termampatkan. Contohnya air.
2. Jenis aliran fluida dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :
a. Aliran laminer, dalam jenis ini partikel-partikel fluida mengalir secara sejajar dengan sumbu tabung.
b. Aliran turbulen, dalam jenis ini partikel-partikel fluida dalam aliran turbulen tidak lagi mengalir teratur dan mempunyai komponen kecepatan tegak lurus dengan arah aliran.
3. Aliran zat cair dalam pipa dapat dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :
a. Aliran Steady State, untuk aliran yang harga dari masing-masing kuantita yang ada dalam aliran tersebut tidak berubah dengan waktu.
b. Aliran Unsteady State, untuk aliran yang harga dari kuantitanya berubah menurut waktu.
Jika fluida mengalir melalui sebuah pipa tertutup, maka akan terjadi perbedaan bentuk aliran yang dapat ditentukan dengan bilangan Reynold (Re), yaitu :
Re =
Dimana :
( = massa jenis cairan .
U = kecepatan aliran .
D = diameter pipa (m).
( = viskositas .
Persamaan kontinuitas dapat dipergunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan dalam aliran fluida.
Persamaan kontinuitas untuk aliran incompressible adalah :
Asumsi :
(1 = (2
maka :
Q = A1 . U1 = A2 . U2
. . . . . . . . . . (1)
Persamaan kontinuitas untuk aliran incompressible adalah :
m = ( . A1 . U1 = ( . A2 . U2
. . . . . . . . . . (2)
Hubungan energi pada fluida atau zat/material yang mengalir melintasi pipa dapat ditentukan dengan keseimbangan energi. Energi dibawa oleh fluida yang mengalir dan juga ditransfer dari fluida ke sekeliling atau sebaliknya.
Energi yang dibawa fluida mencakup :
1. Internal energy (E), yaitu energi yang disebabkan oleh gerakan molekul atom dan elektron. Termasuk seluruh energi yang mempunyai sifat-sifat khusus dari fluida, tanpa memperhatikan lokasi atau tempat relatifnya atau posisinya.
2. Energi yang dibawa fluida karena kondisi alirannya atau posisinya :
a. Energi Kinetik (Ek), adalah energi fluida karena gerakannya.
Ek =
b. Energi potensial (Ep), yaitu energi fluida karena tempat kedudukannya yang dipengaruhi gravitasi.
Ep =
c. Energi tekanan (Et), adalah energi untuk melakukan kerja melawan tekanan yang dibawa oleh zat karena alirannya dari awal masuk sampai keluar.
Et = m P V
Energi yang ditransfer antara fluida atau sistem dalam aliran dan sekelilingnya ada dua jenis :
1. Energi panas (q), yaitu energi yang diserap oleh zat alir dari sekelilingnya selama aliran.
2. Energi kerja (W), yaitu kerja yang diterima atau yang dihasilkan atau dilakukan oleh zat yang mengalir ke sekeliling selama aliran dan sering disebut shaf work. (Brown, G.G., 1978)
Selain itu ada juga yang disebut energi friksi (F), yaitu energi yang hilang karena gesekan. Rugi energi terdapat pada sambungan, pipa lurus atau penampang yang tidak sama. Neraca energi untuk sistem aliran fluida dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :
Energi masuk :
mE1 + + + mP1V1
Energi keluar :
mE2 + + + mP2V2 + mq - mWsMaka :
Energi masuk = Energi keluar.
mE1 + + + mP1V1 = mE2 + + + mP2V2 + mq - mWs
. . . . . . . . . . (3)
Bila :
(E = E1 - E2
((PV) = P1 V 1 - P2 V 2
(u2= u12 - u 22
(z= z1 - z 2Maka didapatkan neraca energi untuk setiap satuan massa, yaitu :
(E + + + ( (PV) = q Ws . . . . . . . . . . (4)
Bila aliran isothermal (E = 0) dan fluida incompressible, sedangkan volumenya diasumsikan konstan, maka persamaan diatas menjadi :
+ + = q Ws
. . . . . . . . . . (5)
Apabila ada gesekan (( ( 0) dan diasumsikan aliran adiabatis (q = 0) maka persamaannya dikenal dengan persamaan Bernoully :
+ + = - ( Ws + F ) . . . . . . . . . . (6)
Keterangan :
(P= beda tekanan posisi 2 dan 1 .
(u2= beda kecepatan posisi 2 dan 1 .
(= berat jenis fluida .
g= akselerasi
gc= akselerasi .
(Z= beda tinggi posisi 2 dan 1 (ft).
F= kerja yang hilang .
Ws= kerja pompa .
Jika persamaan (6) dibagi dengan , dimensi masing-masing suku dinyatakan dalam ft cairan (cm cairan) dengan :
(w =
+ + (Z = -F - Ws
+ + (Z = -F - Ws
. . . . . . . . . . (7)
(Brown, G.G.,1978)
Alat-alat aliran fluida.
a. Pompa.
Pompa adalah alat untuk mengalirkan fluida dari satu tempat ke tempat lain. Dari berbagai jenis pompa dapat digolongkan menjadi dua golongan :
1. Centrifugal Pump.
Pada pompa jenis ini, gaya sentrifugal yang dihasilkan akan melemparkan fluida yang ada ke dinding pompa (casing) sehingga zat memiliki tenaga kinetik yang membuat cairan meninggalkan impeler.
2. Positive Displacement Pump.
Yang termasuk jenis ini adalah :
Rotary Pump.
Pompa jenis ini cocok untuk cairan yang kental. Pompa rotary memiliki unsur-unsur putaran yang memberikan energi ke cairan.
Reciprocating Pump.
Pada jenis ini, tenaga yang diberikan ke sistem adalah berupa gerakan piston yang menekan sistem tersebut. Cocok pada tekanan tinggi.
b. Kran (Valve).
Kran adalah salah satu jenis fitting yang dipakai untuk mengatur, mengontrol dan membuka ataupun menutup aliran. Pemilihan terhadap jenis kran tergantung jumlah dan jenis cairan yang akan dialirkan serta tujuan pemakaiannya.
c. Orificemeter.
Orificemeter adalah suatu alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur perbedaan tekanan. Alat membutuhkan tempat yang besar dan rasio diameter leher terhadap pipa tidakdapat diubah-ubah. Prinsip orifice ini adalah penurunan penampang arus aliran melalui orifice itu, akan menyebabkan tinggi tekan kecepatan meningkat tetapi tinggi tekan tekanan menurun dan penurunan tekanan antara dua titik diukur dengan manometer.
d. Rotameter.
Rotameter adalah alat untuk fluida yang area alirannya berubah-ubah. Rotameter terdiri dari tabung gelas yang bentuknya kerucut (tappered glass tube), yang didalamnya terdapat pelampung (float) yang bergerak naik turun. Bila alirannya besar, float akan terangkat dan sebaliknya, bila aliran kecil float turun.
e. Manometer.
Manometer adalah piranti yang berfungsi dalam mengukur beda tekan. Pada gambar berikut ini diperlihatkan bentuk manometer. (Mc Cabe, 1976)
Manometer untuk pompa.
Bila :Z1 = Z2,karena tidak ada beda ketinggian.
u1 = u2,karena luas penampang sama.
F = 0
Maka persamaan (6) menjadi :
-Ws = =
. . . . . . . . . . (8)
Tekanan di A = tekanan di B.
PA = P1 + +
PB = P2 +
P2 + = P1 + +
P2 - P1 = + - -
=
-Ws=
. . . . . . . . . . (9)
Bila persamaan (9) dibagi dengan , maka persamaannya menjadi :
-Ws = H = . (h
. . . . . . . . . . (10)
Dimana :
-Ws= H = head pompa (cm).
