iv

ABSTRAK

HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGGUNAAN ALAT PELINDUNG TELINGA

DAN FUNGSI PENDENGARAN KARYAWAN PT X

Anisya Lisna Damayanthi, 2017

Pembimbing I : Dr. Teresa Liliana W, S.Si., MKes.

Pembimbing II : Pramusinto Adhy, dr., Sp. THT-KL, MKes.

Kebisingan adalah terjadinya bunyi yang tidak dikehendaki, mengganggu, dan dapat

membahayakan kesehatan telinga. Kebisingan dapat berupa suara yang tidak diinginkan

yang bersumber dari alat-alat yang digunakan dalam proses produksi dan/atau alat-alat

kerja. Pajanan terhadap kebisingan dalam waktu yang lama dapat menimbulkan dampak

negatif berupa penurunan fungsi pendengaran. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui

pengaruh penggunaan alat pelindung telinga (APT) terhadap fungsi pendengaran

karyawan perusahaan PT X yang terpajan kebisingan. Penelitian ini bersifat analitik

observasional dengan desain potong lintang. Subjek penelitian adalah 80 orang karyawan

PT X yang diambil dengan metode whole sampling. Prosedur penelitian meliputi

wawancara, pengukuran intensitas kebisingan dengan sound level meter, dan pemeriksaan

fungsi pendengaran karyawan dengan audiometer. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji

Chi-Square (α=0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usia karyawan berkisar 30–44

tahun, 40 orang menggunakan APT dan 40 orang tidak menggunakan APT, terpajan

kebisingan dengan intensitas 83–93 dB selama 8 jam/hari, masa kerja 5–8 tahun.

Karyawan yang tidak menggunakan APT dan mengalami penurunan fungsi pendengaran

hanya 1 orang (2,5%), sedangkan seluruh karyawan lainnya (97,5%) memiliki fungsi

pendengaran yang normal. Uji Chi-Square menghasilkan p=1,00 yang berarti tidak ada

perbedaan yang signifikan dari fungsi pendengaran karyawan yang menggunakan ATP

dan karyawan yang tidak menggunakan ATP. Sebagai simpulan, tidak ada hubungan

antara penggunaan APT dan fungsi pendengaran pada karyawan PT X.

Kata kunci: kebisingan, alat pelindung telinga, fungsi pendengaran

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

v

ABSTRACT

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE USAGE OF EAR PROTECTORS

AND HEARING FUNCTION OF PT X EMPLOYEES

Anisya Lisna Damayanthi, 2017

Tutor I : Dr. Teresa Liliana W, S.Si., MKes.

Tutor II: Pramusinto Adhy, dr., Sp.THT-KL, MKes.

Noise is the occurrence of unwanted, disturbing sounds, and may be dangerous to the

ear. It can be an undesirable sound that emanates from production instruments and/or

work tools. Prolonged exposure to noise has a negative impact on workers, which is loss

of hearing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ear protection devices

(EPD) on the auditory functions of PT X employees who were subjected to noise. This

research was analytical observational with cross sectional design. The research subjects

were 80 workers of PT X which were taken with a whole sampling method. The research

included interviews, noise intensity assessment using sound level meter, and examination

of employees’ auditory function with audiometer. The data analysis used Chi-Square test

(α = 0.05). The results showed that, among the workers aged between 30 to 44 years old,

40 of them used EPD and 40 didn’t used EPD, with 5–8 years of service have been

unprotected from noise with 83-93 dB intensity for 8 hours a day. There was only 1

person (2.5%), among the workers who did not use ear protectors and thus experienced

hearing loss, while all other workers (97.5%) have normal hearing. The Chi-Square test

showed there was no significant difference of hearing function between the workers who

used EPD and those who did not (p = 1.00). In conclusion, the usage of ear protectors

was not related to auditory function in employees of PT X.

Keywords: noise, ear protectors, hearing function

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

viii

DAFTAR ISI

JUDUL Halaman

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN.................................................................................. ii

SURAT PERNYATAAN..................................................................................... iii

ABSTRAK............................................................................................................. iv

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................. v

KATA PENGANTAR...........................................................................................vi

DAFTAR ISI........................................................................................................viii

DAFTAR TABEL..................................................................................................xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................xii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN....................................................................................... xiii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN.......................................................................................1

1.1 Latar Belakang................................................................................................1

1.2 Identifikasi Masalah...................................................................................... 3

1.3 Maksud dan Tujuan Penelitian..................................................................... 3

1.4Manfaat Penelitian........................................................................................ 3

1.5 Kerangka Pemikiran dan Hipotesis............................................................... 3

1.5.1 Kerangka Pemikiran............................................................................. 3

1.5.2 Hipotesis................................................................................................. 4

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA........................................................................... 5

