volume i nomor 1, pebruari 2010.pdf

7/21/2019 Volume I Nomor 1, Pebruari 2010.pdf

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/volume-i-nomor-1-pebruari-2010pdf 1/63

GTT@ 6 <>2;-78>?



Yecuao G @eaer 8, ôlruhrg <>8>

]GA \OMHJTG

ô`h`kku`k Fhwhl 6 Th`tby J. Thauoc, T.^m, A.Jos

(Mgrojtur êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh)

Mowh` ôalg`h 6 ûmgr G êctojjos Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh

ûmgr GG êctojjos Joao`jos hch`kjh \hyh

ûmgr GGG êctojjos Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh

Jophch _`gt ^Â êctojjos Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh.

Jotuh Furush` Joporhwhth`

Jotuh Furush` Jolgmh`h`

Jotuh Furush` Kgzg

^gapg`h` \omhjtur 6 Ggs [hbyu`g`ksgb, T.Tes.

[hjgc ^gapg`h` \omhjtur 6 Aebhahm Audbthr, T]^, A^B

\omhjtur /ô`yu`tg`k Hbcg 6 M\.Mfo`th Thbh, T.Jp, AH\T

Ygsgh Mgmg` Hrmgyh`g, TJA, A.Jos

@s.Ostor Gù`k.T.Jop, A.Jop, T.Tp.AL

Ahrgh Fucg` \hreao, T.Jp, A.Jos

@gch Tush`tg, TJA, A^B



\omhjtur ôchjsh`h 6 Ahrsocgùs Borgtocu`h, T.Jp, AH

Tojrothrght 6 @eermghtg, TT], A^B

Momy Oje Boryh`te, T]

Orah @urfh`hb [gmghstutg, TJA

\gzjy Jusuah [hrmh`g, T.Tg

Hrgzhc, H.Am

Mh`goc, H.Am.Jea

Hchaht \omhjsg 6

_`gt ôrpusthjhh` êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh

Fhch` Koerko Eles @e. 4< ^hch`kjh \hyh ;4888- Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb

]ocope`/Ihx 6 >?49 - 4<4>;4>

Oahgc 6 ieruajosobhth`pjyNkahgc.dea,

[olsgto 6 ieruajosobhth`pjy.lcek.dea

]orlgt < (muh) jhcg sothbu`.

mailto:[email protected]




Ô@KH@]H\ \OMHJTG

Thchb shtu tukhs uthah mhrg coalhkh po`mgmgjh` tg`kkg solhkhgah`h tordh`tua mhcha ]rgMbhrah ôrkuruh` ]g`kkg hmhchb aochjsh`hjh` poòcgtgh`. Hkhr bhsgc-bhsgc poòcgtgh` mh` jhryh

gcaghb chg``yh yh`k tochb mgchjujh` ecob dgvgths hjhmoagjh êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos

^hch`kjh \hyh colgb lorahìhht mh` mhpht mglhdh ecob ahsyhrhjht, ahjh mgporcujh` suhtu aomgh

pulcgjhsg yh`k rosag mh` lorjosg`halu`kh`.

IE\_A JOTOBH]H@ aoruphjh` Fur`hc Gcaghb solhkhg Aomgh Gìerahsg yh`k

ao`yhfgjh` jhfgh` bhsgc-bhsgc poòcgtgh`, khkhsh` mh` epg`g sorth jeau`gjhsg sg`kjht ahupu`

gìerahsg chg``yh mhcha lgmh`k gcau jbusus`yh joporhwhth`, jolgmh`h`, kgzg, mh` uaua`yh

lgmh`k gcau yh`k lorbulu`kh` mo`kh` josobhth`.

ûfg mh` syujur jgth ph`fhtjh` jobhmgrht ]ubh` Wh`k Ahbh Juhsh, jhro`h bh`yh lorjht

lgalg`kh` mh` potu`fuj-@yhchb uphyh u`tuj aowufumjh` aomgh pulcgjhsg gcaghb êcgtoj`gjJosobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh yh`k mglorg `hah IE\_A JOTOBH]H@ vecuao porthah

g`g mhpht torchjsh`h. Mo`kh` lojhc vecuao pormh`h g g, hjh` torus colgb aoahdu mgrg u`tuj

so`h`tghsh ao`g`kjhtjh` juhcgths tucgsh` yh`k hjh` au`duc phmh poòrlgth` soch`fut`yh.

_dhph` torgah jhsgb mgshaphgjh` jophmh Mgrojtur êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos

^hch`kjh \hyh solhkhg ô`h`kku`k Fhwhl sorth Mowh` ôalg`h yh`k tochb aoalorgjh`

jopordhyhh` mh` potu`fuj jophmh romhjtur bg`kkh torlgt`yh IE\_A JOTOBH]H@ vecuao

porthah g`g. _dhph` torgahjhsgb mh` po`kbhrkhh` fukh mgshaphgjh` jophmh Mowh` \omhjsg yh`k

tochb aocuh`kjh` whjtu`yh u`tuj ao`kjhfg jochyhjh` lolorhph `hsjhb bhsgc poòcgtgh`/jhryh

gcaghb yh`k tochb mgshaphgjh` jophmh romhjsg.

Jophmh phrh poùcgs yh`k tochb ao`yhaphgjh` hsjhb tucgsh``yh mgshaphgjh` po`kbhrkhh`yh`k sotg`kkg-tg`kkg`yh mh` sochcu mgbhrhpjh` phrtgsgphsg`yh u`tuj ao`kgrgajh` hsjhb tucgsh``yh

sodhrh lorjhch mh` lorjosg`halu`kh` moag ch`dhr`yh poòrlgth` IE\_A JOTOBH]H@ g`g

soch`fut`yh.

Hjbgr`yh, soaekh hrtgjoc-hrtgjoc yh`k mgauht mhcha IE\_A JOTOBH]H@ vecuao

porthah g`g mhpht ao`halhb whwhsh` mh` aoalorgjh` po`dorhbh` lhkhg co`torh yh`k thj ju`fu`k

phmha. Jrgtgj mh` shrh` yh`k lorsgiht aoalh`ku` sh`kht mgbhrhpjh` moag po`yoapur`hh`

poòrlgth` soch`fut`yh.