(Hg= densitas air raksa .
(air= densitas air .
(h= perbedaan tinggi Hg dalam manometer (cm).
Manometer kran.
Bila :Z1 = Z2,karena tidak ada beda ketinggian.
u1 = u2,karena luas penampang sama.
Ws = 0,karena tidak ada kerja.
maka persamaan (6) menjadi :
F = = . (h.g
Menurut Fanning dan D`Archy :
F =
maka :
= . (h.g
. . . . . . . . . . (11)
Kalau persamaan (11) dibagi maka menjadi :
= . (h.g
Le =
. . . . . . . . . . (12)
dimana :
Le= panjang ekivalen (cm).
g= percepatan gravitasi .
D= diameter pipa (cm).
f= faktor gesekan.
u= kecepatan .
Manometer orifice.
Bila :Z1 = Z2,karena tidak ada beda ketinggian.
Ws = 0,karena tidak ada kerja.
maka persamaan (6) menjadi :
+ = -F
. . . . . . . . . . (13)
. . . . . . . . . . (14)
Dari persamaan (1) didapatkan :
. . . . . . . . . . (15)
Substitusi persamaan (15) ke persamaan (14) :
=
. . . . . . . . . . (16)
- F= Co2
. . . . . . . . . . (17)
Persamaan (17) dikombinasikan dengan persamaan (16) :
= Co
Co=
EMBED Equation.3
. . . . . . . . . . (18)
Karena persamaan = , maka persamaan (18) menjadi :
Co=
EMBED Equation.3
Diketahui :
-(P =
Co=
EMBED Equation.3
Co=
EMBED Equation.3
dimana :
Co= Coefficient of Discharge (koefisien orifice).
D1= diameter pipa (cm).
D2= diameter orifice (cm).
f. Pipa.
Faktor-faktor yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pemilihan pipa yaitu :
1. Suhu operasi.
Suhu operasi ini akan menentukan bahan pipa yang akan dipakai dan perlu tidaknya isolasi.
2. Internal/External pressure.
Ini akan menentukan schedule number, dimana :
Schedule Number = 1000 (P/S)
P = internal pressure yang bekerja (psi).
S = tegangan yang diijinkan oleh pipa (psi).
3. Fluida yang mengalir.
4. Jenis-jenis fitting.
g. Fitting.
Adalah sepotong pipa yang mempengaruhi dalam menentukan kebutuhan :
1. Menyambung 2 buah pipa dengan :
Tanpa merubah arah dan diameternya, disebut coupling.
Merubah arah, disebut elbow.
Merubah diameter, disebut reducing.
2. Mengatasi arus dalam pipa, disebut plug.
3. Membuat percabangan pipa sehingga arus bercabang.
Misalnya : tees, crosses.
BAB II
PELAKSANAAN PERCOBAAN
A. ALAT DAN BAHAN
1. Alat-alat yang digunakan :
a. Bak penampung air/tangki air.
b. Pompa air.
c. Kran.
d. Orificemeter.
e. Rotameter.
f. Busur derajat.
g. Beker glass.
h. Thermometer.
i. Gelas ukur.
j. Stopwatch.
k. Piknometer.
l. Manometer.
Manometer pompa.
Manometer kran.
Manometer orifice.
2. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan :
a. Air.
b. Air raksa.
B. RANGKAIAN ALAT
Keterangan gambar :
1. Bak penampung air/tangki air.
2. Pompa air.
3. Kran.
4. Orificemeter.
5. Rotameter.
6. Manometer pompa.
7. Manometer kran.
8. Manometer orifice.
9. Busur derajat.
C. CARA KERJA
1. Memeriksa rangkaian alat.
2. Mengisi air ke dalam tangki dan menghidupkan pompa.
3. Membuka kran dengan derajat pembukaan penuh.
4. Setelah aliran konstan, mencatat kedudukan dari beda tinggi manometer pompa, manometer kran, manometer orifice dan tinggi float pada rotameter.
5. Mengukur debit aliran dengan alat penampung dan stopwatch.
6. Mengulangi langkah 2,3 dan 4 dengan derajat pembukaan kran yang berbeda-beda.
7. Mengukur :
a. Temperatur air.
b. Densitas air dengan menggunakan piknometer.
c. Diameter pipa dan diameter orifice.
BAB III
HASIL PERCOBAAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
A. HASIL PERCOBAAN
1. Tabel hasil percobaan.
oKranVolumeWaktuQManometerPompaManometerKranManometer OrificeTinggi
(K)(ml)(det)ml/detKiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat
1080590229548,29,51817,626,87,843,5
580229047,210,218,117,826,18,343,9
100555022754710,818,217,525,98,743
765325547,81018,117,826,2843,8
9307603253,3346,711,118,317,425,5942,7
6353211,6646,711,518,117,824,89,342
8558503283,3347,99,818,117,926,29,843,6
8653288,33489,818,117,626,48,143,8
7808003266,6647,8101817,826,18,343,5
8003266,6648,19,818,217,426,38,243,7
7057903263,3347,710,117,917,726843,4
7653255489,818,317,526,58,143,5
6308153271,6647,81018,217,525,98,343,2
8803293,3348,29,518,517,326,48,243,8
555720324047,81018,617,225,68,743
7703256,6648,29,519,216,725,98,643,2
4806203206,6647,510,219,316,425,29,142,7
810327047,79,919,516,525,58,742,3
4056253208,3347,99,920,115,7259,342,3
7003233,3347,79,920,215,725,29,341,6
3307903263,3348,59,321,514,324,59,641,7
7253241,6648,49,421,514,424,410,241
Diameter orifice
= 0,8 cm.
Diameter dalam pipa
= 1,65 cm.
Diameter luar pipa
= 2,15 cm.
Berat piknometer + Aquadest = 45,33 gram.
Berat piknometer kosong = 20,2 gram.
Berat Aquadest
= 25,13 gram.
Suhu Aquadest
= 31 oC.
Aquadest
= 1,0052 .
Berat piknometer + air = 45,35 gram.
Berat piknometer kosong = 20,2 gram
Berat air
= 25,15 gram.
Volume piknometer
= 25 ml.
( cairan
= 1,006 .
( Hg
= 13,5213 .
Suhu air
= 31 oC.
2. Grafik hasil percobaan.
a. Grafik hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan head pompa (H).
b. Grafik hubungan antara panjang ekivalen (Le) dengan derajat pembukaan kran (oK).
c. Grafik hubungan antara bilangan Reynold (Re) dengan coeficient of discharge (Co).
d. Grafik hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan tinggi float (h).
B. PEMBAHASAN
1. Mempelajari karakteristik pompa, yaitu hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan head pompa (H).
Dari percobaan diperoleh, semakin besar derajat pembukaan kran, maka perbedaan tinggi air raksa dalam manometer ((h) semakin kecil. Hal ini menyebabkan head pompa semakin kecil. Sehingga energi yang dibutuhkan untuk mengalirkan fluida semakin kecil.
Rumus head pompa :
- Ws = H =
2. Mempelajari hubungan antara panjang ekivalen (Le) dengan derajat pembukaan kran (oK).
Untuk menentukan panjang ekivalen (Le) digunakan rumus :
Le =
Dengan f = 0,0056 +
Semakin besar derajat pembukaan kran, maka tekanan makin kecil dan bilangan Reynold (Re) semakin naik, sehingga faktor gesekan (f) semakin kecil, maka harga Le makin kecil.
3. Mempelajari hubungan antara coefficient of discharge (Co) dengan bilangan Reynold (Re).
Untuk menentukan Co digunakan rumus :
Co = u
Penurunan penampang arus pada pipa menyebabkan kecepatan aliran (u) bertambah, sehingga bilangan Reynold (Re) akan bertambah besar selaras dengan pertambahan harga coefficient of discharge (Co).
