12

II BAB

AKATSUP NAUAJNIT

.A mameD gnajeK

.1 mameD

.a mamed isinifeD

ubut uhus alib nakisinifedid mameD iagabes lamron irad hibel h

id gnay sumalatopih id uhus rutagnep tasup natakgninep tabika

nilukretni helo ihuragnep - LI(1 - ,)8002 ,la te omramuS( )1 nad

nakapurem mamed uata tahes naadaek malad uhus narutagnep

sanap nasapelep nad iskudorp aratna nagnabmiesek ;1891 ,notyuG(

.)8002 ,la te omramuS

helo naktabikaid hubut uhus natakgninep nakapurem mameD

LI sanap naraulegnep nad iskudorp aratna nagnabmies kaditek - adap 1

id uhus narutagnep tasuP .tabilret kadit ini naadaek adareb sumalatopih

L( lamron naadaek malad ;0991,otnamku )8002,la te omramuS

.mamed nakbabetnem gnay tas utaus halada negoriP 2 tapadreT

mamed naklubminem gnay negorip , nad negortske negorip utiay

gnabmekreb nad hubut raul irad lasareb negortske negoriP .negodne

LI gnasgnarem - gnades ,1 k e negorip na malad irad lasareb negodn

hubut , mamed gnasgnarem kutnu naupmamek iaynupmem gnay

id uhus rutagnep tasup ihuragnepmem nagned nakgnades ,sumalatopih

I halada negodne negorip kusamret gnay L- ,1 rotkaf sisorken romut

)FNI( norefretni nad )FNT( otnamkuL( , ;0991 ,la te omramuS )8002

22

aparebeb irad mamed adap uhus natakgninep sataB

aliska uhus alib nakisinifedid mamed ,isairavreb naakatsupek irad hibel

2.73 o ,la te yelroM( C ,)2991 4.73 o ,la te werbyahW( C nedyarB .)8991

emtaerT dnA sisongaiD nerruC malad )7002( kkd cirtaideP nI tn

uhus anamid hubut uhus natakgninep iagabes mamed nakisinifednem

aynaliska irad hibel 73 o latcer uhus narukugnep uata C irad hibel 83 o C

14 hubut uhus halada aiskeriprepih o ,la te omramuS( hibel uata C

lajeg utas halas nakapurem mameD .)8002 nad tikaynep utaus irad a

taas aut gnaro nakiapmasid gnires gnay amatu nahulek utas halas

ek aynkana awabmem tapmet mamed ,retkod uata natahesek nanayalep

ipadahgnem malad hubut naupmamek nagned nagnubuhreb tagnas

mu adap mamed tikaynep babeynep uata namuk kadit aynmu

aiskeriprepyh tubesid gnay uata iggnit mamed alib ipatet ,ayahabreb

idajret nanikgnumek gnay kato nagniraj nakasurek nakbabeynem naka

.mamed gnajek

.b mamed igoloitE

kadit uata niop tes nakianek nakbabesid mameD aynada

iskudorp aratna nagnabmiesek .sanap naraulegnep nad aparebeB

tikayneP .)1 :halada tniop tes naktakgninem tapad gnay tikaynep

.tisarap uata aidymalc ,aistekcir suriv , iretkab iskefni itupilem ,iskefni

nagniraj nakasurek anerak helo sinakem amuarT )2 gnay mamed

nakem amuart nakbabesid haletes irah 2 iapmas 1 lucnum aynasaib si

naidajek . lasareb gnay romuT .gnalut ,itah ,urap ,saerknap romuT )3

luca ,amofmil nigdoh non ,amofmil nikgoh itrepes letodne olukiter irad

32

.aimekuel citycohpmyl aimena itrepes ,igolotameh nanialeK )4

)5 .kitilomeh nad urap , gnutnaj adap kafni itrepes ,relucsav nanialeK

,susortamyrE supuL amordnyS itrepes ,igolonomi tikayneP )6 .kato

.revef gurd sisirk ,aimekilgrepih ,tuog itrepes ,kilobatem nanialeK )7

naisidda ,diorit )5002 sicsnirP( .

.c igoloisiF mamed

aisunaM a lad hubut uhus anamid ,lamretoemoh kulhkam ha

73 ratikes patet fitaler aisunam o .C ,lamretoemoh kulhkam iagabeS

iesek rutagnem upmam aisunam m nad nakutnebmep nagnab

pe habmatreb sanap nakutnebmep nignid tapmetiD .sanap naraulegn

.gnarukreb sanap naraulegnep nad sanap tapmetid aynkilabeS

sanap naraulegnep a ,la te omramuS ;1891 ,notyuG( naktakgnit id nak

)8002 .