]ga \omhjsg



MHI]H\ GTG

H` Evorvgow Ei ]ohdbg`k H`m Cohr`g`k G ` @ursg`k g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`

Mfo`th Thbh, Th tby, J. Thauoc, Hsgb \usah`g…………………………………………………….. 8

ôrtualubh` I gsgj H`hj Tojechb Mhshr (TM) mg Jodhahth` Jhbhyh` ]o`khb

Jhluphto` uch`k gshu

We`kwh` @yhag`, Mfo`th Thbh, Iotty \hbahwhtg ............................................................................ 8<

Ttumg o`kelhth` ]rhmgsge`hc u`tuj ao`fhrh`kjh` Jochbg rh` mg Jhluphto` Jhtg`kh`

Dgh Hpr g cg h`tg , Mfo`th Thbh, Hsgb \usah`g....................................................................................... <>

ôrsopsg Ahsyhrhjht torbhmhp je`sop por gc hju bgmup lorsgb mh` sobht (^BLT)

mg Jeth hch`kjh \hyh

Th`tby J. Thauoc, Lhrtbe Ah`syhb, G gs [hbyu`g`ksgb .................................................................. <9

Oiiodt Ei –êsteporhtgvo ]ohdbg`k‑ ]e Aetbor‗s Deapchg`t Ei êst Todtge Dhoshrgh

]rg \ht`h Hrgostg`g, Lortbgh`h, Agag` Costhrg ……………………………………………………..4<

Ihjter-Ihjter yh`k aoapo`khrub g \o`mhb`yh oahìhhth` Gau`g shsg Bophtgtg s L>

phmh Lhyg _sgh >-; bhr g mg hch`kjh \hyh

Hrhg`ghtg Ah`fht, \g`y @hthcg`h, Wo`g Cudg` ……………………………………………………… =8

ôrsopsg Lhphj - Lhphj mg pomoshh` ao`ko`hg Jocuhrkh Loro`dh`h (JL)

Th`tby J. Thauoc……………………………………………………………………………………. ?4

Yecuao G @eaer 8, ôlruhrg <>8>



8

H@ EYO\YGO[ EI ]OHDBG@K H@M COH\@G@K G@ @_\TG@K

G@ DO@]\HC JHCGAH@]H@

Mfo`th Thbh, Th`tby, J. Thauoc, Hsgb \usah`g

êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh,

Fhch` Koerko Eles @e. 4> ^hch`kjh \hyh - Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb

mfo`thUg`meNyhbee.de.gm

Hlstrhdt6 Ah`y stumgos bhvo meduao`tom tbo òom ier ùrsg`k stumo`ts te lo prophrom ier tbo

rhpgmcy dbh`kg`k h`m deapcox bohctb dhro o`vgreào`t. Cgioce`k, soci-mgrodtom cohr`g`k (TMC)

bhs loo` gmo`tgigom hs h` gaperth`t hlgcgty ier ùrsg`k krhmuhtos. Bewovor, è stumy bhs

meduao`tom tbo òoms ei, er prophrhtge` roqugrom ier, ùrsg`k stumo`ts te iu`dtge` oiiodtgvocy g`

tbo rhpgmcy dbh`kg`k bohctb dhro systoa g` G`meòsgh. ]bo G`meòsgh` mgpceah ùrsg`k sdbeecs

stgcc uso h tohdbor-do`trom hpprehdb wgtb cgttco oapbhsgs e` h stumo`t-do`trom hpprehdb.

G`tremudg`k tbo de`dopt ei TMC whs mooaom iohsglco te gapcoao`t wgtbg` tbo G`meòsgh` ùrsg`k

omudhtge` systoa. ]bo stumy bhs peto`tghc te ahjo h sgk`gigdh`t de`trglutge` te ùrsg`k omudhtge`g` G`meòsgh ly preaetg`k cgioce`k cohr`g`k h`m TMC g` ursg`k stumo`ts h`m g` durrgduch tbreukb

tbo movocepao`t ei g`èvhtgvo durrgduch h`m tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k prhdtgdos. ]bo stumy hcse bhs

peto`tghc wgmor loòigt te ùrsg`k prhdtgdo h`m kcelhc bohctb prhdtgdo.

Joy werms6 tohdbg`k cohr`g`k, ùrsg`k omudhtge`, Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`, cgioce`k cohr`g`k,

rhpgmcy dbh`kg`k.

G`tremudtge`

\hpgm dbh`kos g` tbo bohctb dhro o`vgreào`t

bhvo ah`y gapcgdhtge`s ier ùrsg`komudhtge` h`m ùrsg`k prhdtgdo. Teao ei tbo

sgk`gigdh`t dbh`kos ihdg`k ùrsos g`dcumo tbo

oxph`sge` g` todbèceky, modrohsom co`ktb ei

sthy g` bespgthcs h`m tbo hkog`k ei tbo

pepuchtge`. Aero dbh`kos hro promgdtom g` tbo

deag`k modhmos ” sudb hs g`drohsg`k

deapcoxgty ei aemor` bohctbdhro, todbèceky

prece`kg`k h` g`mgvgmuhc‗s cgio-sph`, h`m tbo

g`drohsg`k lurmo` ei bohctbdhro oxpo`mgturo

(Leydbudj & Mudbsdbor, 8777). ]bo rhpgmgty

ei jèwcomko dbh`kos bhvo hcse rosuctom g`

jèwcomko lodeag`k elsecoto. ]bus, ùrsos

òom te joop cohr`g`k g` rospe`so te tbo

rhpgmcy dbh`kg`k bohctbdhro o`vgreào`t se

tboy

dh` joop hlrohst ei todbècekgdhc dbh`kos,

oxpodthtge`s ei phtgo`ts h`m tbo bohctb dhro

systoa (Ttummy, @gdec & Iex-Bgcoy, 877=).

Cgioce`k cohr`g`k gs gaperth`t g` rhpgm kcelhc

dbh`kos (EODM, <>>>). Toci-mgrodtom cohr`g`k(TMC) gs h` osso`tghc strhtoky ier cgioce`k

cohr`g`k (Kcoo`, 8777: Bhrvoy, \etbah` &

\gdbhrms, <>>4) h`m gt dh` lo usom te prophro

stumo`ts te hmhpt wgtb rhpgmcy dbh`kg`k

jèwcomko h`m todbèceky (\essg, <>>>).

]boro gs h krewg`k hddopth`do ei tbo

rochtge`sbgp lotwoo` TMC h`m cohròrs‗ hlgcgtyte depo wgtb dbh`kg`k jèwcomko h`m

todbèceky.

@ursg`k omudhters g` movocepom deu`trgos

g`dcumg`k Hustrhcgh, _TH, Dh`hmh h`m _`gtom

Jg`kmea bhvo hcrohmy hmeptom TMC g` tbogr

tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k hpprehdbos, h`m bhvo

usom h rh`ko ei todbècekgos g` cohr`g`k, sudb

hs o- cohr`g`k.

Ah`y hutbers g` ùrsg`k omudhtge` sthto tbht

ùrsg`k stumo`ts temhy hro èt e`cy roqugrom te

jèw aero hleut h tepgd, lut tbgs gìerahtge`

wgcc dbh`ko wgtbg` tbo porgem.