4. Menera rotameter, yaitu hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan tinggi float (h).
Semakin besar aliran (Q), semakin besar pula tinggi float (h). Bertambahnya debit aliran (Q) menyebabkan semakin tinggi float terdorong oleh aliran. Karena float dapat bergerak bebas sesuai dengan besarnya aliran yang mendorong.
BAB IV
KESIMPULAN
Dari hasil perhitungan dan grafik, maka dapat diambil kesimpulan, yaitu :
1. Dalam aliran fluida, makin besar debit aliran (Q), maka makin kecil head pompa (H) dengan persamaan garis
y = -0,0034 x2 + 1,9181 x + 202,42
dengan prosentase kesalahan rata-rata sebesar 1,55(.
2. Untuk suatu kran yang digunakan untuk mengatur aliran fluida, panjang ekivalen akan berkurang dengan bertambahnya derajat pembukaan kran (oK), sehingga didapat persamaan garis
y = 3.10 9 x 2,8803dengan prosentase kesalahan rata-rata sebesar 33,71 (.
3. Untuk suatu orifice, harga Co (Coefficient of discharge akan bertambah selaras dengan pertambahan bilangan Reynold, didapat persamaan garis
y = 0,0012 x 0,7277dengan prosentase kesalahan sebesar 3,82 (.
4. Pada floatmeter, bertambahnya debit aliran menyebabkan semakin tinggi float terdorong oleh aliran, didapat persamaan garis
y = -6.10 -5 x2 + 0,0576 x + 32,142
dengan prosentase kesalahan rata-rata sebesar 0,69 (.
BAB V
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Brown, G.G., 1978, Unit Operation, 14th printing, John Willey and Sons Inc., New York.
2. McCabe, W.L. and Smith, J.C., 1976, Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering, International Student Edition, McGraw Hill, Kogakusha, Tokyo.
3. Perry, H.R. and Don Green, 1973, Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th ed., McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York.
4. Sumardi, 1981, Operasi Teknik Kimia I, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.
BAB VI
PERHITUNGAN
1. Untuk menetukan perhitungan-perhitungan mengenai karakteristik menara, maka data-data debit aliran (Q), Manometer pompa, Manometer kran, Manometer orifice dan tinggi float dihitung nilai rata-ratanya, dan nilai inilah yang dipergunakan dalam perhitungan.
KranQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi
(K)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat
1080292,547,79,8518,0517,726,458,0543,7
100526547,410,418,1517,6526,058,3543,4
930232,49546,711,318,217,625,159,1542,35
855285,8347,959,818,117,7526,38,9543,7
780266,6647,959,918,117,626,28,2543,6
705259,16547,859,9518,117,626,258,0543,45
630282,495489,7518,3517,426,158,2543,5
555248,33489,7518,916,9525,758,6543,1
480238,3347,610,0519,416,4525,358,942,5
405220,8347,89,920,1515,725,19,341,95
330252,49548,459,3521,514,3524,459,941,35
1. Karakteristik pompa adalah hubungan antara debit aliran (Q) dengan head pompa (H). Rumus head pompa adalah :
- Ws = H =
(Hg = 13,5213 .
(H2O = 1,006 .
(h = beda tinggi rata-rata manometer pompa.
(hQ = xH = yX 2xyX 3x4x2y
(cm)(ml/det)(cm)
37,85292,5470,878885556,25137732,125025203731987191440286627
37265460,304370225121980,618609625493155062532324868
35,4232,495440,399254053,93102390,612567267292182681123805307
38,15285,83474,61181698,79135658,123351965667469210838775146
38,05266,66473,36771107,5612622818961541505628446333659968
37,9259,165471,500967166,5122196,517407205451133834931669062
38,25282,495475,855179803,43134426,722544069636858664637974866
38,25248,33475,855161667,79118169,115313962380291618829344932
37,55238,33467,146656801,19111335,113537427322637506026534484
37,9220,83471,500948765,89104121,510768971237811192022993159
39,1252,495486,429763753,73122821,116097497406453745531011702
Jumlah2844,135167,84974060013370591,94E+085,1256E+10348380120
Dari tabel, dibuat grafik hubungan Q vs H.
Dari grafik maka membentuk persamaan polynomial dengan persamaan :
y = cx2 +bx + a
Dan dengan least square :
(y = na + b(x + c(x2
(xy = a(x + b(x2 + c(x3
(x2y = a(x2 + b(x3 + c(x4
Persamaan :
5167,849 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c
. . . . . . . . . . (1)
1337059 = 2844,13a + 740600b + 1,94.10 8c
. . . . . . . . . . (2)
348380120 = 740600a + 1,94.10 8b + 5,1256.10 10c . . . . . . . . . . (3)
(1) dan (2)
55167,849 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c
x 28,4413
1337059 = 2844,13a + 740600b + 1,94.10 8c
x 0,11
146980,3438 = 312,8543a + 80890,75457b + 21063626,78c
147076,49 = 312,8543a + 81466b + 21340000c _
-96,146236 = -575,245431b - 276373,22c. . . . . . . . . . (4)
(1) dan (3)
5167,849 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c
x 7406
348380120 = 740600a + 1,94.10 8b + 5,1256.10 10c x 0,11
38273089,69 = 81466a + 21063626,78b + 5484883600c
38321813,2 = 81466a + 21340000b + 663816000c
-48723,51 = - 276373,22b - 153274600c. . . . . . . . . . (5)
(4)dan (5)
96,146236 = 575,245431b + 276373,22c
x 276,37322
48723,51 = 276373,22b + 153274600c
x 0,57534531
26572,24483 = 158982,4321b + 88171530,23c
48723,51 = 158982,4321b + 76382156,73c _
-1455,72578 = 11789373,5c
c = -0,0034
b = 1,9181
a = 202,42
Persamaan :
y = -0.0034 x2 + 1.9181x + 202.42
Q = xH = yH Hitung% salah
(ml/det)(cm)
292,5470,879472,5730,359789
265460,304471,95152,530332
232,5440,399464,58535,491856
285,83474,611472,89460,361641
266,66473,367472,13490,260286
259,17471,501471,15830,072655
282,5475,855472,9420,612178
248,33475,855469,07131,425603
238,33467,147466,43670,151966
220,83471,501460,192,398906
252,5486,43469,9683,384181
Rata-rata1,549945
% kesalahan rata-rata = 1,55 %
2. Hubungan antara panjang ekivalen (Le) dengan derajat pembukaan kran (oKran).
A = 0,25 ( D12
= (0,25) (3,14) (1,65) 2
= 2,1372 cm2
Menentukan kecepatan linier :
u =
u =
u = 0,4679 Q
Menentukan bilangan Reynold :
Re =
Panjang ekivalen :
Le =
f = 0,0056 +
Kran Le x = log Ky = log Lex2xyy Hitung% salah
(K)
10806,8890843,0334240,8381619,201662,5424995,49478620,23923
100511,635773,0021661,0657959,0130013,1996946,76055541,89851
93017,431782,9684831,2413428,8118913,6849028,45278551,50935
8557,1640012,9319660,8551568,5964252,50728710,769150,32236
78011,513192,8920951,0611968,3642113,06907814,0288221,84999
70512,083522,8481891,0821938,1121813,08229118,7707755,34197
63019,836142,7993411,2974577,8363083,63202425,9525930,83487
55550,665072,7442931,7047097,5311444,6782237,3881726,20524
48082,179192,6812411,9147627,1890555,13393856,7991930,88373
405141,07412,6074552,1494476,7988225,60458792,6549334,3218
330180,60572,5185142,2567316,3429125,683609167,12667,463264
Jumlah31,0271715,4669587,7976142,81813Rata-rata33,71548
Dari tabel dapat dibuat grafik hubungan oK vs Le
Dari grafik diperoleh titik-titik data yang mempunyai tendensi membentuk garis sehingga persamaannya :
y = log Le
x = log K
(y = nA + B(x
(xy = A(x + B(x 2
15,46695 = 11 a + 31,02717 b
x 31,02717
42,8183 = 31,02717 a + 87,79761 b
x 11
479,895687 = 341,2989 a + 962,6852782 b
470,99943 = 341,2989 a + 965,77371b
8,896257 = -3,0884318 b
b = -2,8805
a = 3.10 9y = 3.10 9 x 0,7277% kesalahan rata-rata adalah :33,7%.