tasup faras nanusus nagro helo rutaid hubut uhuS utiay

tsis iulalem sumalatopih e .timur gnay kilab napmu m uhus isamrofnI

iretid gnay hubut raul naigab irad tiluk adap sanap nopser irad am

nad nakutnebmeP .sumalatopih ek nerefa faras iulalem naksuretid

.la te omramuS ;1891 ,notyuG( tniop tes nagned iauses aynaraulegnep

nad fitamos faras irad iridret sumalatopih irad nerefa faras )8002

alatopih aggnihes ,monoto rajnelek toto satifitka rukugnem tapad sum

;1891,notyuG( urap isalitnev nad harad naraderep ,tagnirek

)0002 ,otnaijeomsI

hubut uhus narutagnep tasup nakapurem roiretsop sumalatopiH

.sanap naraulegnep nad sanap iskudorp naktakgninem sagutreb gnay

42

topih aliB hadner hibel raul uhus isamrofni amirenem roiretsop sumala

nagned habmatid sanap nakutnebmep akam ,hubut uhus irad

kutneb malad akgnar toto sativitka nad emsilobatem natakgninep

tiluk iskirtnokosav nagned ignarukid sanap naraulegnep nad ligiggnem

egnep nad patet hubut uhus naikimed nagned ,tagnirek iskudorp naraul

) 8002 ,la te omramuS ;1891 ,notyuG( lamron raga naknahatrepid

narutagnep tasup nakapurem roiretna sumalatopih aynkilabeS

.sanap nakraulegnem sagutreb gnay uhus roiretna sumalatopih aliB

i amirenem akam ,hubut uhus irad iggnit hibel uhus isamrofn

nagned tiluk isatalidosav nagned naktakgnitid sanap naraulegnep

patet hubut uhus naikimed nagned tagnirek iskudorp habmanem

)9991 ,orogenopsuP ;1891 ,notyuG( lamron naknahatrepid

.d mamed igoloisifotaP

id mameD nakamanid gnay awaynes aparebeb helo naklubmit

negorip , nad negoske negirip utiay negorip sinej aud ada lanekid

.negodne raul irad lasareb gnay awaynes nakapurem negoske negoriP

aborkim uata niskot ,aborcim kudorp irad naigabes nad umajnep hubut

ridnes uti malad id awaynes nasapelep iskudnignem negoske negoriP .i

negodne negoriP .negodne negorip nakamanid gnay umajep hubut

umajep hubut maladid les sinej iagabreb helo iskudorpid tubesret

negorip gnologret gnay awayneS .gaforkam nad tisonom les amaturet

egodne les helo naklisahid gnay negodne negoriP .nikotis halai n

nagned gnusgnal araces aynnial utnetret les nad kaforkam ,tisonom

ek awabid nad isalukris metsis ek kusam harad hulubmep aratnarep

52

negodne negorip hubut uhus iladnegnep tasuP .sumalatopih

aklubminem nidnalgatsop sisetnis nial aratna ,kilobatem nahaburep n

tniop tes aggnihes hubut uhus nailadnegnep tasup ihuragnepmem gnay

hibel gnay hubut uhus utaus kutnu naktakgnitid tubesret uhus kutnu

anap iskudorp tasup ek slupmi mirignem naidumek ini tasuP .iggnit s

kutnu sanap nasapelep tasup ek nad aynsativitka naktakgninem kutnu

idajret uata takgninem hubut uhus aggnihes aynsativitka ignarugnem

.)8002 ,la te omramuS( mamed

.e mamed sinilk isatsefinaM

tniop tes natakgninep helo nakbabesid gnay mamed adaP

sumalatopih nupuam negodne negorip nagned nagnubuhreb gnay kiab ,

araulegnep nad sanap nakutnebmep natakgninep ,negoske n ,sanap

,nignid satimirtke ,ligiggnem ,noitcereolip ,nignid asarem atirednep

,orogenopsuP ;1891 ,notyuG( ilakes tikides uata ada kadit tagniek

;9991 la te omramuS , )8002 .

adaP naadaek ,lamron sumalatopih tniop tes anamid

sanap naraulegnep emsinakem nad takgninem sanap nakutnebmep

satimirtke ,noitcareolip ada kadit ,sanap asarem ,atirednep ,lamron

.kaynab tagnirek ,sanap t lamron sanap nakutnebmep aliB ipate

,sanap asarem atirednep kiab kadit sanap naraulegnep emsinakem

;1891 ,notyuG( tikides tagnirek nad sanap asarem satimirtske

)8002 ,la te omramuS ;9991 ,orogenopsuP

,kasur hadus aynsumalatopih id uhus rutagnep tasup alibapA

epmem tapad kadit atirednep padahret aynhubut uhus naknahatr

62

tapad kadit ,patenem naka hubut uhus ,aynratikesid uhus nahaburep

irad iggnit hibel hubut uhus alib idajret nagniraj nakasurek.nurut kian

0,14 o .C faras nanusus halada anekret hadum gnilap gnay nagniraJ

.toto nad tasup ajeG tapad tasup faras nanusus nakasurek tabika al

nakgnades ,kato amede nad nahupmulek ,gnajek ,amok apureb

tabika nagned mumu siloimodbbmar apureb toto nakasurek

,kato gnatab id nakasurek imalagnem gnay atiredneP .aimenibolgoim

ad kiteripitna nairebmep nagned ayntaafnam ada naka kadit serpmok n

)8002 ,la te omramuS ;1891,notyuG(

.f kitsongaid natakedneP

iaynupmem surah gnaroes mamed igoloite iracnem kutnU

nagned isasinagroret gnay natakednep nad saul nasawaw

a laggnit haread ,mamed epit ,kana rumu nakgnabmitrepmem uat

.utnetret tikaynep simedne hareadek naigrepreb hanrep turuneM

naanaskalatanep malad kimtirogla napahat aparebeb taumem namheB

:utiay mamed

)1 muirotarobal nad kisif naaskiremep ,sisemana ,amatrep pahaT

kapa nakutnenem kutnu isaulaveid uti haletes utnetret ada ha

.kadit uata kifiseps adnat nad alajeg

)2 :utiay nanikgnumek aud igabid tapad ,audek pahaT

)a nakukalid akam utnetret lakof alajeg nad adnat nakumetid aliB

adap haragnem gnay kifiseps hibel gnay nahabmat naaskiremep

.iagirucid gnay tikaynep

72

)b ada kadit aliB nakukalid akam lakof alajeg nad adnat

.pakgnel harad gnalu naaskiremep

)3 nad kelpmok hibel gnay naskiremep irad iridret ,agit pahaT

.hararet

nigief nad nniroL malad la te omramuS ( 8002 ,) gnatnet silunem

.OUF nagned kana adap sisongaid kujnutep akagenem kutnU n

did sisongaid a nad sisif naaskiremep ,sisemana adap nakras

muirotarobal .

kana adap idajret gnay mamed )%05( raseb naigabeS

gnay ajas % 2 ratikes aynah nad suriv iskefni helo nakbabesid

kana rumu )6791 ,naloD & yhtraccM( lairetkab iskefni nakbabesid

tapad anerak helo mamed babeynep gnatnet kujnutep nakirebmem

halada gnires gnay iyab mamed babeyneP .lairetkab iskefni

puorg succocotperts – 3 rumureb iyab adaP .fitagen marg iretkab nad b

epit azneulfni sulihpomeah anerak gnires gnilap gnay nalub 6 iapmas -

pes ,b 3 rumureb kana haleteS .licek iyab adap idajret gnires hibel sis

iaynupmem halet ai anerak sitigninem idajret gnaraj hibel nalub

ini aisu adap iapmujid gnires gnay mameD .imala nalabekek

haradreb mamed kusamret suriv iskefni uata sitigniraf nakbabesid

suP( )9991 ,orogenop

kutnu utnabmem tapad anahredes muirotarobal naaskiremeP

lµ/000.51 irad hibel tisokel halmuJ .mamed igoloite iuhategnem

03 irad hibel )DEL( harad padne ujal ,irik ek naresegrep nagned

04 irad hibel mamed nagned kana adap maj/mm oC nakujnunem okiser

82

uhus nagned kana nakgnidnabid aimiretkab imalagnem tapil ilak 5

04 o C ,orogenopsuP ( DEL nad tisokel natakgninep apnat )9991 .

.g anaskalataT mamed

93 ihibelem iggnit gnay mameD oC asarem kana nakbabeynem

,kane kadit nad hasileg s an nagnalihek ilakgnire munim nad nakam usf

tagnas gnay namunim nad nanakam nakusam ignarugnem aggnihes

.kana nakulrepid rudit tapad kadit kana nakbabeynem mameD

aguj aut gnarO .aynirah nakoseek satifitkareb tapad kadit aggnihes

pad mameD .aynkana naadaek adap samec tagnas asarem aguj ta

oyodnawomraD ( okiser alages nagned mamed gnajek nakbabikagnem ,

) 2002 .