<

Evorvgow ei tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k

]bo hga ei tohdbg`k gs sgapco ” te o`hlco

stumo`ts te cohr ” h`m tohdbg`k hcwhys

g`vecvos httoapts te dbh`ko stumo`ts‗u`morsth`mg`ks (\hasmo`, <>>4). \hasmo`

iurtbor sthtos tbht cohr`g`k eddurs lodhuso eiwbht tbo stumo`ts me, h`m tbht sjgccom

tohdbg`k h`m tbo mosgk` ei tohdbg`k h`m

cohr`g`k hdtgvgtgos dh` o`deurhko stumo`t

hdtgvgty. Hddermg`k te Aorrgha (8774),

cohr`g`k g`dcumos de`dopt jèwcomko h`m

lobhvgeur dbh`kos. Bewovor, httgtumo te

jèwcomko gìcuo`dos g`mgvgmuhc tohdbors

hleut wbht tohdbg`k gs, h`m wbht cohr`g`k gs

(Lhcchrm & Dch`dby, 877;). Hssuaptge`s

hleut wbht cohr`g`k gs, h`m bew gt eddurs, wgcc

gìcuo`do tbo socodtge` ei hdtgvgtgos tohdborsuso te ihdgcgthto tbogr stumo`ts‗ cohr`g`k.Hddermg`k te Lgkks (8777l), tohdbg`k

gìcuo`dos stumo`ts‗ hpprehdbos te cohr`g`k. Lhcchrm h`m Dch`dby (877;) sthto tbht

jèwcomko h`m cohr`g`k vhry hce`k h

de`tgùua (Igkuro 8). Ht tbht tboy deapcoto

tbogr ierahc cohr`g`k. @ursg`k krhmuhtos wgcc

werj g` ah`y mgiioro`t sgtuhtge`s h`m

de`toxts murg`k tbogr preiossge`hc dhroors.

Iurtboraero, tbo reco ei ùrsos g`drohsg`kcy

roqugros tbht tboy hro hlco te drgtgdhccy roicodth`m hppcy tbogr jèwcomko g` mgiioro`t whys,

g` rospe`so te dbh`kg`k todbèceky h`m

bohctbdhro de`toxts ([gccghas, <>>=).

Eò o`m ei tbo de`tgùua, jèwcomko gs

soo` hs h rochtgvocy igxom h`m dgrduasdrglom

iera ei ‒wgsmea‗ h`m cohr`g`k gs hleutde`sorvg`k h`m trh`siorrg`k tbo wgsmea.

]ohdbors wbe pordogvo tbht jèwcomko gs

igxom wgcc vgow tohdbg`k hs tbo trh`sagssge`

ei gìerahtge` h`m sjgccs.

]bgs iera ei tohdbg`k o`deurhkos stumo`ts te

aoaergso h`m sgapcy ropcgdhto tbo

jèwcomko prevgmom ly tohdbors. Letb tbo

stumo`ts h`m tbo tohdbors pordogvo tbo tohdbor

hs tbo oxdcusgvo er ahg` seurdo ei

jèwcomko. ]bgs dorthg`cy cohms te h tohdbor-

do`trom hpprehdb.

]ohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k hdtgvgtgos sbeucm

o`deurhko ùrsg`k stumo`ts te prelcoa

secvo, drgtgdhccy h`hcyso, ahjo dcg`gdhc

modgsge`s lhsom e` ovgmo`do h`m ovhcuhto tbeso

modgsge`s (@gdec & Kco`, 8777). Ttumo`ts

sbeucm lo o`deurhkom te gmo`tgiy tbogr ew`

cohr`g`k òoms h`m lo hlco te ig`m seurdos ei

gìerahtge` h`m jèwcomko. ]bo tohdbor gs èt

tbo e`cy seurdo ei gìerahtge`. Ah`y etborseurdos, sudb hs wrgtto` roseurdos, oxports g`

tbo dcg`gdhc igocm, phtgo`ts, deccohkuos, tbo

g`toròt, h`m tbogr ew` oxporgo`do sbeucm hcse

lo usom (Tgstor Tdbeec ^refodt, <>><).

Ht tbo etbor o`m ei tbo de`tgùua,

jèwcomko gs èt leu`mom lut gs de`sth`tcy

log`k drohtom. Cohr`g`k g` tbgs de`toxt gs soo`

hs h` oxto`sge` h`m hppcyg`k ei jèwcomko g`

òw h`m mgiioro`t whys. Lhcchrm h`m Dch`dy

(877;) ahjo tbo peg`t tbht tbeso tohdbors wbe

pchdo h krohtor oapbhsgs e` jèwcomkodrohtge` wgcc pordogvo prelcoa secvg`k, drgtgdhc

tbg`jg`k h`m roicodtge` te lo ei krohtor

gaperth`do tbh` sgapco gagthtge` h`m

ropcgdhtge`. ]beso tohdbors hcse pordogvo soci-

mgrodtom cohr`g`k te lo osso`tghc h`m wgcc

o`deurhko stumo`ts te quostge` h`m te sooj eut

seurdos ei gìerahtge` h`m jèwcomko ier

tboasocvos. ]ohdbors wbe hmept tbgs hpprehdb

hro aero cgjocy te o`deurhko h stumo`t-do`trom

hpprehdb.

Hddermg`k te Lhcchrm & Dch`dby, ah`yHsgh` ducturos pchdo krohtor oapbhsgs e` tbo

de`sorvg`k httgtumo te jèwcomko tbh` wostor`

ducturo. G`meòsgh bhs oapbhsgs e` de`sorvg`k

httgtumo te jèwcomko. Lgkks (8777l) h`m

\hasmo` (<>>4) sthto tbht gi cohr`g`k gs

pordogvom te lo h quhcgthtgvo dbh`ko g`

stumo`ts‗ u`morsth`mg`k ei h sulfodt tbht sudb

stumo`ts hro hlco te u`morsth`m gaperth`t

de`dopts, h`m tbogr rochtom ihdts h`m predomuros

g` tbo sulfodt. Hddermg`k te @gdec h`m Kco`

(8777) òw ùrsg`k jèwcomko gs log`k

drohtom ht h` g`drohsg`kcy rhpgm phdo. Ce`k h`m

Lhròs (877?). sthtom tbht tbo oapbhsgs g`

ùrsg`k omudhtge` g`tor`htge`hccy bhs dbh`kom

irea tbo sgapco trh`sior ei jèwcomko te

stumo`ts bhvg`k tbo sjgccs te oxto`m h`m hppcy

tbogr jèwcomko, h`m te lodeao cgioce`k

g`mopo`mo`t cohròrs. ]boso sjgccs hro

òdosshry lodhuso ei tbo rhpgm g`èvhtge`s g`

bohctb dhro h`m g`drohsom hddoss te

gìerahtge`.