3. Hubungan antara Coefficient of discharge (Co) dengan bilangan Reynold.
A = 0,25 ( D02
= (0,25) (3,14) (0,8) 2
= 0,5024 cm2
u =
u =
u = 1,9904 Q
Menentukan bilangan Reynold :
Re =
Co = u
Hubungan antara bilangan Reynold (Re) dengan Coefficient of discharge (Co) adalah sebagai berikut :
Manometer OrificeQuReCo
KiriKanan(ml/det)
26,458,05292,5582,205457141,333,59446707
26,058,35265527,468251769,073,32029591
25,159,15232,495462,768745419,063,06387594
26,38,95285,83568,929155838,313,6172258
26,28,25266,66530,772352093,363,31774649
26,258,05259,165515,853950629,173,20227191
26,158,25282,495562,29155186,83,51966881
25,758,65248,33494,287448512,53,1655464
25,358,9238,33474,38346558,953,09751424
25,19,3220,83439,550243140,242,92851248
24,459,9252,495502,577649326,163,48930422
x = log Rey = log Cox^2xyCo hitung%salah
4,756950,55563522,628582,6431263,4738743,354973
4,714070,52117722,222462,4568643,2330342,628142
4,6572380,48627121,689872,2646812,9393644,063861
4,7469320,55837622,533372,6505713,4160475,561679
4,7167820,52084322,248042,4567043,2477592,109495
4,7044010,50545822,131392,3778783,1810740,661974
4,7418350,54650222,4852,5914213,3869973,769452
4,6858540,50044921,957222,3450293,0837342,584451
4,6680030,49101321,790252,2920522,9928653,378481
4,6348830,46664721,482142,1628542,8312963,319652
4,6930770,54273922,024972,5471153,12128610,54704
51,720035,695109243,193326,7883Rata-rata3,816291
Dari grafik diperoleh titik-titik data yang mempunyai tendensi membentuk garis sehingga persamaannya :
y = log Le
x = log K
(y = nA + B(x
(xy = A(x + B(x 2
5,6951 = 11 a + 51,72 b
x 5,72
26,7883 = 51,72 a + 243,1933 b
x 11
294,550572 = 568,92 a + 2674,9584 b
294,6713 = 586,92 a + 2675,1263b
-0,120728 = -0,1679 b
b = 0,7277
a = 0,0012
y = 0,0012 x 0,7277% kesalahan rata-rata adalah :3,82%.
4. Menera rotameter.
KranQ = xTinggix^2xyx^3x^4x^2yh%
(K)(ml/det)Float = yhitungsalah
1080292,543,785556,2512782,25250252037319871914373880843,856630,358
100526543,47022511501186096254931550625304776543,19250,478
930232,49542,3554053,939846,163125672672921826811228918442,290480,141
855285,8343,781698,7912490,77233519656674692108357023743,703880,009
780266,6643,671107,5611626,38189615415056284463310028943,235160,837
705259,16543,4567166,511260,72174072054511338349291838443,039910,944
630282,49543,579803,4312288,53225440696368586646347144943,625510,289
555248,3343,161667,7910703,02153139623802916188265788242,745740,822
480238,3342,556801,1910129,03135374273226375060241405142,461740,09
405220,8341,9548765,899263,819107689712378111920204572941,935850,034
330252,49541,3563753,7310440,67160974974064537455263621742,860493,653
2844,13472,6740600122332,31,94E+085,1256E+1031889994Rata-rata0,696
Dari grafik diperoleh titik-titik data yang mempunyai tendensi polynomial, maka didekati dengan persamaan garis polynomial :
y = cx2 + bx + a
Dengan least square :
(y = na + b(x + c(x2
(xy = a(x + b(x2 + c(x3
(x2y = a(x2 + b(x3 + c(x4
Dari tabel maka diperoleh persamaan :
472,6 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c
. . . . . . . . . . (1)
122322,3 = 2844,13a + 740600b + 1,94.10 8c
. . . . . . . . . . (2)
31889994 = 740600a + 1,94.10 8b + 5,1256.10 10c . . . . . . . . . . (3)
(1) dan (2)
472,6 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c
x 28,4413
122322,3 = 2844,13a + 740600b + 1,94.10 8c
x 0,11
13441,35838 = 312,8543a + 80890,75457b + 21063626,78c
13455,453 = 312,8543a + 81466b + 21340000c _
-14,09462 = -575,245431b - 276373,22c. . . . . . . . . . (4)
(1) dan (3)
472,6 = 11a + 2844,13b + 740600c
x 7406
31889994 = 740600a + 1,94.10 8b + 5,1256.10 10c x 0,11
3500075,6 = 81466a + 21063626,78b + 5484883600c
3507899,34 = 81466a + 21340000b + 663816000c
-7823,74 = - 276373,22b - 153274600c. . . . . . . . . . (5)
(4)dan (5)
14,09462 = 575,245431b + 276373,22c
x 276,37322
7823,74 = 276373,22b + 153274600c
x 0,57534531
3869,22508 = 158982,4321b + 88171530,23c
4500,569742 = 158982,4321b + 76382156,73c _
-631,3446617 = 11789373,5c
c = -6.10 -5 b = 0,0576
a = 32,142
Persamaan :
y = -6.10 -5 x2 + 0,0576x + 32,142
Didapatkan prosentase kesalahan sebesar 0,69%.