itna tabo nagned nakukalid tapad mamed naanaskalataneP

aynaudek isanibmok uata kisif ,kiterip

)1 kidem naanaskalataneP tabo nairebmep( kiteripitna )

kidniid gnay mamed naadaeK naanuggnep nakisa

)1 :nial aratna kiteripitna 93 irad hibel mameD o gnay C

mameD )2 .namayn kadit uata ireyn alajeg nagned nagnubuhreb

5,04 irad hibel o natakgninep nagned nagnubuhreb mameD )3 .C

p itrepes ,emsilobatem ada ,gnutnaj tikaynep ,kurub izig naadaek

repo uata rakab akul a isarepo aksap is . tayawir nagned kanA )4

,otnamkuL( muirilid uata mamed gnajek ,orogenopsuP ;0991

92

9991 ; la te omramuS , nairebmep isakidni nupikseM )8002

gnisam tapadnep nagned isrevortnok nakapurem hisam kiteripitna -

,gnisam aas iapmas .mamed alibapa nakirebid hisam kiteripitna ini t

5,83 hialimem retkod aumes ripmaH - 93 o nakirebmem kutnu C

nanamaynkaditek ignarugnem naujut nagned natabognep nad kana

.mamed gnajek hagecnem atres ,aut gnaro nahasilegek gnay kanA

nad namayn tahilret kadit aynah aynlutebes iujuteynem aut gnaro

kiteripitna nairebmep taafnam gnokoynem gnay itkub tikides

hibel aynlutebes aiglaim nad nagnir namayn kadit asaR .tubesret

gnay igrene aggnihes satifitka naklaminimem nagned taafnamreb

kanugid kutnu nakhilaid aidesret amales aimikoib iskaer malad na

uhus nakianem tapad aguj nahibelreb gnay sativitkA .mamed

aynamas ajrek kutnu nakulrepid ubi gnaroes nakididneP .hubut

adaP )8002 ,la te omramuS( mamed padahret tukat asar isatagnem

ebid kadit kiterip itna nairebmep aynrasad ,sitamoto araces nakir

kiteripitna nairebmep ,nagnabmitrep nakulremem ipatet

adap aretet gnay uhus irad nakub ,kana nanamaynek nakrasadreb

.nairebmep ini taas ,retemomret akgna

nakirebid kiteripitna ,nahibelreb ulalet kiterepitna peseR

naro ngnutnuek imed gnaro igab nakididnep.kana adap irad aut g

akerem tukat asar isatagnem amasajrek kutnu nakilrepid aut

kadit alib takgninem tapad mamed aynlasim( mamed padahret

awhab aut gnaro adap isamrofni ada kadit aynasaib nad )askirepid

analajep malad taafnamrab mamed .tikaynep n

03

)2 sidem non naanaskalataneP ( serpmok )

kadit ria serpmok awhab nakitkubmem naitileneP

aynah serpmoK .kiteripitna tabo kefe naktakgninem

iggnit tagnas gnay mamed nagned susak adap nakisadnemokerid

04( o 04 irad hibel uata )C o r kadit mamed alibapa C nagned nopse

haletes nakireb ,serpmok nakanugnem alibapA .kiteripitna tabo

anurunep nakitsamem kutnu kiteripitna nairebmep n hubut uhus

id uhus rutagnep tasup helo opih t .sumala ,ligiggnem kana alibapA

omramuS ;0991 ,otnamkuL( nakianid surah serpmok ria uhus

)8002

artnok nakapurem se uata nignid serpmok naanugneP

tasup natakgninep nagned nagnatnetreb ini laH .isakidni

naka gnay ,kigoloisif araces sumalatopih uhus narutagnep

nad fitkudorp artnok gnay naadaek utaus ,ligiggnem tabikareb

hus natakgninep tabikareb serpmok tabika iskirtnokosav.hubut u

aguj lohokla serpmoK .hubut uhus naktakgninem naka aguj nignid

nad tiluk iulalem isbosbaid naka lohokla anerak nakrujnaid kadit

nakrujnaid gnay serpmoK .satisiskot nakbabeynem nad nasafanrep

adaP .tagnah serpmok halada idajret naka paugnem ria taas

ligiggnem nakbabeynem kadit nad mamed nanurunep

)8002 ,omramuS ;9991 ,orogenopsuP(

nagnidnabrep gnatnet ,)2002( ikejer irT naitilenep turuneM

naknurunem kutnu nignid serpmok nad tagnah serpmok huragnep

ab nakujnunem kana mamed kana adap tagnah serpmok awh

13

nakgnidnabid hubut uhus naknurunem kaynab hibel mamed

.ankamreb kitsitats araces nad nignid serpmok

.isardihed hagecnem kutnu kaynab munim ulrep kanA

,aynhubut emsilobatem ignarugnem kutnu pukuc rudit ullrep kanA

aiakap akubmem nakitahrepmem ,nahibelreb gnay letnam uata n

)8002 ,la te omramuS( nagnaur malad id aradu narila

.2 gnajeK mameD

.a mamed gnajek isinifeD

adap idajret gnay gnajek natikgnab halai mamed gnajeK

83 sata id latker uhus( hubut uhus nakianek 0 helo nakbabesid gnay )C

;9991 ,ologgnemoteoS ;6002 ,orogenopsuP( lainarkartke sesorp

turuneM .)2002 ,gnibotnabmuL elirbef no tnemetats susnesnoc

seruzies aynasaib ,kana uata iyab adap naidajek halada mamed gnajek ,

nagned nagnubuhreb ,nuhat 5 iapmas nalub 3 rumu aratna idajret

med naadaek uata lainarkartni iskefni aynada itkubret kadit ipatet ma

.utnetret

rumureb iyab nad mamed apnat gnajek hanrep gnay kanA

ayniggnit tajareD .mamed gnajek kusamret kadit uggnim 4 irad gnaruk

mamed gnajek sisongaid kutnu pukuc paggnaid gnay mamed

oS( 2 adap idajret mamed gnajeK .)9991 ,ologgnemote - rumureb kana 4

imalagnem hanrep gnay kanA .nuhat 5 nagned iapmas nalub 6 aratna

kusamret kadit ilabmek mamed gnajek naidumek ,mamed apnat gnajek

rumureb iyab adap mamed iatresid gnajeK .mamed gnajek malad

23

ruk mamed gnajek malad kusamret kadit nalub 1 irad gna

.)6002 ,orogenopsuP(

.b mamed gnajek nedisni/ naidajek akgnA

tikaynep aratnaid kaynabret nanialek nakapurem mamed gnajeK

faras .kana adap 3 hibel gnaruK ratna rumureb kana % a nalub 6

rep nuhat 5 nagned iapmas uata ilak utas atirednem han nagnares hibel

.)2002 ,gnibotnabmuL ;7891 ,egdirdooG( mamed gnajek turuneM

)3991( kkd adeaM d , iggnit hibel mamed gnajek nedisni gnapeJ i ,

inkay tapadid nak 7,9 akgna atinaw adap nad %5,01 airp adap( %

91( iobusT nakgnades ,)%9,8 %7 ratikes akgna naktapadnem )68

.)2002 ,gnibotnabmuL(

gnajeK .kana nad iyab adap iapmujid aynmumu mamed gnajeK

uata nalub 6 irad gnaruk rumureb kana adap idajret gnaraj mamed

792 irad naktapadnem )5791( gnibotnabmuL .nuhat 5 irad hibel

ed gnajek atirednep rasikreb iggnitret isnedisni ,aynitileted gnay mam

susak 98 uata %03 ratikes utiay ,nuhat 1 iapmas nalub 6 aisu aratna

.)2002 ,gnibotnabmuL( )susak 792 nahurulesek irad

ikal kanA - nakgnidnabid mamed gnajek atirednem gnires ikal

nagned naupmerep kana nagned 1 :4.1 aratna rasikreb nagnidnabrep

.1 : 2.1 nad gnajek atirednep 221 irad naktapadnem )2991( kkd ekayiM

ikal kana 06 ,itiletid gnay mamed - .naupmerep kana 25 nad ikal

najek atirednep 304 irad naktapadnem )8691( pahciliM g ,mamed

ikal nagnidnabrep - p nad ikal 4.1 halada naupmere : nakgnadeS .1

ikal kana nagnidnabrep naktapadnem )5791( gnibotnabmuL - nad ikal

33

gnay mamed gnajek atirednep 792 irad 1:2.1 halada naupmerep

ikal halada kana 561 ,aynitiletid - atinaw kana 231 nad ikal

)2002 ,gnibotnabmuL( .