4

Httgtumo te jèwcomko De`sorvg`k Oxto`mg`k Drohtg`k

Cohr`g`k hpprehdbos \opremudtgvo H`hcytgdhc Tpoduchtgvo

]ohdbg`k

strhtokgos

\eco ei tohdbor

Hcaest oxdcusgvo seurdo ei6

Jèwcomko

Mgrodtge`/kugmh`do

Hssossao`t

Deermg`hter ei cohr`g`k

rodeursos

Xuostgeòr, drgtgdhc kugmo, khmicy

^rg`dgphc seurdo ei hssossao`t

Aero oxporgo`dom

deccohkuo & decchlerhter

^rocgag`hry drgtgd & hmvgsor

phtre`

Dbhrhdtorgstgd

Hdtgvgtgos

]rh`sagssge` ei gìerahtge`

h`m moae`strhtge` sjgccs

Evort aerhc h`m sedghc

trhg`g`k

H`hcysgs ei g ierahtge` h`m

gmohs wgtbg` g`torprotgvo

irhaowerjs

Aemoccg`k ei moah`m ier drgtgdhc

hpprehdb te jèwcomko h`m

de`vo`tge`s

Mgsdussge`/hmvgdo e` gmohs

& aotbems e` g`mgvgmuhc

lhsgs

Aemoccg`k ei bypetbotgdhc &

drohtgvo tbg`jg`k

Decchlerhtgvo sohrdb ier

òw gmohs

Hssossao`t ]ost ei aoaery rodhcc &

prhdtgdhc moae`strhtge` ei

sjgccs

Oapbhsgs e` ropcgdhtge`

Kohrom e` rh`jg`k

Hssgkào`ts/oxhas roqugrg`k

drgtgdhc h`hcysgs & prelcoa

secvg`k

Oapbhsgs e`6

Ergkg`hcgty

Xuhcgty ei g`torprothtge`

G`mopo`mo`t rosohrdb-

tbosgs & phpors ei

pulcgsbhlco quhcgty

‒De`trglutge` te tbo igocm ei

jèwcomko‗

Hga Tgapco (‒u`rode`strudtom‗)

trh`sior ei jèwcomko & sjgccs

G`mopo`mo`t & drgtgdhc stycos ei

tbg`jg`k

Movocepao`t ei dhphdgty ier

tboery h`m hlstrhdtge`

Movocepao`t ei

spoduchtgvo

Drgtgdhc g`toccgko`do

Oxph`sge` ei jèwcomko

lhso (tboery, mhth,

todb`gquos)

Cohr`g`k

Ttrhtokgos

]ypo Aoaergshtge` & gagthtge` H`hcytgdhc & drgtgdhc Tpoduchtg`k, bypetbosgsg`k

Hdtgvgtgos Tuaahrgsg`k, mosdrglg`k,

gmo`tgiyg`k, & hppcyg`k

ieraucho & gìerahtge`

Xuostge`g`k, fumkg`k &

rodealg`g`k gmohs & gìerahtge`

g`te hrkuao`t

\osohrdb mosgk`,

gapcoao`thtge` & ropertg`k

Mocglorhto sohrdb ier òw

gmohs, mhth oxpch`htge`s

Dbhrhdtorgstgd

Xuostge`s

[bht5 [by5 Bew5 Bew vhcgm5 Bew

gaperth`t 5

[bht gi5

Hga ‒Derrodtòss‗ ‒Tgapco‗ ergkg`hcgty, rosbhpg`k

ahtorghc g`te h mgiioro`t phttor`

‒Drohtgvo‗ ergkg`hcgty, tethccy

òw hpprehdb/òw

jèwcomko

Teurdo6 Lhcchrm & Dch`dby (877;, p. 8<)

Igkuro 86 Gìcuo`do ei ducturhc httgtumos te jèwcomko e` tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k strhtokgos



=

Ttumo`ts‗ hpprehdbos te cohr`g`k

Ttumo`t ihdters sudb hs httgtumo,

aetgvhtge`, h`m oxporgo`do dh` gìcuo`do

tbogr hpprehdbos te cohr`g`k (Lhcchrm &

Dch`dby, 877;: Lgkks, 8777l: \hasmo`,

<>>4). Cohr`g`k rosohrdb bhs gmo`tgigom tweahg` typos ei hpprehdbos stumo`ts hmept

wbo` tboy httoapt te cohr` ow gìerahtge`

h`m sjgccs. ]boso hpprehdbos bhvo loo`

mosdrglom hs ‒moop‗ h`m ‒surihdo‗Hddermg`k te \hasmo` (<>>4), stumo`ts hro

aero cgjocy te thjo h surihdo hpprehdb te

cohr`g`k wbo` tboy bhvo h` g`to`tge` e`cy

te hdbgovo h ag`gahc phss, bhvo g`suiigdgo`t

tgao te cohr`, hro u`dcohr hleut tbo

roqugroao`ts ei h deurso h`m tbg`j tbht reto

cohr`g`k wgcc lo oèukb te phss. G` de`trhst,stumo`ts hro aero cgjocy te thjo h moop

hpprehdb te cohr`g`k wbo` tboy bhvo

g`to`tge` te o`khko aoh`g`kiuccy, bhvo tbo

òdosshry lhdjkreu`m jèwcomko hleut

sulfodt ahtorghcs, h`m bhvo tbo hlgcgty te

werj de`doptuhccy h`m te ahjo hlstrhdt

de`òdtge`s. Iurtboraero, Lgkks (8777l)

h`m \hasmo` (<>>4) dgto rosohrdb tbht

g`mgdhtos tbht stumo`ts wbe ceej ier moopor

u`morsth`mg`k h`m aoh`g`k h`m

de`òdtge`s g` tbogr aotbems ier cohr`g`kwgcc bhvo lottor cohr`g`k eutdeaos, hro

aero hlco te u`morsth`m sdgo`tgigd

de`doptge`s h`m kot bgkbor hdhmoagd

krhmos tbh` stumo`ts wbe sgapcy aoaergso

h`m ropcgdhto tbo gìerahtge` wgtb wbgdb

tboy hro prevgmom.

H stumo`t‗s hpprehdb te cohr`g`k gs ète`cy gìcuo`dom ly g`mgvgmuhc

dbhrhdtorgstgds lut gt dh` hcse lo aemgigom

ly durrgducua h`m tohdbg`k/cohr`g`k

hpprehdbos g` wbgdb cohr`g`k eddurs.

\osohrdb hcse g`mgdhtos tbht deurso mosgk`

dh` gìcuo`do tbo hpprehdb stumo`ts bhvo tecohr`g`k (Lhcchrm & Dch`dby, 877;). Ier

oxhapco, bgkb deurso de`thdt beurs h`m

oxdossgvo haeu`ts ei deurso ahtorghcs dh`

aoh` tbo stumo`ts chdj tbo eppertu`gty te

pursuo tbo sulfodt g` moptb. Ly de`trhst,

sulfodts wbeso deermg`hters bhvo gmo`tgigom

tbo òom h`m aetgvhtge` ier cohr`g`k

prevgmo dcohr kehcs h`m bhvo h wocc-cg`jom

h`m strudturom jèwcomko lhso, kgvo

stumo`ts dbegdo h`m de`trec evor cohr`g`k. Gt

bhs hcse loo` ieu`m tbht prevgmg`k stumo`tswgtb g`torhdtge` wgtb poors gs h ihdter tbht

dh` ihdgcgthto h moop hpprehdb te cohr`g`k

(\hasmo`, <>>4).

