11 pengaturan asam basa
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ASAM BASA.. ASAM BASA..
pHpH
[H[H++
]]
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Acid Bas
No"asi #H dici#"a*an olh soran) ahli *i!ia dari Dn!ar*No"asi #H dici#"a*an olh soran) ahli *i!ia dari Dn!ar*
yai"u Sorn ("r Sornsn #ada "hn +,,. yan) /rar"i lo)yai"u Sorn ("r Sornsn #ada "hn +,,. yan) /rar"i lo)
n)a"i& dari *onsn"rasi ion hidro)n0 Dala! /ahasa 1r!ann)a"i& dari *onsn"rasi ion hidro)n0 Dala! /ahasa 1r!an
dis/u"dis/u"WasserstoffionenexponentWasserstoffionenexponent 2*s#onn ion hidro)n32*s#onn ion hidro)n3dan di/ri si!/ol #H yan) /rar"i: 4dan di/ri si!/ol #H yan) /rar"i: 4##o"n56 2#o7r3 o&o"n56 2#o7r3 o&
HHydro)n0ydro)n0
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Acid-Base Balance
• Normal pH of body fluids – Arterial blood is 7.4
– Venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.3
– !ntracellular fluid is 7."
• Al#alosis or al#alemia – arterial blood pHrises abo$e 7.4
• Acidosis or acidemia – arterial pH dropsbelo% 7.3
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&ources of Hydro'en !ons
• (ost )ydro'en ions ori'inate from cellularmetabolism – Brea#do%n of p)osp)orus-containin' proteins
releases p)osp)oric acid into t)e *+, – Anaerobic respiration of 'lucose produces lactic
acid
– ,at metabolism yields or'anic acids and #etonebodies
– ransportin' carbon dioide as bicarbonatereleases )ydro'en ions
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Acid0Base Homeostasis1 $er$ie% Acid0Base Homeostasis1 $er$ie%
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Hydro'en !on e'ulation
• +oncentration of )ydro'en ions isre'ulated seuentially by1 – +)emical buffer systems – act %it)in seconds
– )e respiratory center in t)e brain stem – acts%it)in 5-3 minutes
– enal mec)anisms – reuire )ours to days to
effect pH c)an'es
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+)emical Buffer &ystems
• ne or t%o molecules t)at act to resist pHc)an'es %)en stron' acid or base isadded
• )ree maor c)emical buffer systems – Bicarbonate buffer system
– 8)osp)ate buffer system
– 8rotein buffer system
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5. Bicarbonate Buffer &ystem
• A miture of carbonic acid :H2+3; and itssalt< sodium bicarbonate :NaH+3;:potassium or ma'nesium bicarbonates%or# as %ell;
• !f stron' acid is added1 – Hydro'en ions released combine %it) t)e
bicarbonate ions and form carbonic acid :a%ea# acid;
– )e pH of t)e solution decreases only sli')tly
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Bicarbonate Buffer &ystem
• !f stron' base is added1 – !t reacts %it) t)e carbonic acid to form sodium
bicarbonate :a %ea# base;
– )e pH of t)e solution rises only sli')tly
• )is system is t)e only important *+,buffer
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2. 8)osp)ate Buffer &ystem
• Nearly identical to t)e bicarbonate system
• !ts components are1
– &odium salts of di)ydro'en p)osp)ate:H284 =;< a %ea# acid
– (ono)ydro'en p)osp)ate :H842 =;< a %ea#
base
• )is system is an effecti$e buffer in urineand intracellular fluid
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3. 8rotein Buffer &ystem
• 8lasma and intracellular proteins are t)ebody>s most plentiful and po%erful buffers
• &ome amino acids of proteins )a$e1 – ,ree or'anic acid 'roups :%ea# acids;
– ?roups t)at act as %ea# bases :e.'.< amino
'roups;
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Buffer &ystems
• )e respiratory system re'ulation of acid-base balance is a p)ysiolo'ical bufferin'
system
• )ere is a re$ersible euilibrium1
+2 @ H2↔ H2+3 ↔ H@ @ H+3 ¯
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Buffer &ystems
• )en )ypercapnia or risin' plasma H@ occurs1
– eeper and more rapid breat)in' epels morecarbon dioide
– Hydro'en ion concentration is reduced• Al#alosis causes slo%er< more s)allo%
breat)in'< causin' H@ to increase
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enal (ec)anisms of Acid-BaseBalance
• +)emical buffers can tie up ecess acidsor bases< but t)ey cannot eliminate t)emfrom t)e body
• )e lun's can eliminate carbonic acid byeliminatin' carbon dioide
• nly t)e #idneys can rid t)e body of
metabolic acids :p)osp)oric< uric< andlactic acids and #etones; and pre$entmetabolic acidosis
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enal (ec)anisms of Acid-Base Balance
• )e most important renal mec)anisms forre'ulatin' acid-base balance are1 – +onser$in' :reabsorbin'; or 'eneratin' ne%
bicarbonate ions – *cretin' bicarbonate ions
• Cosin' a bicarbonate ion is t)e same as
'ainin' a )ydro'en ionD reabsorbin' abicarbonate ion is t)e same as losin' a)ydro'en ion
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b ti f Bi b t
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eabsorption of Bicarbonate
H d ! * ti
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Hydro'en !on *cretion
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Ammonium !on *cretion
• )is met)od uses ammonium ions
produced by t)e metabolism of 'lutaminein 8+ cells
• *ac) 'lutamine metaboliFed produces t%oammonium ions and t%o bicarbonate ions
• Bicarbonate mo$es to t)e blood andammonium ions are ecreted in urine
A i ! * i
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Ammonium !on *cretion
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Bicarbonate !on &ecretion
• )en t)e body is in al#alosis< type Bintercalated cells1 – *)ibit bicarbonate ion secretion
– eclaim )ydro'en ions and acidify t)e blood• )e mec)anism is t)e opposite of type A
intercalated cells and t)e bicarbonate ionreabsorption process
• *$en durin' al#alosis< t)e nep)rons andcollectin' ducts ecrete fe%er bicarbonateions t)an t)ey conser$e
Eid H d ! B l i + ll ti t
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Eidney Hydro'en !on Balancin'1 +ollectin' uct
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SourcsSourcs
5. Ac)madi< A.< ?eor'e< GH.< (ustafa< !. 8ende#atan &te%artI8ende#atan &te%artIalam ,isiolo'i Eeseimban'an Asam Basa. 2""7alam ,isiolo'i Eeseimban'an Asam Basa. 2""7
2. Beaudoin< . *lectrolytes and ion sensiti$e electrodes. 88.2""3.
3. !$#o$ic< A .< a$e< . enal re$ie%. 88
4. Eersten. ,luid and electrolytes. 88.
. (arieb< *N. ,luid< electrolyte< and acid-base balance. 88.
8earson *ducation< !nc. 2""4/. as)id< ,A. espiratory mec)anism in acid-base )omeostasis.
88. 2"".
7. &il$ert)orn< J. !nte'rati$e 8)ysiolo'y !!1 ,luid and *lectrolyteBalance. +)apter 2"< part B. 8earson *ducation< !nc. 2""4
6. &mit)< &. Acid-Base isorders. %%%.acid-base.com
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