.c ajek isakifisalK mamed gn

.nagnolog 2 idajnem igabid aynmumu adap mamed gnajeK

malaD .rakap iagabreb helo nakakumekid ini nagnologgnep airetirK

,tuberet nagnologgnep malad licek naadebrep aparebeb tapadret ini lah

l ,atirednep aisu ,mamed ayniggnit ,gnajek sinej tukgnaynem aynama

susnesnoK( aynial nad kato namaker narabmag ,gnusgnalreb gnajek

.)6002 ,mamed gnajek naanaskalatanep

idajnem mamed gnajek igabmem )8591( laerG cM nad drahcirP

mamed gnajeK )2 ,anahredes mamed gnajeK )1 :utiay ,nagnolog 2

iriC .sahk kadit - gnajek iric gnajeK )1 :halada anahredes mamed

gnay irik iakgnut nad nagnel tahilret maka aynitra ,sirtemis tafisreb

.nanak itrepes amas gnajek 6 aratna atirednep aisU )2 nalub s 4 iapma

001 uhuS )3 .nuhat o F 87,73( oC hibel uata ) . gnajek aynamaL )4

inem 03 irad gnaruk nad lamron )faras isgnuf( igoloruen naadaeK )5 .t

yhpargolahP ecnE ortkelE( GEE )6 .lamron patet aguj gnajek haletes -

.lamron halada mamed kadit haletes taubid gnay )kato namaker

nad drahcirP helo sataid ritub ihunemem kadit gnay mamed gnajeK

logid laerG cM sahk kadit mamed gnajek iagabes nakgno

.)2002 ,gnibotnabmuL(

2 idajnem mamed gnajek igabmem aguj )4591( notsgniviL

iric nagned ipatet ,nagnolog - gnidnabid adebreb tikides gnay iric

43

nagnologgneP .laerG cM nad drahcirP turunem nagnologgnep nagned

mamed gnajek halada notsgnivil turunem : mamed gnajeK )1

iriC .mamed helo naksutecid gnay ispelipE )2 .anahredes - gnajek iric

aynamaL )b .mumu tafisreb gnajeK )a :halada anahredes mamed

utkaw aisU )c .)tinem 51 irad gnaruk( takgnis gnusgnalreb gnajek

matrep mamed gnajek isneukerF )d .nuhat 6 irad gnaruk lucnum a

1 nagnares - malad ilak 4 gnay gnajeK .lamron GEE )e .nuhat utas

iric nagned iauses kadit - tubesid notsgniviL helo sata id tubesret iric

gnay ispelipe hotnoC .mamed helo naksutecid gnay ispelipe iagabes

naksutecid gnajeK .)a :halada notsgniviL turunem mamed helo

utkaw aisU .)b .tapmetes/ lakof tafisreb uata amal gnusgnalreb

.)c .nuhat 6 aisu irad hibel lucnum amatrep mamed gnajek nagnares

.)d .nuhat utas malad ilak 4 ihibelem gnajek nagnares isneukerF

y GEE narabmaG halada igal mamed kadit haletes taubid gna

gnajek nagned kana adap nakumetid sataid ritub aliB .lamronba

gnay ispelipe atirednep iagabes nakgnologid ai akam mamed

.)2002 ,gnibotnabmoL( mamed helo naksutecid

idajnem mamed gnajek igabmem aguj )1891( amayukuF 2

mamed gnajeK .)2 .anahredes mamed gnajeK .)1 :utiay nagnolog

surah anahredes mamed gnajek ,amayukuF turuneM .skelpmok

kadit atirednep agraulekiD .)a :utiay tukireb airetirk aumes ihunemem

ato aredec tayawir ada kadit aynmulebeS .)b .ispelipe tayawir ada k

amatrep gnay mamed gnajek nagnareS .)c .nupapa babeynep helo

mamed gnajek aynamaL .)d .nuhat 6 iapmas nalub 6 aisu aratna idajret

53

.lakof tafisreb kadit gnajeK .)e .tinem 02 irad hibel kadit gnusgnalreb

ksap satilamronba uata nauggnag naktapadid kadiT .)f .)g .gnajek a

uata sigoloruen satilamronba naktapadid kadit aguj aynmulebeS

utkaw malad gnalureb kadit gnajeK .)g .nagnabmekrep satilamronba

helo ,sataid airetirk ihunemem kadit mamed gnajek aliB .takgnis

skelpmok mamed gnajek iagabes nakgnologid amayukuF

.)2002 ,gnibotnabmuL(

)6002( mamed gnajek naanaskalatanep susnesnoK

.)1 :utiay nagnolog 2 idajnem mamed gnajek nakisakifiralkgnem

gnajeK .skelpmok mamed gnajeK .)2 nad anahredes mamed gnajeK

,takgnis gnusgnalreb gnay mamed gnajek halada anahredes mamed

ruk gnajeK .iridnes itnehreb naka aynmumu nad tinem 51 irad gna

gnajeK .lakof nakareg apnat ,kinolk uata nad kinot mumu kutnebreb

%08 nakapurem mamed gnajeK .maj 42 utkaw malad gnalureb kadit

halada skelpmok mamed gnajeK .mamed gnajek hurules aratnaid

d gnajek hibel amal gnajek )a :ini tukireb iric uras halas nagned mame

mumu gnajek uata ,isis utas laisrap uata lakof gnajek )b ,tinem 51 irad

42 malad ilak utas irad hibel uata gnalureb )c ,laisrap gnajek iuluhadid

l gnusgnalreb gnay gnajek halada amal gnajeK .maj tinem 51 irad hibe

gnajek natikgnab aratnaid nad ilak 2 irad hibel gnalureb gnajek uata

gnajeK .mamed gnajek %8 adap idajret amal gnajeK .radas kadit kana

iuluhadid mumu gnajek uata ,isis utas laisrap gnajek halada lakof

ada gnalureb gnajeK .laisrap gnajek malad hibel uata ilak 2 gnajek hal

idajret gnalureb gnajeK .radas kana gnajek natikgnab 2 aratna ,irah 1

63

mamed gnajek imalagnem gnay kana aratnaid %61 adap

.)6002 ,orogenopsuP(

.d mamed gnajek igoloitE

faras nanusus raulid rebmusreb gnay iskefni sinej aumeS tasup

.mamed gnajek nakbabeynem tapad mamed naklubminem gnay

gnades ,gniresret babeynep nakapurem tuka nasafanrep narulas iskefnI

uata allegihS helo nakbabesid gnay amaturet sitirtneortsag

gnay babeynep nakapurem himek narulas iskefni nad retcabolypmaC

bel akgnal gnay babeynep nakapurem mutnafni aloesoR .gnaraj hi

iskefni natabilretek naktubeynem naitilenep haubeS .kisalk numan

.)7002 ,eoM( susak hurules irad %68 ada suriv

nadab uhus adap lubmit gnay gnajek halada mamed gnajeK

es aynmameD )mamed( iggnit gnay helo nakbabesid tapad iridn

.iskefni maturet ,babes iagabreb iskefni awhab nakropalid hanreP

.aynial iskefni adap irad mamed gnajek iatresed gnires hibel utnetret

%8,4 ratikeS - allegihS namuk helo sitsiretneortag atirednep %54

nabid mamed gnajek imalagnem namuk helo sitirtneortsag gnid

ratikes aynah mamed gnajek naidajek akgna anamid aynial babeynep

kkd thaL .%1 ( 4891 ) hab nakakumegnem w naidajek akgna ayniggnit a

natiakreb nikgnum sosollenomlas nad sisollegihs adap mamed gnajek

ucar tabika kiskot kefe nagned gnay namuk naklisahid gnay n

gnay rotkaf aparebeb ada ,)8691( pahcilliM turuneM .natukgnasreb

.)a : aynlasim ,mamed gnajek nakbabeynem malad narepreb nikgnum

namuk( emsinagroorkim kiskot kudorp kefE .)b ,iridnes uti mamed

73

pser )c ,kato padahret )suriv uata gnay numu naadaek uata kigrela sno

uata nariac nagnabmiesek nahaburep .)d ,iskefni helo lamronba

nagnir gnay )suriv tabika kato gnadar( lariv sitilafesne .)e ,kilortkele

nagnubag .)f ,satnipes kiskot itapolafesne uata iuhatekid kadit gnay

sret rotkaf aumes .)2002,gnibotnabmul( sataid tube

,rumu ,mamed halada mamed gnajek adap gnitnep gnay rotkaF

iskefni helo nakbabesid gnires mameD .latanirep nad latanerp ,kiteneg

nad sitiretneortsag ,ainomuenp ,aidem sitito ,sata nasafanrep narulas

eK .himek narulas iskefni gnay uhus adap lubmit ulales kadit gnaj

gnadak ,iggnit gnilap - hadus iggnit ulalret kadit gnay mamed gnadak

gnay mamed adap idajret gnajek aliB .gnajek nakbabeynem tapad

iggnit okiser iaynupmem kana ,iggnit kadit gnajek gnalureb kutnu

)9991 ,ologgnemoteoS( .

.e mamed gnajek sinilk isatsefinaM

gnajek nagnares apureb ,takgnis gnusgnalreb gnajek aynmumU

.iridnes itnehreb gnajek ilakgnireS .laretalib kinolk kinot uata kinolk

kutnu nupapa iskaer irebmem kadit kana itnehreb gnajek haleteS

ebeb haletes ipatet ,kanejes nugnabret naka kana tinem uata kited apar

helo itukiid tapad gnajeK .sigoloruen tisifed apnat ilabmek radas nad

( aratnemes sisarapimeh ddoT sisarapimeH gnusgnalrab gnay )