\hasmo` (<>>4) sthtos tbht wbgco tbo

g`boro`t hlgcgty ei tbo stumo`t dh`èt lo

dbh`kom: tohdbors dh` gìcuo`do stumo`t

aetgvhtge`, oxpodthtge` h`m oxporgo`do te

o`deurhko tboa te bhvo h moop hpprehdb te

cohr`g`k. ]ohdbors dh` ihdgcgthto stumo`ts te

thjo moopor hpprehdbos te cohr`g`k wbo`

tboy prevgmo tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`khdtgvgtgos tbht o`deurhko stumo`ts te thjo

sudb h` hpprehdb. ]bo mgiioro`do lotwoo`

moop h`m surihdo hpprehdbos te cohr`g`k gs

sbew` g` ]hlco.8.

]hlco 8. Mgiioro`t hpprehdbos te cohr`g`k

Moop hpprehdb

G`to`tge` te u`morsth`m

Ttumo`t ahg`thg`s strudturo ei thsj

Turihdo hpprehdb

G`to`tge` e`cy te deapcoto thsj roqugroao`t

Ttumo`t mgsterts strudturo ei thsjIedus e` ‒wbht gs sgk`gigom‗ \ochto provgeus jèwcomko te òw jèwcomko

\ochto jèwcomko irea mgiioro`t deurso

\ochto tboerotgdhc gmohs te ovorymhy oxporgo`do

\ochto h`m mgstg`kugsb ovgmo`do h`m hrkuao`t

Erkh`gso h`m strudturo de`to`t g`te h deboro`t wbeco

G`tor`hc oapbhsgs6 ‒H wg`mew tbreukb wbgdb hspodts eirohcgty lodeao vgsglco, h`m aero g`toccgkglco‗ (O`twgstco& Ahrte`, 872=)

Iedus e` ‒tbo sgk`s‗ Iedus e` u`rochtom phrt ei tbo thsj

Aoaergso gìerahtge` ier hssossao`ts

Hssedghto ihdts h`m de`dopts u`roicodtgvocy

Ihgc te mgstg`kugsb prg`dgpcos irea oxhapcos

]roht tbo thsj hs h` oxtor`hc gapesgtge`

Oxtor`hc oapbhsgs6 moah`ms ei hssossao`ts,

jèwcomko dut eii irea ovorymhy rohcgty

Teurdo6 \hasmo` (<>>4, p. =;)



?

Hddermg`k te Lrew` h`m Deejo (<>><) tbo

de`dopt ei tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k, hs

mosdrglom g` tbgs dbhptor o.k. tbeso ei

o`deurhkg`k h moop hpprehdb, gs gapcgdgt g`

tbo G`meòsgh` `htge`hc ùrsg`k durrgduch

elfodtgvos. Ier oxhapco, tbo meduao`thtge`

elfodtgvos g`dcumo (ûsmgj`hjos, 877;) 6

O`deurhko hdtgvo soci-movocepao`t

g` prhdtgdg`k ly de`sgmorg`k

sdgo`tgigd ovgmo`do:

De`tgùeuscy gaprevo ew`

preiossge`hc deapoto`do:

Iu`dtge` hs h aoalor eideaau`gty wbe gs drohtgvo,

premudtgvo, h`m epo` te h`y

dbh`kos, bhs ergo`thtge` te tbo

iuturo:

Movocep g`gtghtgvo h`m cohmorsbgp.

Bewovor, tbo tohdbg`k prekrha,

g`stgtutge`hc prhdtgdos h`m ducturhc

u`morsth`mg`ks ei tohdbg`k prhdtgdo put

tohdbors g` tbo pesgtge` ei bhvg`k tbo

rospe`sglgcgty ier stumo`ts‗ cohr`g`k.Hddermg`k te Lrew` h`m Deejo (<>><), tbo

iedus ei tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k hdtgvgtgos g`

ùrsg`k sdbeecs g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th` gstbo trh`sior ei jèwcomko. Hs phrt ei tbgs

prefodt, tohdbors gmo`tgigom h`m mosdrglom

tbogr hssuaptge`s hleut tohdbg`k h`m

cohr`g`k. ]bo tohdbors locgovom cohr`g`k

whs h quh`tgthtgvo g`drohso g` jèwcomko,

h`m tboy pordogvom tbht cohr`g`k whs hleut

aoaergsg`k h`m sterg`k gìerahtge`, h`m

tbht stumo`ts òomom te hdqugro ihdts h`m

sjgccs wbgdb dh` lo usom wbo` roqugrom.

]bo tohdbors hcse locgovom tbht gi tboy usom

tbo derrodt tohdbg`k todb`gquos tboy deucmtrh`sior tbo de`dopts h`m sjgccs roqugrom ly

stumo`ts te tbo prhdtgdo ei ùrsg`k. Lrew`

h`m Deejo (<>><) iurtbor oxpchgòm tbht

tboso de`doptge`s ei tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k

hro tohdbor-do`trom h`m roproso`t tbo

de`sorvg`k / ropremudtgvo covoc ei Lhcchrm

h`m Dch`dy‗s aemoc hs proso`tom gÌgkuro8.

]bo iedus gs e` wbht tbo tohdbor gs

meg`k, rhtbor tbo` wbht tbo stumo`t gs meg`k,

h`m tbo eutdeaos hro cgjocy te lo gagthtge`

er surihdo cohr`g`k rhtbor tbh` tbo mosgrom

drgtgdhc tbg`jg`k (Lhcchrm & Dch`dby, 877;).

[gtbg` tbo durro`t durrgduch, ùrsg`k

stumo`ts g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th` woro aerocgjocy te uso surihdo hpprehdbos te cohr`g`k

tbh` moop hpprehdbos.

]bo stumo`ts aoaergsom h`m ropremudom

e`cy tbo gìerahtge` prevgmom te tboa ly

tohdbors, h`m tboy mgm èt quostge` tbo

sthtoao`ts h`m gmohs tbht tohdbors proso`tom

te tboa. ]boy hcse mgm èt sooj eut

hmmgtge`hc gìerahtge` (Lrew` h`m Deejo,

<>><). ]bo deurso mosgk` ei tbo mgpceah

ùrsg`k durrgducua tbht gs durro`tcy usom

ahy o`deurhko stumo`ts te thjo h surihdohpprehdb te cohr`g`k. ]bo durrgducua

hppohrs te oapbhsgso h lrohmtb ei devorhko

rhtbor tbh` h moptb ei u`morsth`mg`k hs

mosdrglom ly \hasmo` g` ]hlco 8. Hs

Do`trhc Jhcgah`th` ùrsg`k stumo`ts mosgro

te lo hs suddossiuc hs ùrsos omudhtom g`

wostor` systoas, sgk`gigdh`t gaprevoao`ts

hro òomom g` tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k

hpprehdbos te lottor prophro tbo stumo`ts te

lo preiossge`hc ùrsos.