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EMBED Excel.Sheet.8
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H data
H perhitungan
Debit Aliran ( Q )
Head Pompa ( H )
Sheet1
Grafik Hubungan Antara Debit Aliran ( Q ) dengan Head Pompa ( H )
QH dataH perhitungan
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86.25476.4227478.582
92.5475.169477.8
98.75474.5421477.076
101.25474.2287476.802
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H data
H perhitungan
Debit Aliran ( Q )
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Grafik Hubungan Antara Derajat Pembukaan Kran dengan Panjang Ekivalen
KranLe dataLe perhitungan
330758.8782792.037
405739.2592725.332
480656.3488658.627
555584.766591.922
630559.6834525.217
705494.3355458.512
780388.8749391.807
855305.0489325.102
930253.1227258.397
1005162.5616191.692
1080140.7513124.987
Sheet2
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Le data
Le perhitungan
Kran
Le
Sheet3
Grafik Hubungan Antara Bilangan Reynold ( Re ) dengan Coefficient of Discharge ( Co )
ReCo dataCo perhitungan
16486.08151.18111.144
16728.52391.14751.155
17940.73581.19481.212
19152.94761.25121.271
19637.83241.27181.295
21092.48661.35261.369
24244.23751.54821.535
27880.87311.77551.738
31032.6241.961.926
40002.99192.51632.512
43397.18512.71162.754
Grafik Hubungan Antara Debit Aliran ( Q ) dengan Tinggi Float ( Y )
QY dataY perhitungan
8540.946.01
86.2541.7545.74
92.542.144.46
98.7543.0543.31
101.2543.1542.88
108.7543.441.73
12543.4539.87
143.7543.538.81
16043.6538.83
206.2543.743.65
223.754447.32
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Co perhitungan
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Co
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Y data
Y perhitungan
Q
Y
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Re
Co
Sheet1
KranVolumeWaktuQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi
(K)(ml)(det)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat
1080590229548.29.51817.626.87.843.5
580229047.210.218.117.826.18.343.9
100555022754710.818.217.525.98.743
765325547.81018.117.826.2843.8
9307603253.3346.711.118.317.425.5942.7
6353211.6646.711.518.117.824.89.342
8558503283.3347.99.818.117.926.29.843.6
8653288.33489.818.117.626.48.143.8
7808003266.6647.8101817.826.18.343.5
8003266.6648.19.818.217.426.38.243.7
7057903263.3347.710.117.917.726843.4
7653255489.818.317.526.58.143.5
6308153271.6647.81018.217.525.98.343.2hub debit dg head pompa
8803293.3348.29.518.517.326.48.243.8hQ = xH = yx^2xyx^3x^4x^2y
555720324047.81018.617.225.68.743(cm)(ml/det)(cm)
7703256.6648.29.519.216.725.98.643.237.85292.5470.87883200885556.25137732.05836232625025203.1257319871914.062540286627.0709804
4806203206.6647.510.219.316.425.29.142.737265460.304274353970225121980.63270377718609625493155062532324867.666501
810327047.79.919.516.525.58.742.335.4232.495440.399224652154053.925025102390.61773548712567267.29868742921826810.6083223805306.6704121
4056253208.3347.99.920.115.7259.342.338.15285.83474.61102882781698.7889135658.07036963223351964.8312876674692107.7267638775146.253752
7003233.3347.79.920.215.725.29.341.638.05266.66473.366963220771107.5556126228.03441242518961540.7762965056284463.4070933659967.6564174
3307903263.3348.59.321.514.324.59.641.737.9259.165471.500864811167166.497225122196.52162877717407205.25331714511338349.4759331669061.5279221
7253241.6648.49.421.514.424.410.24138.25282.495475.855094433479803.425025134426.68490196322544068.55243746368586645.720837974866.3513801
Rerata38.25248.33475.855094433461667.7889118169.09560064615313962.0175373802916187.8149629344931.5105085
KranQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi37.55238.33467.146635188956801.1889111335.05756456313537427.3505373226375060.4534826534484.2693622
(K)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat37.9220.83471.500864811148765.8889104121.53597624310768971.2457872378111920.2071422993158.7896336
1080292.547.79.8518.0517.726.458.0543.739.1252.495486.429652087563753.725025122821.05500382716097496.80018744064537454.5633131011702.2831913
100526547.410.418.1517.6526.058.3543.4Jumlah2844.135167.848528827740600.03351337059.36425967194184732.25107351256091539.0403348380120.050061
930232.49546.711.318.217.625.159.1542.35
855285.8347.959.818.117.7526.38.9543.7% salah H
780266.6647.959.918.117.626.28.2543.6
705259.16547.859.9518.117.626.258.0543.45Q = xH = yH Hitung% salah
630282.495489.7518.3517.426.158.2543.5(ml/det)(cm)
555248.33489.7518.916.9525.758.6543.1292.5470.878832008472.5730.3597885224
480238.3347.610.0519.416.4525.358.942.5265460.3042743539471.95152.5303318468
405220.8347.89.920.1515.725.19.341.95232.495440.3992246521464.5853144155.4918556639
330252.49548.459.3521.514.3524.459.941.35285.83474.611028827472.894640740.3616410034
266.66473.3669632207472.134856960.2602856465
259.165471.5008648111471.1582959350.0726549836
282.495475.8550944334472.9420144150.6121779618
248.33475.8550944334469.071290741.4256028301
238.33467.1466351889466.436730740.1519660842
220.83471.5008648111460.190000742.3989063256
252.495486.4296520875469.9679944153.3841805494
Rata-rata1.5499446743
Sheet1
Q (debit)
H (Head)
Sheet2
Hubungan Kran dengan LeHubungan Re dengan Co
Q = xManometerKranuRefu^2fu^2LeManometerOrificeQuReCoCo hitung%salah
(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKanan(ml/det)
292.518.0517.7136.861313868627704.4018159160.10920010118731.0192338432045.42919199646.88908421326.458.05292.5582.205414012757141.3313655433.59446706543.47387365753.3549732338
26518.1517.65123.994010855325099.71446570160.112525620115374.51472799041730.026803784511.635768486826.058.35265527.468152866251769.06944228683.32029591093.23303380712.6281423746
232.49518.217.6108.784858693622020.97401774830.117098262511834.14548099041385.757873918617.431782342625.159.15232.495462.768710191145419.0558489983.0638759382.93936428484.0638607985
285.8318.117.75133.740408010527072.64673860940.109967662917886.49673480991966.93624288127.164001378426.38.95285.83568.929140127455838.31365542963.61722579783.41604730665.5616791
266.6618.117.6124.770728055425256.94286575090.112312166615567.73457947451748.445998919811.513190214226.28.25266.66530.772292993652093.35870747243.31774648793.24775880582.1094945751
259.16518.117.6121.263803106924547.0471679380.113290160814704.90994394141665.921611498912.083516550726.258.05259.165515.853901273950629.17313966133.20227191073.18107371730.661973562
282.49518.3517.4132.179955081426756.76919995620.110360367317471.54052532491928.165629326419.836140117526.158.25282.495562.291003184755186.80480037293.51966881113.38699657533.7694522686
248.3318.916.95116.194085719623520.80035195350.114771962413501.06555622151549.543788427150.665071170525.758.65248.33494.287420382248512.50194189843.16554639583.08373438932.584451348
238.3319.416.45111.515066442122573.6413155120.116217354912435.61004358011445.233705214782.179185707825.358.9238.33474.382961783446558.95215162343.09751424032.99286531353.378480893
220.8320.1515.7103.326782706320916.11300173920.118950091310676.42402444421269.9616120238141.074109209225.19.3220.83439.550159235743140.24001864222.92851247762.83129604843.3196522086
252.49521.514.35118.142897248723915.29209063150.114192433813957.74417032561593.8687777118180.605668760924.459.9252.495502.577627388549326.15542954793.48930421943.121286063910.5470355241