tapad amal gnay laretalinu gnajeK .irah aparebeb iapmas maj aparebeb

imeh helo itukiid gnay gnajek natikgnaB .patenem gnay sisarap

gnay mamed gnajek adap idajret gnires hibel amal gnusgnalreb

matrep a .)9991,ologgnemoteoS(

83

.f mamed gnajek okiser rotkaF

rotkaf halada okisir rotkaF - naadaek uata rotkaf - gnay naadaek

p utaus nagnabmekrep ihuragnepmem natahesek sutats uata tikayne

.utnetret

)1 :utiay okisir rotkaf macam aud lanekid laudividni takgnit adaP

)a .kisnirtni okisir rotkaF

satilibitpesus takgnit apureb :halai kirtnisni okiser rotkaF

lebitpesus gnay udividnI .tikaynep utaus padahret udividni

padahret tikgnajret hadum uata akep hibel itrareb tikaynep utaus

helo ihuragnepid ini lebitpssus naadaeK .tubesret tikaynep

fa araceS .nagnukgnil nupuam ,kiteneg nial aratna rotkaf rotk

arik ,lailimaf iumetid gnires mamed gnajek kiteneg - % 01 arik

tirednep aut gnaro adap aynimalagnem hanrep mamed gnajek a

kanak asam - naktapadid adum hibel gnay araduas irad ,kanak

.ilak utas ayntikides nagned gnajek imalagnem naka %9

ipat lednem araces kadit mamed gnajek tikaynep nanuruneP

y neg kaynab halada kinegiloP .kinegilop araces irasadnem gna

,tikaynep naklisahgnem kutnu neg kaynab ucapid tubesret lah

.)5002 .ecnirP( rihka epitonef

kaynab hadus mamed gnajek nagned agraulek tayawiR

gnajek ,mamed gnajek okiser rotkaf utas halas iagabes itiletid

sotua nanimod araces naknurutid mamed ,gnibotnabmuL( la

.)2002 nupuam togizoreteh kiab nakiserpskeid lasotua nanimoD

ikal ,togizomoh - amas naupmerep nad ikal - nad upmam amas

93

.lamosotua nanimod lela utaus naksirawem lakitrev isimnarT

lasotua nanimod kitsiretkaraK .aynkana ek aut gnaro irad salej

nanimod tikaynep neisap irad nanurutek aumes awhab halada

gnay tikaynep anekret %05 satilaborp ikilimem naka lasotua

ihuragnepid tapad mamed gnajek lasotua nanimod araces ,amas

nakbabeynem gnay utnetret mizne aynada nanikgnumek helo

abmalret kato satirutam .t

padahret esanikilop iatnar iskaer aimik sisilana araceS

iskaeR .latanarp igab gnitnep itra irebmem nagniraj nad nariac

nagniraj uata harad helorepid gnay AND nakapurem esanikilop

gnatnet )6991( iwawaN naitilenep turuneM .)5002 ,secnirP(

k okiser rotkaf awhab lisah tapadid kana adap mamed gnaje

amuart ,hadner rihal iyab nadab tareb ,rutamerp tayawir

agudid latanirep tikaynep nad murotanoen aiskifsa ,nanilasrep

.mamed gnajek okiser rotkaf iagabes aguj

)b .kisnirtrske okiser rotkaF

lai kisnirtske okiser rotkaF rotkaf ha - nagnukgnil rotkaf

rotkaF .tikaynep utaus tikgnajret udividni nakhadumem gnay

,kigoloib ,iwaimik ,kisif naadaek apureb tapad kisnirtske okisir

hotnoC .)6891 ,oynkitarP( ayadub laisos nupuam ,kigolokisp

ahaburep ihuragnepmem nikgnum gnay nagnukgnil narutagnep n

,aimretopih naadaek halada mamed aynlubmit uata nad uhus

.ekorts taeh ,sanap ulalret gnay nagnukgnil uhus ,aimretrepih

04

,notyuG( ayniagabes naD ilakes gnitnep )1891

,mirtske gnay hubut uhus natakgninep padahret naiauseynep

ap anekret gnay gnaro irah paites maj aparebeb amales san

padahret iggnit gnay isnarelot lubmit naka tareb ajrekeb libmas

kusamret nagniraj nakasurek nakabeynem tapad atreS .sanap

halada gnitnep gnay sigoloisif nahaburep ,kato nagniraj

nagnarugnep nad amsalp emulov natakgninep marag nagnalihek

iserkes natakgninep tabika tubesret laH .niru nad tagnirek malad

tabo nad aimik kefe nakgnadeS .noretodla - gnay natabo

ek nakusamid alib gnisa adneb nakapurem tapad hubut malad

tafisreb akerem utiay hubut uhus natakgninep babeynem

kinegorip .ubed ,kubres ,iretkab ,

.gnudnakid gnay nietorp anerak kinegorip aumes niskaV

gnusgnal kefe iaynupmem isardihed nagned ekorts taeh isidnoK

takgnit adap tatsomret naktapmenem kutnu sumalatopih adap

itsard araces tagnirek ignarugnem kefe niales ,iggnit gnay ,s

nariac ekatni naknahatrepmem kutnu gnitnep gnitnep aggnihes

sanap gnay nagnukgnil adap taukeda gnay adirolc muirtan nad

uhus narutagnep nahabureP .ekorts taeh iradnihgnem kutnu

ulalret gnay uhus ,iggnit sanap isidnok adap aynah kadit hubut

d aguj hadner atres isalukris nauggnag nakbabeynem tapa

.nagniraj nakasurek okiser rotkaf nakapurem sataid okiser rotkaF

.mamed gnajek nakbabeynem gnay neisap uata udividni irad

gnay neisap uata udividni raul irad okiser rotkaf ada uti nialeS

14

nem isubirtnok irebmem aguj rotkaf irad gnajek nakbabey

nanagnanep malad aut gnaro ukalirep ,pakis ,nauhategnep

.mamed

)2 rotkaF autgnaro ukalirep