Toci-mgrodtom cohr`g`k (TMC) gs osso`tghc iercgioce`k cohr`g`k h`m preiossge`hc

movocepao`t: bewovor, gt bhs èt loo`

oapbhsgsom g` G`meòsgh` ùrsg`k

omudhtge`. TMC roqugros stumo`ts te lo

aero hdtgvo g` tbogr cohr`g`k: g`strudtge`hc

aotbems te gaprevo TMC sudb hs roicodtge`,

cohr`g`k pch`s h`m hsjg`k drgtgdhc quostge`s

dh` o`deurhko stumo`ts te thjo h moop

hpprehdb te cohr`g`k. ]boroiero, moop

cohr`g`k gs aero cgjocy gi stumo`ts hro aero

soci-mgrodtom g` cohr`g`k.



9

@ursg`k omudhtge` g` G`meòsgh

@ursos deaprgso tbo chrkost bohctb

werjor dhtokery g` G`meòsgh, hddeu`tg`k

ier reukbcy == por do`t ei bohctb sthii g`

kevorào`t bespgthcs, 4? por do`t g` bohctb

do`tros h`m sul bohctb do`tros h`m 47 pordo`t g` prgvhto bespgthcs. Hpprexgahtocy

884,>>> ùrsos werj g` kevorào`t

bespgthcs, bohctb do`tros h`m sul bohctb

do`tros ([ercm Lh`j, 877=). Hreu`m ?> por

do`t ei G`meòsgh‗s ùrsos krhmuhto irea

‒Tojechb ôrhwht Josobhth`‗ (h tbroo-yohr

lhsgd ùrsg`k deurso ht so`ger bgkb sdbeec

covoc), wbgdb tboy o`tor ieccewg`k

deapcotge` ei fu`ger bgkb sdbeec. ]bgs

tbroo-yohr lhsgd ùrsg`k prekrha whs

g`gtghtom g` 87;? hs tbo suddosser te mgvorsotrhg`g`k hdtgvgtgos tbht premudom evor <>

mgiioro`t typos ei ùrsos. _`tgc 877; tboro

woro tbroo typos ei ùrsg`k omudhtge` g`

G`meòsgh, `haocy6

]bo Lhdbocer ei @ursg`k (tortghry

mokroo)6 tbgs gs h ieur-yohr ùrsg`k deurso

tbht stumo`ts o`tor irea so`ger bgkb

sdbeec h`m gs eiiorom ht socodtom

kevorào`t u`gvorsgtgos g` G`meòsgh.

Hmagssge` gs lhsom e` h `htge`hc

oxhag`htge` h`m hcc tbo lhdbocer

prekrhas uso tbo shao dero durrgducua.

]bo Lhdbocer ei @ursg`k mokroos woro

osthlcgsbom g` 872? h`m tboy hro

hmag`gstorom ly tbo Mophrtao`t ei

Omudhtge` h`m Ducturo. ]bo krhmuhtos ei

lhdbocer ùrsg`k deursos hddeu`t ier 8>

por do`t ei tbo ùrsg`k werjierdo

(ûsmgj`hjos,877;)

Mgpceah ùrsg`k prekrha6 tbgs gs h tbroo-

yohr ùrsg`k deurso tbht gs de`mudtom g`sdbeecs ei ùrsg`k h`m stumo`ts deao

irea so`ger bgkb sdbeecs. ]bo mgpceah

ùrsg`k prekrha whs g`gtghtom g` 879?

h`m aest ùrsg`k sdbeecs hro g` tbo chrko

dgtgos h`m rokge`hc dhpgthcs. Krhmuhtos

irea tbo mgpceah ei ùrsg`k hro tbo

sode`m chrkost kreup ei ùrsos h`m

hddeu`t ier => por do`t ei hcc ùrsg`k

krhmuhtos. Mgpceah ùrsos hro bohvgcy

de`do`trhtom g` bespgthcs tbreukbeut

G`meòsgh, g`dcumg`k prgvhto bespgthcs(ûsmgj`hjos, 877;).

Tode`mhry bgkb sdbeec covoc sdbeec ei

ùrsg`k6 tbgs gs h tbroo-yohr ùrsg`k

deurso, wbgdb stumo`ts o`tor irea fu`ger

bgkb sdbeec. Ttumo`ts irea tbo deurso

hddeu`t ier ?> por do`t ei ùrsos g`

G`meòsgh (ûsmgj`hjos, 877;).

G` 877; ag`gaua omudhtge`hc sth`mhrm

ier ùrsg`k o`try te prhdtgdo whs

osthlcgsbom hs tbo mgpceah ei ùrsg`k.

De`soquo`tcy, hcc ùrsg`k sdbeecs eiiorg`k

locew mgpceah covoc omudhtge` woro

upkrhmom te eiior mgpceah covoc deursos ly

877;, se durro`tcy e`cy twe typos ei lhsgd

ùrsg`k omudhtge` oxgst g` G`meòsgh. ]boso

hro6 Lhdbocer ei @ursg`k h`m Mgpceah ei

@ursg`k.

]bo omudhtge` wgtbg` tbo Mgpceah ei @ursg`k hgas te premudo krhmuhtos wbeiucigc tbo òom ier lokg``g`k preiossge`hc

ùrsos h`m wbe hro hlco te bhvo h rhtge`hc,

preiossge`hc h`m otbgdhc httgtumo g` tbo

gapcoao`thtge` ei ùrsg`k dhro. Krhmuhtos

ei tbo mgpceah ei ursg`k hro oxpodtom te lo

hlco te iucigc tbo moah`ms h`m òoms ei tbo

deaau`gty ier quhcgigom ùrsg`k dhro, te

iu`dtge` hs seurdos ei gìerahtge` h`m te lo

hlco te deapoto g` tbo orh ei kcelhcgshtge`

(ûsmgj`hjos, <>><, p.<). ]bus, mgpceah

ùrsg`k omudhtge` gs èw oxpodtom te

premudo ùrsos wbe dh` iu`dtge`

oiiodtgvocy h`m oiigdgo`tcy g` bohctb dhro

sottg`ks. ]bo ùrsg`k omudhtge` tbht gs

mgsdussom g` tbgs dbhptor rochtos te tbo

mgpceah covoc ei ùrsg`k omudhtge`.