Rata-rata3.8162905351
Kran = xLe = yy Hitung% salah
(K)
10806.8890842135.494786363620.2392336374
100511.63576848686.760554949141.8985092666
93017.43178234268.452784909351.5093480221
8557.164001378410.769096149250.3223628848
78011.513190214214.028820893121.8499879889
70512.083516550718.770772280855.341966902
63019.836140117525.952587868930.834868655
55550.665071170537.388167134826.2052410644
48082.179185707856.799186903530.8837311853
405141.074109209292.654934067834.3218010823
330180.6056687609167.12659062817.4632641518
Rata-rata33.7154831673
Sheet2
Kran
Le
Sheet3
Re
Co
Hub debit dan Tinggi float
KranQTinggih%
(K)(ml/det)Float = hhitungsalah
1080292.543.743.8566250.358409611
100526543.443.19250.4781105991
930232.49542.3542.29047649850.1405513613
855285.8343.743.7038806660.0088802426
780266.6643.643.2351626640.8367828807
705259.16543.4543.03991416650.9438108941
630282.49543.543.62550649850.2885206862
555248.3343.142.7457406660.8219474107
480238.3342.542.4617366660.0900313741
405220.8341.9541.9358546660.0337195089
330252.49541.3542.86048849853.6529347001
Rata-rata0.6957908426
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
h
_1045723424.unknown
_881961415.xlsChart4
43.7
43.4
42.35
43.7
43.6
43.45
43.5
43.1
42.5
41.95
41.35
Q
h
Sheet1
KranVolumeWaktuQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi
(K)(ml)(det)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat
1080590229548.29.51817.626.87.843.5
580229047.210.218.117.826.18.343.9
100555022754710.818.217.525.98.743
765325547.81018.117.826.2843.8
9307603253.3346.711.118.317.425.5942.7
6353211.6646.711.518.117.824.89.342
8558503283.3347.99.818.117.926.29.843.6
8653288.33489.818.117.626.48.143.8
7808003266.6647.8101817.826.18.343.5
8003266.6648.19.818.217.426.38.243.7
7057903263.3347.710.117.917.726843.4
7653255489.818.317.526.58.143.5
6308153271.6647.81018.217.525.98.343.2hub debit dg head pompa
8803293.3348.29.518.517.326.48.243.8hQ = xH = yx^2xyx^3x^4x^2y
555720324047.81018.617.225.68.743(cm)(ml/det)(cm)
7703256.6648.29.519.216.725.98.643.237.85292.5470.87883200885556.25137732.05836232625025203.1257319871914.062540286627.0709804
4806203206.6647.510.219.316.425.29.142.737265460.304274353970225121980.63270377718609625493155062532324867.666501
810327047.79.919.516.525.58.742.335.4232.495440.399224652154053.925025102390.61773548712567267.29868742921826810.6083223805306.6704121
4056253208.3347.99.920.115.7259.342.338.15285.83474.61102882781698.7889135658.07036963223351964.8312876674692107.7267638775146.253752
7003233.3347.79.920.215.725.29.341.638.05266.66473.366963220771107.5556126228.03441242518961540.7762965056284463.4070933659967.6564174
3307903263.3348.59.321.514.324.59.641.737.9259.165471.500864811167166.497225122196.52162877717407205.25331714511338349.4759331669061.5279221
7253241.6648.49.421.514.424.410.24138.25282.495475.855094433479803.425025134426.68490196322544068.55243746368586645.720837974866.3513801
Rerata38.25248.33475.855094433461667.7889118169.09560064615313962.0175373802916187.8149629344931.5105085
KranQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi37.55238.33467.146635188956801.1889111335.05756456313537427.3505373226375060.4534826534484.2693622
(K)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat37.9220.83471.500864811148765.8889104121.53597624310768971.2457872378111920.2071422993158.7896336
1080292.547.79.8518.0517.726.458.0543.739.1252.495486.429652087563753.725025122821.05500382716097496.80018744064537454.5633131011702.2831913
100526547.410.418.1517.6526.058.3543.4Jumlah2844.135167.848528827740600.03351337059.36425967194184732.25107351256091539.0403348380120.050061
930232.49546.711.318.217.625.159.1542.35
855285.8347.959.818.117.7526.38.9543.7% salah H
780266.6647.959.918.117.626.28.2543.6
705259.16547.859.9518.117.626.258.0543.45Q = xH = yH Hitung% salah
630282.495489.7518.3517.426.158.2543.5(ml/det)(cm)
555248.33489.7518.916.9525.758.6543.1292.5470.878832008472.5730.3597885224
480238.3347.610.0519.416.4525.358.942.5265460.3042743539471.95152.5303318468
405220.8347.89.920.1515.725.19.341.95232.495440.3992246521464.5853144155.4918556639
330252.49548.459.3521.514.3524.459.941.35285.83474.611028827472.894640740.3616410034
266.66473.3669632207472.134856960.2602856465
259.165471.5008648111471.1582959350.0726549836
282.495475.8550944334472.9420144150.6121779618
248.33475.8550944334469.071290741.4256028301
238.33467.1466351889466.436730740.1519660842
220.83471.5008648111460.190000742.3989063256
252.495486.4296520875469.9679944153.3841805494
Rata-rata1.5499446743
Sheet1
Q (debit)
H (Head)
Sheet2
Hubungan Kran dengan LeHubungan Re dengan Co
Q = xManometerKranuRefu^2fu^2LeManometerOrificeQuReCoCo hitung%salah
(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKanan(ml/det)
292.518.0517.7136.861313868627704.4018159160.10920010118731.0192338432045.42919199646.88908421326.458.05292.5582.205414012757141.3313655433.59446706543.47387365753.3549732338
26518.1517.65123.994010855325099.71446570160.112525620115374.51472799041730.026803784511.635768486826.058.35265527.468152866251769.06944228683.32029591093.23303380712.6281423746
232.49518.217.6108.784858693622020.97401774830.117098262511834.14548099041385.757873918617.431782342625.159.15232.495462.768710191145419.0558489983.0638759382.93936428484.0638607985
285.8318.117.75133.740408010527072.64673860940.109967662917886.49673480991966.93624288127.164001378426.38.95285.83568.929140127455838.31365542963.61722579783.41604730665.5616791
266.6618.117.6124.770728055425256.94286575090.112312166615567.73457947451748.445998919811.513190214226.28.25266.66530.772292993652093.35870747243.31774648793.24775880582.1094945751
259.16518.117.6121.263803106924547.0471679380.113290160814704.90994394141665.921611498912.083516550726.258.05259.165515.853901273950629.17313966133.20227191073.18107371730.661973562
282.49518.3517.4132.179955081426756.76919995620.110360367317471.54052532491928.165629326419.836140117526.158.25282.495562.291003184755186.80480037293.51966881113.38699657533.7694522686
248.3318.916.95116.194085719623520.80035195350.114771962413501.06555622151549.543788427150.665071170525.758.65248.33494.287420382248512.50194189843.16554639583.08373438932.584451348
238.3319.416.45111.515066442122573.6413155120.116217354912435.61004358011445.233705214782.179185707825.358.9238.33474.382961783446558.95215162343.09751424032.99286531353.378480893
220.8320.1515.7103.326782706320916.11300173920.118950091310676.42402444421269.9616120238141.074109209225.19.3220.83439.550159235743140.24001864222.92851247762.83129604843.3196522086
252.49521.514.35118.142897248723915.29209063150.114192433813957.74417032561593.8687777118180.605668760924.459.9252.495502.577627388549326.15542954793.48930421943.121286063910.5470355241
Rata-rata3.8162905351
Kran = xLe = yy Hitung% salah
(K)
10806.8890842135.494786363620.2392336374
100511.63576848686.760554949141.8985092666
93017.43178234268.452784909351.5093480221
8557.164001378410.769096149250.3223628848
78011.513190214214.028820893121.8499879889
70512.083516550718.770772280855.341966902
63019.836140117525.952587868930.834868655
55550.665071170537.388167134826.2052410644
48082.179185707856.799186903530.8837311853