natahesek ukalirep irad sapelret kadit aut gnaro ukalireP

padahret gnaroeses nopser utaus halada natahesek ukalirep anamid

ybo uata sulumits mitsis ,tikaynep ,tikas nagned natiakreb gnay ke

malaD .)3002 ,ojomtaotoN( nagnukgnil atres ,nanayalep

aparebeb kitsiretkarak adap gnutnagret tagnas nopser nakirebmem

rotkaF .rotkaf - ihuragnepmem gnay naadaek uata okiser rotkaf

a tikaynep utaus nagnabmekrep tapad utnetret natahesek sutats uat

gnaro ukalireP .tikaynep utaus aynlubmit isubirtnok nakirebmem

padahret nauhategnep nad tikas padahret nopser pukacnem aut

kutnu aut gnaro gnorodnem tubesret lah ,tikaynep alajeg nad adnat

metsis nakanuggnem nad iracnem nanayalep satilisaf uata

nakadnit uata ayapu tukgnaynem halada ini ukalirep ,natahesek

namahameP .tikaynep atirednem aynkana taas adap gnaroeses

gnaroeses sativitka nad natayahgnep satilatot nakapurem aut gnaro

,rotkaf aparebeb helo huragnep nakapurem gnay nial atak nagned

)3002( ojdomdaotoN turunem kelpmok haltagnas aisunam ukalirep

:utiay nanimod hanar agit maladek aisunam ukalirep igabmem

)a ( nauhategneP egdelwonk )

gnay uhat irad lisah nakapurem halada nauhategneP

amagnep nakukalem gnaroeses haletes idajret utaus padahret nat

24

gnay utauses alages uata )3002 ,ojomtaotoN( utnetret keybo

.iuhatekid ,aisunam aredni acnap iulalem idajret naaredigneP

.abar nad asar ,namuicnep ,naragnednep ,natahilgnep utiay

utaus nakapurem gnay rajaleb iulalem helorepid nauhategneP

.uhat idajnem uhat kadit aynidat gnay ,uhat iracnem sesorp

iagabreb pukacnem ini uhat iracnem sesorp malad aynasaiB

nupuam nakididnep sesorp iulalem kiab pesnok nad edotem

,namalagnep irad helorepid asib nauhategneP .namalagnep

gnaro ,urug irad aguj niales asam aidem nad ukub ,namet ,aut

.)3002 ,ojomtaotoN(

akam ini nauhategnep nagned aynatiak malaD

( nauhategnep evitingoc .)1 : utiay natakgnit mane iaynupmem )

( uhaT wonk uhaT .hadner gnilap gnay nakadnit iagabes )

s tagnignem kutnu naupmamek iagabes nakitraid iretam utau

awhab rukugnem kutnU .aynmulebes irajalepid halet gnay

irajalepid hanrep gnay apa padahret uhat nakatakid gnaroeses

,nakubeynem naupmamek tahilem nagned halada aynmulebes

,ayniagabes nial nad nakataynem ,nakisinifidnem ,nakiarugnem

imahameM .)2 ( noisneherpmoc kutnu naupmamek halada )

nad iuhatekid gnay keybo gnatnet raneb araces naksalejnem

kutnU .raneb araces tubesret iretam nakisatserpretnignem tapad

keybo utaus adap mahap nakatakid gnaroeses awhab rukugnem

em tapad akerem awhab halada utnetret ,naksalejn

lah gnatnet naklamarem uata naklupmiynem - natiakreb gnay lah

34

( isakilpA .)3 ,irajalepid halet gnay iretam nagned noitacilpa )

halet gnay iretam nakanuggnem kutnu naupmamek halada

isilanA .)4 ,aynranebes gnay isidnok nad isautis adap irajalepid

( ana sisyl /iretam nakrabajnem kutnu naupmamek halada )

nenopmok maladek keybo - ( sisetniS .)5 ,nenopmok sisehtnys )

nakgnubuhgnem uata nakkatelem kutnu naupmamek halada

naigab - nupuata urab gnay nahurulesek utaus malad ek naigab

iretam irad urab isalumrof nusuynem - ,ada hadus gnay iretam

( isaulavE .)6 noitaulave nakukalem kutnu naupamek halada )

utnetret keybo uata iretam utaus padahret isakifitsuj/naialinep

.)3002 ,ojdomdaotoN(

ukalirepreb( ukalirep ispodagnem gnaoeses mulebeS

a apa uluhad hibel uhat surah ai ,)urab ukalirep taafnam uata itr

ojomdaotot turunem ,aynagraulek uata aynirid igab tubesret

iuhategnem kutnu nakanugid tapad gnay rotakidni ,)3002(

gnatnet natahesek padahret naradasek uata nauhategnep takgnit

alajeg ,tikaynep babeynep itupilem tikaynep nad tikas uata

adnat - nad ,aynahagecnep arac anamiagab ,tikaynep adnat

.ayniaabes

nagnad nakukalid tapad nauhategnep narukugneP

iretam isi gnatnat nakaynanem gnay tekgna uata aracnawaw

.nednopser uata naitlilenep keybus irad rukuid nigni gnay

y nauhategnep namaladeK ruku uata iuhatek atik nigni gna

natakgnit nagned nakiauses atik tapad - .sataid natakgnit

44

gnay ubi awhab nakujnunem okowruP naitilenep lisaH

nakgnidnabid ritawahk hibel naka mamed isinifed iuhatagnem

lgiE turuneM .mamed isinifed iuhategnem kadit gnay nagned y

nauhategnep awhab nakataynem gnay )4891( nekiahC &

,alup fitisop gnay kadnitreb naka fitisop gnay kejbo padahret

lanosrep rotkaf helo ihuragnepid gnaroeses ispesrep anamid

gnatnet isalumits tapadnem ubi iggnit nikames ,isalumits nad

et uhat nikames mamed hibel asarem naka nad mamed gnatn

.mamed aynkana alib ritawahk

)b ( pakiS edutitta )