;

Mgpceah @ursg`k Durrgducua

Hcc mgpceah ursg`k prekrhas g` G`meòsgh

hro lhsom e` h `htge`hc ùrsg`k durrgducua

ier mgpceah ùrsg`k deursos. ]bo de`to`t

ei tbo mgpceah ursg`k durrgducua gs 2> por

do`t ei tbo `htge`hc de`to`t, wbgdb aoh`stbht hcc ùrsg`k sdbeecs g` G`meòsgh

prevgmo tbo shao de`to`t h`m <> por do`t ei

cedhc de`to`t se ohdb sdbeec dh` prevgmo

mgiioro`t de`to`t mopo`mg`k e`

cedhc/rokge`hc òoms. ]bo mgpceah ùrsg`k

durrgducua meduao`t sthtos tbht tbo

durrgducua gs kugmom ly tbo kehc ei htge`hc

omudhtge`, rucos, èras h`m otbgds ei

sdgo`do, deaau`gty òoms, h`m

de`sgmorhtge`s ei porse`hc g`torost,

dhphlgcgty h`m g`gtghtgvo (Tgstor Tdbeec prefodt, <>><). ]bo mgpceah ùrsg`k

durrgducua gs usom ier hcc ursg`k omudhtge`

g` G`meòsgh, g`dcumg`k Do`trhc

Jhcgah`th`. ]bo hga ei tbo spodgigdhtge` gs

te sth`mhrmgso ùrsg`k omudhtge` te h

dorthg` covoc tbreukbeut tbo deu`try

(ûsmgj`hjos, <>><). ]bo mgpceah ùrsg`k

durrgducua gs h vory spodgigd meduao`t tbht

mosdrglos tbo ùalor ei dromgt peg`ts,

sulfodts, elfodtgvos h`m strudturo ei tbo

deursos. ]bgs durrgducua gs sgx soaostors g`co`ktb h`m de`sgsts ei => sulfodts. ]boro

hro è ocodtgvo sulfodts h`m ovory soaostor

bhs h mgiioro`t ualor ei sulfodts. ]bo igrst

soaostor deaprgsos `gò sulfodts, tbo

sode`m soaostor de`sgsts ei `gò sulfodts,

tbo tbgrm soaostor deaprgsos igvo sulfodts,

tbo ieurtb soaostor de`thg`s igvo sulfodts,

tbo igitb soaostor deaprgsos sovo`

sulfodts, h`m tbo chst soaostor de`sgsts ei

igvo sulfodts (ûsmgj`hjos, <>><). ]bo

sulfodts g` tbo ùrsg`k durrgducua dh` lo

mgvgmom g`te tbroo ahfer hrohs6 suppertg`k

tboerotgdhc sdgo`do, preiossge`hc ùrsg`k

sulfodts, h`m dcg`gdhc ùrsg`k sulfodts

(Tgstor Tdbeec refodt, <>><). Ohdb ursg`k

sulfodt gs mgvgmom g`te h ùalor ei tepgds

h`m sjgccs te cohr`.

]bo soaostors hro <> woojs g` murhtge`,

g`dcumg`k tbo oxhag`htge` porgem.

]bo soaostors hro strudturom sudb tbht

tbo igrst twe soaostors bhvo h bgkbor

tboerotgdhc cehm tbh` dcg`gdhc cehm, wgtb

stumo`ts spo`mg`k hleut sgx te ogkbt beurs h

wooj g` dcg`gdhc cohr`g`k. Bewovor, audb

ei tbo dcg`gdhc cohr`g`k g` tboso twe

soaostors eddurs g` tbo chlerhtery. G` tbotbgrm h`m ieurtb soaostor tbo dcg`gdhc cehm

lokg`s te g`drohso (<> beurs tboery

deaphrom te 8? beurs ei dcg`gdhc cohr`g`k)

h`m ly tbo igitb h`m sgxtb soaostor tbo

ahfergty ei tbo stumo`t hdtgvgty gs dcg`gdhc

cohr`g`k (<? beurs h wooj) deaphrom te 8> — 8< beurs ei tboery por wooj. Audb ei tbo

tboery gs kgvo` prger te tbo dcg`gdhc

deapeò`t.

@ursg`k omudhtge` g` Do`trhcJhcgah`th`

Hddermg`k te tbo Tgstor Tdbeec ^refodt

(<>><, p.8?), tbo gapcoao`thtge` ei tbo

mgpceah durrgducua ht ùrsg`k sdbeecs g`

Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`, G`meòsgh, hppohrs te

bhvo ag`gahc oapbhsgs e` dcg`gdhc

fumkao`t, soci-mgrodtom cohr`g`k h`m

hppcgdhtge` ei tboery te prhdtgdo g`

g`mgvgmuhc sulfodt mosdrgptge`s. ]bo

tohdbg`k ht sdbeecs ei ùrsg`k g` Do`trhcJhcgah`th` hcse hppohrs te lo tohdbor-

do`trom rhtbor tbh` stumo`t-do`trom.

Codturos hs h aotbem ei tohdbg`k h`m

cohr`g`k hro usom hcaest oxdcusgvocy g` hcc

tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k hdtgvgtgos. Hctbeukb

soci-mgrodtom cohr`g`k (TMC) hpprehdbos hro

usom hs h irhaowerj ier tbo G`meòsgh`

mgpceah ùrsg`k durrgducua, tbgs oapbhsgs

meos èt trh`schto mgrodtcy g`te phrtgduchr

durrgduch roqugroao`ts. ]bo hppcgdhtge` ei

tbo koòrhc prg`dgpcos ei TMC gs èt g`

hdtuhc prhdtgdo. ]bo g`torprothtge` h`m

hppcgdhtge` ei TMC hpprehdbos gs mopo`mo`t

e` g`mgvgmuhc ùrsg`k sdbeecs. Bewovor,

aest ùrsg`k sdbeecs g` G`meòsgh,

ospodghccy g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`, hro usg`k

trhmgtge`hc phttor`s ei ùrsg`k omudhtge`

tbht gs tohdbor-do`trom hpprehdbos iedusg`k

e` tbo trh`sior ei jèwcomko.



2

Gt gs hssuaom tbht tbo lhsgs lobg`m

tohdbors h`m stumo`ts g` Do`trhc

Jhcgah`th` wbe me èt uso TMC aotbems

gs tbht tboy bhvo èt loo` g`tremudom te, er

prophrom ier, TMC. G` G`meòsgh, aest

tohdbors g` ùrsg`k omudhtge` dh`

deaau`gdhto e`cy g` tbo eiigdghc ch`kuhkoei tbo deu`try h`m tboroiero te oxpcero

preiossge`hc g`èvhtge` g` ùrsg`k

omudhtge` loye`m tbo deu`try‗s lermorsmopo`ms e` trh`schtom gìerahtge` log`k

hvhgchlco. ]bgs gìcuo`dos tbo mgpceah

ùrsg`k omudhtge` deursos te de`tgùo

hppcyg`k trhmgtge`hc hpprehdbos. Gt rocgos e`

proso`tg`k ihdtuhc gìerahtge` usg`k h rgkgm

durrgducua (movocepom ht h `htge`hc covoc).