405141.074109209292.654934067834.3218010823
330180.6056687609167.12659062817.4632641518
Rata-rata33.7154831673
Sheet2
Kran
Le
Sheet3
Re
Co
Hub debit dan Tinggi float
KranQTinggih%
(K)(ml/det)Float = hhitungsalah
1080292.543.743.8566250.358409611
100526543.443.19250.4781105991
930232.49542.3542.29047649850.1405513613
855285.8343.743.7038806660.0088802426
780266.6643.643.2351626640.8367828807
705259.16543.4543.03991416650.9438108941
630282.49543.543.62550649850.2885206862
555248.3343.142.7457406660.8219474107
480238.3342.542.4617366660.0900313741
405220.8341.9541.9358546660.0337195089
330252.49541.3542.86048849853.6529347001
Rata-rata0.6957908426
Q
h
_881961144.xlsChart2
6.889084213
11.6357684868
17.4317823426
7.1640013784
11.5131902142
12.0835165507
19.8361401175
50.6650711705
82.1791857078
141.0741092092
180.6056687609
Kran
Le
Sheet1
KranVolumeWaktuQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi
(K)(ml)(det)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat
1080590229548.29.51817.626.87.843.5
580229047.210.218.117.826.18.343.9
100555022754710.818.217.525.98.743
765325547.81018.117.826.2843.8
9307603253.3346.711.118.317.425.5942.7
6353211.6646.711.518.117.824.89.342
8558503283.3347.99.818.117.926.29.843.6
8653288.33489.818.117.626.48.143.8
7808003266.6647.8101817.826.18.343.5
8003266.6648.19.818.217.426.38.243.7
7057903263.3347.710.117.917.726843.4
7653255489.818.317.526.58.143.5
6308153271.6647.81018.217.525.98.343.2hub debit dg head pompa
8803293.3348.29.518.517.326.48.243.8hQ = xH = yx^2xyx^3x^4x^2y
555720324047.81018.617.225.68.743(cm)(ml/det)(cm)
7703256.6648.29.519.216.725.98.643.237.85292.5470.87883200885556.25137732.05836232625025203.1257319871914.062540286627.0709804
4806203206.6647.510.219.316.425.29.142.737265460.304274353970225121980.63270377718609625493155062532324867.666501
810327047.79.919.516.525.58.742.335.4232.495440.399224652154053.925025102390.61773548712567267.29868742921826810.6083223805306.6704121
4056253208.3347.99.920.115.7259.342.338.15285.83474.61102882781698.7889135658.07036963223351964.8312876674692107.7267638775146.253752
7003233.3347.79.920.215.725.29.341.638.05266.66473.366963220771107.5556126228.03441242518961540.7762965056284463.4070933659967.6564174
3307903263.3348.59.321.514.324.59.641.737.9259.165471.500864811167166.497225122196.52162877717407205.25331714511338349.4759331669061.5279221
7253241.6648.49.421.514.424.410.24138.25282.495475.855094433479803.425025134426.68490196322544068.55243746368586645.720837974866.3513801
Rerata38.25248.33475.855094433461667.7889118169.09560064615313962.0175373802916187.8149629344931.5105085
KranQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi37.55238.33467.146635188956801.1889111335.05756456313537427.3505373226375060.4534826534484.2693622
(K)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat37.9220.83471.500864811148765.8889104121.53597624310768971.2457872378111920.2071422993158.7896336
1080292.547.79.8518.0517.726.458.0543.739.1252.495486.429652087563753.725025122821.05500382716097496.80018744064537454.5633131011702.2831913
100526547.410.418.1517.6526.058.3543.4Jumlah2844.135167.848528827740600.03351337059.36425967194184732.25107351256091539.0403348380120.050061
930232.49546.711.318.217.625.159.1542.35
855285.8347.959.818.117.7526.38.9543.7% salah H
780266.6647.959.918.117.626.28.2543.6
705259.16547.859.9518.117.626.258.0543.45Q = xH = yH Hitung% salah
630282.495489.7518.3517.426.158.2543.5(ml/det)(cm)
555248.33489.7518.916.9525.758.6543.1292.5470.878832008472.5730.3597885224
480238.3347.610.0519.416.4525.358.942.5265460.3042743539471.95152.5303318468
405220.8347.89.920.1515.725.19.341.95232.495440.3992246521464.5853144155.4918556639
330252.49548.459.3521.514.3524.459.941.35285.83474.611028827472.894640740.3616410034
266.66473.3669632207472.134856960.2602856465
259.165471.5008648111471.1582959350.0726549836
282.495475.8550944334472.9420144150.6121779618
248.33475.8550944334469.071290741.4256028301
238.33467.1466351889466.436730740.1519660842
220.83471.5008648111460.190000742.3989063256
252.495486.4296520875469.9679944153.3841805494
Rata-rata1.5499446743
Sheet1
Q (debit)
H (Head)
Sheet2
Hubungan Kran dengan LeHubungan Re dengan Co
Q = xManometerKranuRefu^2fu^2LeManometerOrificeQuReCoCo hitung%salah
(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKanan(ml/det)
292.518.0517.7136.861313868627704.4018159160.10920010118731.0192338432045.42919199646.88908421326.458.05292.5582.205414012757141.3313655433.59446706543.47387365753.3549732338
26518.1517.65123.994010855325099.71446570160.112525620115374.51472799041730.026803784511.635768486826.058.35265527.468152866251769.06944228683.32029591093.23303380712.6281423746
232.49518.217.6108.784858693622020.97401774830.117098262511834.14548099041385.757873918617.431782342625.159.15232.495462.768710191145419.0558489983.0638759382.93936428484.0638607985
285.8318.117.75133.740408010527072.64673860940.109967662917886.49673480991966.93624288127.164001378426.38.95285.83568.929140127455838.31365542963.61722579783.41604730665.5616791
266.6618.117.6124.770728055425256.94286575090.112312166615567.73457947451748.445998919811.513190214226.28.25266.66530.772292993652093.35870747243.31774648793.24775880582.1094945751
259.16518.117.6121.263803106924547.0471679380.113290160814704.90994394141665.921611498912.083516550726.258.05259.165515.853901273950629.17313966133.20227191073.18107371730.661973562
282.49518.3517.4132.179955081426756.76919995620.110360367317471.54052532491928.165629326419.836140117526.158.25282.495562.291003184755186.80480037293.51966881113.38699657533.7694522686
248.3318.916.95116.194085719623520.80035195350.114771962413501.06555622151549.543788427150.665071170525.758.65248.33494.287420382248512.50194189843.16554639583.08373438932.584451348
238.3319.416.45111.515066442122573.6413155120.116217354912435.61004358011445.233705214782.179185707825.358.9238.33474.382961783446558.95215162343.09751424032.99286531353.378480893
220.8320.1515.7103.326782706320916.11300173920.118950091310676.42402444421269.9616120238141.074109209225.19.3220.83439.550159235743140.24001864222.92851247762.83129604843.3196522086
252.49521.514.35118.142897248723915.29209063150.114192433813957.74417032561593.8687777118180.605668760924.459.9252.495502.577627388549326.15542954793.48930421943.121286063910.5470355241
Rata-rata3.8162905351
Kran = xLe = yy Hitung% salah
(K)
10806.8890842135.494786363620.2392336374
100511.63576848686.760554949141.8985092666
93017.43178234268.452784909351.5093480221
8557.164001378410.769096149250.3223628848
78011.513190214214.028820893121.8499879889
70512.083516550718.770772280855.341966902
63019.836140117525.952587868930.834868655
55550.665071170537.388167134826.2052410644
48082.179185707856.799186903530.8837311853
405141.074109209292.654934067834.3218010823
330180.6056687609167.12659062817.4632641518
Rata-rata33.7154831673
Sheet2
Kran
Le
Sheet3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Re
Co
Hub debit dan Tinggi float
KranQTinggih%
(K)(ml/det)Float = hhitungsalah
1080292.543.743.8566250.358409611
100526543.443.19250.4781105991
930232.49542.3542.29047649850.1405513613
855285.8343.743.7038806660.0088802426
780266.6643.643.2351626640.8367828807