,pakis tubes atik ayntakgnis kutnu uata aisunam pakiS

.ilha arap helo isrev iagabreb malad nakisinifedid halet

,)8991( rawzA helo pituk gnay )2791( zlwokraB turuneM

nakumenem .pakis isinifed hulup agit irad hibel aynada

tapad aynmumu adap uti naitregnep nad isinifed nahuluP

.narikip agit maladek nakusamid

helo ilikawid gnay rikip akgnarek halada amatreP

selraC nad )2391( trekilsisneR ,)8291( enotsurhT siuoL

erem turuneM .doogsO isaulave kutneb nakapurem pakis ak

kejbo utaus padahret gnaroeses pakis ,naasarep iskaer uata

( kahimem uata gnukudnem naasarep halada elbarovaf nupuam )

( kahimem kadit uata gnukudnem kadit naasarep elbarovafnu )

.tubesret keybo adap

54

id audek rikimep kopmoleK ilha arap helo ilikaw

gnay )4391( ereipaL ,)1391( sudragoB ,)8291( evahC :itrepes

turuneM .kelpmok hibel pakis ianegnem akerem nakispesrepid

napaisek macames nakapurem pakis ,ini narikimep kopmolek

arac nagned kejbo utaus padahret iskaereb kutnu - etret arac .utn

nakapurem duskamid gnay napaisek awhab nakatakid tapaD

utnetret arac nagned iskaerreb kutnu isnetop nagnurednecek

gnay sulumits utaus adap nakpadahid udividni alib

.nopser aynada ikadnehgnem

kopmolek halada agitek gnay narikimep kopmoleK

neiroreb gnay ( kidairt ameks adap isat emehcs cidairt turuneM .)

isaletsnok nakapurem pakis utaus ini narikimep akgnarek

nenopmok - iskaretnireb gnilas gnay ,fitkefa ,fitingok nenopmok

utaus padahret ukalirepreb nad ,nakasarem ,imahamem malad

a ,)8991( rawzA turuneM .kejbo gnay rotkaf aparebeb ad

)2 ;idabirp namalagnep )1: utiay pakis nakutnebmep irasadnem

huragnep )3 ;gnitnep paggnaid gnay nial gnaro huragnep

nad nakididnep agabmel )5 ;asam aidem )4 naayadubek

.lanoisome rotkaf huragnep )6 ;amaga agabmel

aer nakapurem pakiS hisam gnay gnay nopser uata isk

.kejbo uata sulumits utaus padahret gnaroeses irad pututret

nenopmok agit iaynupmem pakis ,)4591( tropllA turuneM

pesnok nad edi ,)nanikayek( naayacrepek )1 : utiay kokop

ome uata lanoisome napudihek )2 ;kejbo utaus padahret lanois

64

kutnu nagnurednecek )3 ;kejbo utaus padahret isailave uata

( kadnitreb evaheb ot dnet ini nenopmok agiteK .)

amasrebaraces - ( hutu gnay pakis kutnebmem amas latot

etutitta ,nauhategnep ,ini hutu gnay pakis nautnenep malaD .)

m isome nad ,nanikayek ,pakis .gnitnep nanarep gnageme

aynlah itrepes ,)3002( ojomtaotoN turuneM

)1: utiay natakgnit iagabreb irad iridret ini pakis ,nauhategnep

( amirenem gnivecer uam )keybus( gnaro awhab nakitaid utiay )

.)2 )keybo( nakirebid gnay sulumits nakitahrepmem nad

( nopsereM gnidnopser alibapa nabawaj nakirebmem utiay )

gnay sagut nakiaseleynem nad ,sagut nakajregnem ,aynatid

utas nagned anerak pakis irad isakidni utaus halada nakirebid

sagut nakajregnem uata naaynatrep bawajnem kutnu ahasu

ajrekep irad sapelret ,nakirebid gnay ,halas uata raneb uti na

)3 ;tubesret edi amirenem gnaro awhab itrareb halada

( iagrahgnem gniulav kutnu nial gnaro kajagnem utiay )

)4 ;halasam utaus nakisuksidnem uata nakajregnem

( bawaj gnuggnatreb elbisnopser sata bawaj gnuggnatreb utiay )

utauses alages .okiser alages nagned aynhilipid halet gnay

nad gnusgnal araces nakukalid tapad pakis narukugneP

tapadnep anamiagab nakataynid tapad gnusgnal kadit

nednopser naaynatrep uata tapadnep anamiagab nakaynatid

kis ,)3002( ojomtaotoN turuneM .kejbo utaus padahret pa

uata naialinep anamiagab halada tikaynep uata tikas padahret

74

adnat uata alajeg padahret gnaroeses tapadnep - ,tikaynep adnat

nad tikaynep nahagecnep arac ,tikaynep naralunep arac

.ayniagabes

tikas hamurek aynkana awabmem aut gnaro aynmumU

nem kana haletes aut gnaro gnaraj ,gnajek nagnares imalag

uhus libmagnem kutnu naitahrep iaynupmem gnay hamurid

haletes areges uata gnajek gnades gnay aynkana hubut

aynkana iuhategnem nad gnugnib aynmumu akerem.gnajek

.ajas naabar iulalem mamed

)c tcarp( nakadnit uata ketkarP )eci

( aisunam ukalirep gnadnamem igolokisP namuh

roivaheb nupuam anahredes tafisreb tapad gnay iskaer iagabes )

nagned naktiakid ulales pakiS .)8991 ,rawzA( kelpmok tafisreb

nalamronek nad narajawek satab malad adareb gnay ukalirep

ata nopser nakapurem gnay sulumits padahret iskaer u

.laisos nagnukgnil ukalirep iskaer kitsiretkarak utas halaS

,aynduskaM .aynisinifed tafis halada kiranem gnay aisunam

gnay nopser utas irad hibel naklubminem tapad sulumits utas

as tapad adebreb gnay sulumits aparebeb nad adebreb aj

.)8991 ,rawzA( amas gnay nopser utas naklubminem

iskiderpmem aguj ipat imahamem radekes kadit kutnU

nakadnit iroet nakakumegnem niebhsiF nad nezjA ,ukalirep

( nasalareb noitca tenosaer fo yroeht tahilem abocnem nagned )

ukalirep babeynep nedesetna oisilov n nakukalid gnay ukalirep(

84

ismusa adap nakrasadid ini iroeT .iridnes nauamek sata - ismusa

arac nagned utauses nakukalem aynmumu aisunam awhab .)a -

nakgnabmitrepmem aisunam awhab .)b ,laka kusam gnay arac

silpske araces awhab .)c nad ,ada gnay isamrofni aumes ti

isakilpmi nakagnutihrepmem aisunam tisilpmi nupuam

.akerem nakadnit

pakis awhab nakatagnem nasalareb nakadnit iroeT

nalibmagnep sesorp utaus tawel ukalirep ihuragnepmem

satabret aynkapmad nad ,nasalareb nad itilet gnay nasutupek

reP .lah agit ada aynah kadit kaynab kadit ukalirep ,amat

kifiseps gnay pakis helo ipat mumu pakis helo nakutnetid

pakis helo ihuragnepid ukalirep ,audeK .utauses padahret

amron helo aguj ipat mumu - nanikayek utiay fitkeybus amron

ik raga naknigni nial gnaro gnay apa ianegnem atik .taubrep at

amasreb ukalirep utaus padahret pakis ,agiteK - amron amas

ukalreb kutnu tain uata satisnetni utaus kutnebmem fitkeybus

awhab nakatagnem ini iroet anahredes araceS .utnetret

ai alibapa nataubrep utauses nakukalem naka gnaroeses

ataubrep gnadnamem awhab ayacrepid ai alib nad fitisop uti n

.aynakukalem ai raga nigni nial gnaro

id nad saulrepid naidumek nasalareb ukalirep iroeT

iroet iamanid ini isakifidoM .)8991( nezjA helo isakifidom

( anacneret ukalrep roivaheb dennalp fp yroeht akgnareK .)