2.1 Anatomi Telinga.............................................................................................5

2.1.1 Telinga Luar...........................................................................................5

2.1.2 Telinga Tengah...................................................................................... 6

2.1.3 Telinga dalam.........................................................................................7

2.1.4 Persarafan Telinga................................................................................ 8

2.2 Pengolahan Rangsang Auditori.....................................................................9

2.3 Fisiologi Pendengaran................................................................................... 9

2.3.1 Mekanisme Pendengaran Sentral...................................................... 11

2.3.2 Jalur Saraf Pendengaran.................................................................... 11

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

ix

2.3.3 Pusat Pendengaran..............................................................................13

2.3.4 Sistem Pendengaran Manusia............................................................ 13

2.4 Kebisingan....................................................................................................14

2.4.1 Jenis kebisingan...................................................................................15

2.4.2 Sumber Kebisingan dan Jenis Kebisingan di Lingkungan Kerja...16

2.4.3 Hubungan Kebisingan dan Kesehatan.............................................. 19

2.4.4 Gangguan Pendengaran......................................................................22

2.4.5 Dampak Kebisingan terhadap Gangguan Pendengaran................. 23

2.4.6 Penurunan Pendengaran...............................................................25

2.4.7 Menentukan Kekerasan Suara...........................................................26

2.4.8. Audiometri.......................................................................................... 26

2.4.9 Derajat Ketulian berdasarkan Audiometri.......................................28

BAB III BAHAN DAN METODE PENELITIAN............................................29

3.1 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian...........................................................................29

3.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian.......................................................................29

3.3 Metode Penelitian.......................................................................................29

3.3.1 Rancangan Penelitian..........................................................................29

3.4 Variabel penelitian...................................................................................... 29

3.5. Definisi Operasional................................................................................... 30

3.6. Populasi dan sampel...................................................................................30

3.7 Prosedur Penelitian..................................................................................... 30

3.7.1 Pengukuran Intensitas Bising.............................................................30

3.7.2 Pengukuran Pendengaran dengan Audiometri................................ 31

3.8 Analisis Data................................................................................................ 32

3.9 Aspek Etik Penelitian...................................................................................32

BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN............................................................. 33

4.1 Hasil Penelitian............................................................................................ 33

4.2 Hasil Tes Audiometri terhadap Karyawan PT X..........................................33

4.3 Pembahasan.................................................................................................34

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

x

4.4 Keterbatasan Penelitian..............................................................................36

BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN.....................................................................37

5.1 Simpulan.......................................................................................................37

5.2 Saran.............................................................................................................37

LAMPIRAN..........................................................................................................41

RIWAYAT HIDUP..............................................................................................50

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

xi

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

Tabel 2.1 Intensitas Bunyi dan Waktu Paparan yang Diperkenankan............ 27

Tabel 3.2 Derajat Ketulian menurut ISO ........................................................32

Tabel 4.1 Hasil Fungsi Tes Audiometri terhadap Karyawan PT X ............... 34

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

xii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar .. Halaman

Gambar 2.1 Telinga Luar, Telinga Tengah dan Telinga Dalam ............................5

Gambar 2.2 Telinga Tengah dan Kedudukan Tulang-Tulang Pendengaran.......... 7

Gambar 2.3 Jaras Pendengaran.............................................................................. 9

Gambar 2.4 Perjalanan Nervus Cochlearis . ................. ................. .....................12

Gambar 2.5 Ilustrasi Gambar Blower Pabrik X ....................................................17

Gambar 2.6 Mesin Pompa Penyambung Mesin Boiler..........................................17

Gambar 2.7 Mesin Boiler Pabrik PT X.................................. ...............................18

Gambar 2.8 Ear Plug..............................................................................................22

Gambar 2.9 Ear Muff ............................................................. ..............................22

Gambar L 4.1. Sound level meter ................................... ................. ...................44

Gambar L 4.2 Alat audiometri..................... .........................................................44

Gambar L 5.3 Area produksi ................................................................................45

Gambar L 5.4 Mesin pencucian gallon..................................................................45

Gambar L 5.5 Line Galon B,C................................................ ............................ 45

Gambar L 5.6 Area produksi botol kemasan........ ................................................46

Gammbar L 5.7 Area produksi galon .. ................. ................................... ..........46

Gambar L 5.8 Mesin pengisian produk ke dalam gallon....................... ...............46

Gambar L 5.9 Pemeriksan fungsi pendengaran karyawan dengan Audiometri ...47

Universitas Kristen Maranatha

xiii

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN

Lampiran Halaman

Lampiran 1 Informed Consent............................................................................... 39

Lampiran 2 Surat Keputusan Etik Penelitian......................................................... 41

Lampiran 3 Data Karyawan PT.X .........................................................................42

Lampiran 4 Alat Penelitian ................................................................................... 44

Lampiran 5 Tempat

Penelitian ...............................................................................45

Universitas Kristen Maranatha