705259.16543.4543.03991416650.9438108941
630282.49543.543.62550649850.2885206862
555248.3343.142.7457406660.8219474107
480238.3342.542.4617366660.0900313741
405220.8341.9541.9358546660.0337195089
330252.49541.3542.86048849853.6529347001
Rata-rata0.6957908426
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
h
_881961008.xlsChart1
470.878832008
460.3042743539
440.3992246521
474.611028827
473.3669632207
471.5008648111
475.8550944334
475.8550944334
467.1466351889
471.5008648111
486.4296520875
Q (debit)
H (Head)
Sheet1
KranVolumeWaktuQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi
(K)(ml)(det)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat
1080590229548.29.51817.626.87.843.5
580229047.210.218.117.826.18.343.9
100555022754710.818.217.525.98.743
765325547.81018.117.826.2843.8
9307603253.3346.711.118.317.425.5942.7
6353211.6646.711.518.117.824.89.342
8558503283.3347.99.818.117.926.29.843.6
8653288.33489.818.117.626.48.143.8
7808003266.6647.8101817.826.18.343.5
8003266.6648.19.818.217.426.38.243.7
7057903263.3347.710.117.917.726843.4
7653255489.818.317.526.58.143.5
6308153271.6647.81018.217.525.98.343.2hub debit dg head pompa
8803293.3348.29.518.517.326.48.243.8hQ = xH = yx^2xyx^3x^4x^2y
555720324047.81018.617.225.68.743(cm)(ml/det)(cm)
7703256.6648.29.519.216.725.98.643.237.85292.5470.87883200885556.25137732.05836232625025203.1257319871914.062540286627.0709804
4806203206.6647.510.219.316.425.29.142.737265460.304274353970225121980.63270377718609625493155062532324867.666501
810327047.79.919.516.525.58.742.335.4232.495440.399224652154053.925025102390.61773548712567267.29868742921826810.6083223805306.6704121
4056253208.3347.99.920.115.7259.342.338.15285.83474.61102882781698.7889135658.07036963223351964.8312876674692107.7267638775146.253752
7003233.3347.79.920.215.725.29.341.638.05266.66473.366963220771107.5556126228.03441242518961540.7762965056284463.4070933659967.6564174
3307903263.3348.59.321.514.324.59.641.737.9259.165471.500864811167166.497225122196.52162877717407205.25331714511338349.4759331669061.5279221
7253241.6648.49.421.514.424.410.24138.25282.495475.855094433479803.425025134426.68490196322544068.55243746368586645.720837974866.3513801
Rerata38.25248.33475.855094433461667.7889118169.09560064615313962.0175373802916187.8149629344931.5105085
KranQManometerPompaManometerKranManometerOrificeTinggi37.55238.33467.146635188956801.1889111335.05756456313537427.3505373226375060.4534826534484.2693622
(K)(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKananKiriKananFloat37.9220.83471.500864811148765.8889104121.53597624310768971.2457872378111920.2071422993158.7896336
1080292.547.79.8518.0517.726.458.0543.739.1252.495486.429652087563753.725025122821.05500382716097496.80018744064537454.5633131011702.2831913
100526547.410.418.1517.6526.058.3543.4Jumlah2844.135167.848528827740600.03351337059.36425967194184732.25107351256091539.0403348380120.050061
930232.49546.711.318.217.625.159.1542.35
855285.8347.959.818.117.7526.38.9543.7% salah H
780266.6647.959.918.117.626.28.2543.6
705259.16547.859.9518.117.626.258.0543.45Q = xH = yH Hitung% salah
630282.495489.7518.3517.426.158.2543.5(ml/det)(cm)
555248.33489.7518.916.9525.758.6543.1292.5470.878832008472.5730.3597885224
480238.3347.610.0519.416.4525.358.942.5265460.3042743539471.95152.5303318468
405220.8347.89.920.1515.725.19.341.95232.495440.3992246521464.5853144155.4918556639
330252.49548.459.3521.514.3524.459.941.35285.83474.611028827472.894640740.3616410034
266.66473.3669632207472.134856960.2602856465
259.165471.5008648111471.1582959350.0726549836
282.495475.8550944334472.9420144150.6121779618
248.33475.8550944334469.071290741.4256028301
238.33467.1466351889466.436730740.1519660842
220.83471.5008648111460.190000742.3989063256
252.495486.4296520875469.9679944153.3841805494
Rata-rata1.5499446743
Sheet1
Q (debit)
H (Head)
Sheet2
Hubungan Kran dengan LeHubungan Re dengan Co
Q = xManometerKranuRefu^2fu^2LeManometerOrificeQuReCoCo hitung%salah
(ml/det)KiriKananKiriKanan(ml/det)
292.518.0517.7136.861313868627704.4018159160.10920010118731.0192338432045.42919199646.88908421326.458.05292.5582.205414012757141.3313655433.59446706543.47387365753.3549732338
26518.1517.65123.994010855325099.71446570160.112525620115374.51472799041730.026803784511.635768486826.058.35265527.468152866251769.06944228683.32029591093.23303380712.6281423746
232.49518.217.6108.784858693622020.97401774830.117098262511834.14548099041385.757873918617.431782342625.159.15232.495462.768710191145419.0558489983.0638759382.93936428484.0638607985
285.8318.117.75133.740408010527072.64673860940.109967662917886.49673480991966.93624288127.164001378426.38.95285.83568.929140127455838.31365542963.61722579783.41604730665.5616791
266.6618.117.6124.770728055425256.94286575090.112312166615567.73457947451748.445998919811.513190214226.28.25266.66530.772292993652093.35870747243.31774648793.24775880582.1094945751
259.16518.117.6121.263803106924547.0471679380.113290160814704.90994394141665.921611498912.083516550726.258.05259.165515.853901273950629.17313966133.20227191073.18107371730.661973562
282.49518.3517.4132.179955081426756.76919995620.110360367317471.54052532491928.165629326419.836140117526.158.25282.495562.291003184755186.80480037293.51966881113.38699657533.7694522686
248.3318.916.95116.194085719623520.80035195350.114771962413501.06555622151549.543788427150.665071170525.758.65248.33494.287420382248512.50194189843.16554639583.08373438932.584451348
238.3319.416.45111.515066442122573.6413155120.116217354912435.61004358011445.233705214782.179185707825.358.9238.33474.382961783446558.95215162343.09751424032.99286531353.378480893
220.8320.1515.7103.326782706320916.11300173920.118950091310676.42402444421269.9616120238141.074109209225.19.3220.83439.550159235743140.24001864222.92851247762.83129604843.3196522086
252.49521.514.35118.142897248723915.29209063150.114192433813957.74417032561593.8687777118180.605668760924.459.9252.495502.577627388549326.15542954793.48930421943.121286063910.5470355241
Rata-rata3.8162905351
Kran = xLe = yy Hitung% salah
(K)
10806.8890842135.494786363620.2392336374
100511.63576848686.760554949141.8985092666
93017.43178234268.452784909351.5093480221
8557.164001378410.769096149250.3223628848
78011.513190214214.028820893121.8499879889
70512.083516550718.770772280855.341966902
63019.836140117525.952587868930.834868655
55550.665071170537.388167134826.2052410644
48082.179185707856.799186903530.8837311853
405141.074109209292.654934067834.3218010823
330180.6056687609167.12659062817.4632641518
Rata-rata33.7154831673
Sheet2
Kran
Le
Sheet3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Re
Co
Hub debit dan Tinggi float
KranQTinggih%
(K)(ml/det)Float = hhitungsalah
1080292.543.743.8566250.358409611
100526543.443.19250.4781105991
930232.49542.3542.29047649850.1405513613
855285.8343.743.7038806660.0088802426
780266.6643.643.2351626640.8367828807
705259.16543.4543.03991416650.9438108941
630282.49543.543.62550649850.2885206862
555248.3343.142.7457406660.8219474107
480238.3342.542.4617366660.0900313741
405220.8341.9541.9358546660.0337195089
330252.49541.3542.86048849853.6529347001
Rata-rata0.6957908426
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q
h
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