narikimep kutnu nakduskamid anacneret ukalirep iroet

94

pakgnel muleb gnay lanoisilov lortnok halasam isatagnem

adap adareb patet anacneret ukalirep itnI .uluhadret iroet malad

aynah kadit isnetni nanimreted numan ukalirep esnetni rotkaf

y ukalirep padahret pakis( aud amron nad natukgnasreb gna -

kepsa aynakatrestukiid nagned agit naknialem )fitkeybus amron

( itayahid gnay ukalirep lortnok lortnoc laroivaheb deveicrep .)

gnaroeses haletes ,)3002( ojomtaotoN turuneM

naidumek ,natahesek kejbo uata sulumits iuhategnem

kadagnem gnay apa padahret tapadnep uata naialinep na

nakanaskalem naka ai nakparahid ayntujnales sesorp ,iuhatekid

gnay apa uata iuhatekid gnay apa nakketkarpmem uata

( ketkarp tubesid gnay ,)kiab ialinid( aynipakisid ecitcarp )

nakatakid aguj tapad uata ,natahesek ( natahesek ukalirep revo

roivaheb tikaynep nagned nagnubuhes natahesek ukalireP .)

,tikaynep nahubmeynep )2 ;tikaynep nahagecnep )1 ;pukacnem

nakukalem ,retkod kujnutep iauses tabo munim aynlasim

narujna - satilisafek taboreb ,retkod narujna - tahesek satilisaf na

ukalirep atad helorepmem kutnU .ayniagabes nad ,tapet gnay

,)isavresbo( natamagnep iulalem halada taruka gnilap gnay

nagned aracnawaw iulalem nakukalid aguj nakukalid numan

natakednep llecer halet gnay ukalirep ilabmek tagnignem uata

pser helo nakukalid .ulal gnay utkaw aparebeb nedno

nakukalid gnay amatrep nakadnit okowruP turuneM

hamurid iridnes inagnatid mamed aynkana alibapa aut gnaro

05

kaynabret gnay amatrep nakadniT .hamur raulek awabid nad

erpmok ,kiteripitna irebid halada hamurid aut gnaro nakukalid s

kiteripitna iakamem aut gnaro nasalA .lanoisidart tabo nad

gnuraw tapadid hadum tubesret tabo anerak ini naitilenep adap

.serpmok nakukalem aguj aynasaib autgnarO .tabo okot uata

serpmok iakamem hisam aut gnaro %14 okowruP turunem

aknurunem kutnu ,nignid gnay nakgnades ,aynkana mamed n

.%61 aynah tagnah serpmok iakamem turunem lahadaP

nakrujnaid gnay serpmok nairebmep )2002( namharrleodbA

iauseS .nignid serpmok nakub tagnah serpmok nagned halada

gnatnet )2002( ikejeR irT nakukalid gnay naitilenep

nidnabrep nignid serpmok nad tagnah serpmok huragnep nag

naka urtsuj nignid serpmok kana hubut uhus naknurunem kutnu

araces sumalatopih id uhus rutagnep tasup naktakgninem

aguj nignid serpmok ,ligiggnem tabikareb gnay igoloisif

naka gnay iskirtnokosav naktabikagnem uhus naktakgninem

namayn asarem kadit aguj kana uti niales ,sumalatopihid

se uata nignid serpmok iakapid gnay serpmok alibapa

,)4791( rekeB & ekotnesoR turuneM .)2002 ,namhareodbA(

helo nakutnetid nakadnit nakukalem malad gnaroeses anamid

atnet nauhategnep .tubesret nakadnit gn

.g mamed gnajek naanaskalataneP

.susnesnok uata rakap helo nakakumekid tapadnep aparebeB

3 idajnem nakgnologid aynmumu mamed gnajek naanaskalataneP

15

.)1 : utiay uata nagnares idajret taas gnajek isatagnem ayapU

.)2 ,tuka esaf natabognep ayapU .)3 ,babeynep itabognem nad iracneM

uata )nahubmakek( gnajek idajret kadit ayapus nahagecnep

:utiay 2 idajnem igabid siskaliforp natabogneP .siskaliforp natabognep

suret siskaliforp .)b nad mamed utkaw adap tnettimretni siskaliforp .)a

nagned surenem .)9991 ,ologgnemoteoS( irah pait nasluvnokitna

igabmem )6002( mamed gnajek naanaskalatanep susnesnoK

,gnajek taas naanaskalatanep idajnem mamed gnajek naanaskalatanep

,orogenopsuP( tamur tabo nairebmep nad mamed taas tabo nairebmep

.)6002

25

.B iroeT akgnareK

iroeT akgnareK :1.2 rabmaG

) 6002 ( orogenopsuP ,) 3002( ojdomtaotoN,) 2002 ( gnibotnabmul ,rebmuS

.D pesnoK akgnareK

rotkaFokiser

gnajekmamed

rotkaFudividni

rotkaFaut gnaro

rotkaFkisnirtsni

rotkaFkisnirtske

.1 citeneG

.2 ticifeDmizne

.3 tayawiRagraulek

.1 naadaeKkisif

.2 iwaimiK

.3 cigoloiB

.4 kigolokisP

.5 laisoSayadub

nauhategnePaut gnaro

uata ketcarP nakadnit

aut gnaro

pakiS aut gnaro

35

pesnoK akgnareK :2.2 rabmaG

.E naitilenep sisetopiH

ada hakapA( okisiR rotkaf ,nauhategnep

uata ketkarp nad pakisnakadnit kurub gnay

ialumid naitilenePinisid

,nauhategneP pakisp nad uata ketkar

nit d naka kurub

nad pakis ,ukalirePnakadnit uata ketkarp

kiab

pakis ,nauhategnePetkarp nad uata k

nakadnit kiab

pakis ,nauhategneP uata ketkarp nad

kurub nakadnit

fitkepsorter rusuletiD r

kopmolek( susaK gnajek nagned kana

)mamed

kopmolek( lortnoK apnat mamed kana

) gnajek

45

ratal rasadreB sisetopih nakataynid tapad akatsup nauajnit nad gnakaleb

: tukireb iagabes

.1 nauhategnep ikilimem gnay aut gnaro kopmolek irad mamed gnay kanA

mamed gnajek idajret raseb hibel gnay nanikgnumek ikilimem kurub

gnay aut gnaro kopmolek irad kana ngned gnidnabid iaynupmem

.kiab nauhategnep

.2 kurub pakis ikilimem gnay aut gnaro kopmolek irad mamed gnay kanA

gnidnabid mamed gnajek idajret raseb hibel gnay nanikgnumek ikilimem

.kiab pakis iaynupmem gnay aut gnaro kopmolek irad kana nagned

.3 kopmolek irad mamed gnay kanA kurub ukalirep ikilimem gnay aut gnaro

gnidnabid mamed gnajek idajret raseb hibel gnay nanikgnumek ikilimem

b ukalirep iaynupmem gnay aut gnaro kopmolek irad kana nagned a .ki