G` G`meòsgh h`m g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`

stumo`ts bhvo e`cy loo` oxpesom te tohdbor-mgrodtom cohr`g`k g` tbogr phst h`m durro`t

stumgos, h`m tbo tohdbors bhvo e`cy usom

trhmgtge`hc tohdbg`k hpprehdbos wgtbg`

durrgducua de`strhg`ts. AdHmhas, \h`jg`,

Cevo, h`m ^hte` (8727) sthto tbht tbgs typo

ei tohdbg`k ahy bhvo loo` fustgighlco g` h`

orh ei cgagtom todbèceky krhmuhc dbh`ko

h`m rochtgvo sthlgcgty. Bewovor, tbo tgaos

bhvo hcrohmy dbh`kom, h`m temhy stumo`ts

aust pessoss sjgccs te hdbgovo jèwcomko

u`mor rhpgmcy dbh`kg`k de`mgtge`s wborojèwcomko qugdjcy lodeaos elsecoto.

Gt sooas tbht tohdbors thjo tbo

rospe`sglgcgty ier stumo`ts‗ cohr`g`k h`m

stumo`ts e`cy hdbgovo h suporigdghc

u`morsth`mg`k: hs h rosuct stumo`ts hro

phssgvocy whgtg`k te lo thukbt (Bohctb

\okge`hc Eiigdo ei Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`,

8772). Gt gs cgjocy tbht ùrsg`k omudhtge` g`

Do`trhc Jhcgah`th` bhs ihgcom te prophro

stumo`ts te lodeao preiossge`hcs dhphlco ei

werjg`k g` h rhpgmcy dbh`kg`k bohctb dhro

o`vgreào`t ly de`tgùg`k te uso

promeag`h`tcy trhmgtge`hc tohdbg`k

hpprehdbos.

Hs Do`trhc Jhcgah`th` ùrsg`k

omudhtge` wh`ts tbogr stumo`ts prophrom hs

suddossiuccy hs tbeso wgtbg` wostor`

ùrsg`k omudhtge` systoas, sgk`gigdh`t

gaprevoao`ts hro òomom g` tohdbg`k h`m

cohr`g`k hpprehdbos.

]bo stumo`ts hro hdducturhtom te locgovotboy hro èt oapeworom te tohdb

tboasocvos h`m drohto aoh`g`k tbreukb

]boso hro òomom te lottor prophro

stumo`ts te lo preiossge`hc ùrsos h`m te

aoot tbo ooms ei tbo deaau`gty ier quhcgty

ùrsg`k. G`tremudg`k TMC hpprehdbos g`

ùrsg`k omudhtge` g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`

bhs loo` dbeso` hs gt bhs èt yot loo`

hppcgom g` ovorymhy tohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`khdtgvgtgos g` ùrsg`k deursos.

Mospgto tbo oxtrhermg`hry phdo ei

aemor`gshtge`, tbo pboèaoè` ei buah`

deaau`gdhtge` g` omudhtge` tbreukb tbo

erhc trhmgtge` gs stgcc stre`kcy bocm g` Do`trhc

Jhcgah`th` h`m G`meòsgh. ]rhmgtge`hc

locgois h`m oxpodthtge`s g` G`meòsgh

rokhrmg`k cohr`g`k bhvo pchdom tbo tohdbor

g` tbo recos ei de`to`t oxport h`m hutbergty

igkuro. Ttumo`ts bhvo èt loo` kgvo` ah`y

eppertu`gtgos te hssoss tbogr porse`hc òomshs h lhsgs ier cohr`g`k: tbo stumo`ts usuhccy

oxpodt tbo tohdbor te lo h` hutbergty e`

wbhtovor tepgd ahttor gs log`k mgsdussom.

Hddermg`k te Mu`lhr (8778), tbo stre`k

trhmgtge` ei erhc deaau`gdhtge` g`

G`meòsgh bhs drohtom h pepuchr pordoptge`

tbht cohr`g`k gs h rochtge`sbgp wgtb h tohdbor

tbht gs erhc h`m bgorhrdbgdhc. ]bo my`hagds

ei tbo rochtge`sbgp hro usuhccy mosdrglom hs

cohr`g`k hs h phssgvo hdtgvgty, wborohs

tohdbg`k gs hdtgvo. Iurtboraero, Mu`lhrshys hdqugsgtge` ei jèwcomko h`m

movocepao`t ei sjgccs h`m todb`gquos g`

G`meòsgh hro soo` te lo phssgvo ropcgdhtge`s

ei wbht h tohdbor meos h`m shys, cohmg`k te

tbo wgmosprohm uso ei reto cohr`g`k te phss

soaostor oxhag`htge`s irea prgahry sdbeec

tbreukb te u`morkrhmuhto prekrhas. ]bgs

pordoptge` gs stgcc proso`t temhy g` ùrsg`k

stumo`ts g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`, hs ropertom

ly tbo Tgstor Tdbeec ^refodt (<>><).

]ohdbor-do`trom aotbems bhvo meag`htom

G`meòsgh` ùrsg`k omudhtge`.

G`meòsgh` ùrsg`k stumo`ts iedus tbogr

oiierts e` phssg`k oxhag`htge`s h`m

phssgvocy sulagt te tbo hutbergty h`m

mgrodtge` ei tbogr tohdbors.



7

g`mopo`mo`t dek`gtgvo oiiert. ]ohdbors

spohj tbogr jèwcomko h`m stumo`ts thjo

ètos, eito` vorlhtga, hs tboy hro usom te

trhmgtge`hc tohdbg`k hpprehdbos.

Iurtboraero, tbo stumo`ts vgow cohr`g`k

hdtgvgtgos usg`k vhrgeus roseurdos eutsgmo

tbo dchssreea hs h whsto ei tgao lodhusotboy locgovo tbo cohr`g`k ahy èt lo

eptgahc er derrodt.

De`dcusge`

G` G`meòsgh er g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`, aest

tohdbors g` ùrsg`k omudhtge` dh`

deaau`gdhto e`cy g` tbo eiigdghc ch`kuhko

(G`meòsgh`) ei tbo deu`try h`m tboroiero,

te oxpcero preiossge`hc g`èvhtge`s g`

ùrsg`k omudhtge` eutsgmo G`meòsghmopo`ms e` gìerahtge` log`k hvhgchlco

tbreukb trh`schtge`. ]bgs gìcuo`dos tbo

mgpceah ùrsg`k omudhtge` deursos te stgcc

uso trhmgtge`hc hpprehdbos. Gt gs hssuaom

tbht tbo rohse` wby tohdbors h`m stumo`ts g`

Do`trhc Jhcgah`th` et usg`k TMC aotbems

gs tbht tboy bhvo èt loo` g`tremudom te, er

prophrom ier, TMC. Deìossero (8778)

sthtos tbht seao stumo`ts bhvo h cew covoc

ei rohmgòss ier TMC lodhuso tboy bhvo

de`sgsto`tcy loo` oxpesom te –etbor -mgrodtom‑ g`str udtge` Ztohdbor-do`trom

hpprehdbosQ. Iurtboraero, tbo ùrsg`k

stumo`ts bhm krhmuhtom irea bgkb sdbeecs

g` G`meòsgh, wbgdb hcse uso tohdbor-

do`trom hpprehdbos. Hddermg`k te Mu`lhr

(8778) tboro gs è prossg`k òom g`

G`meòsgh ier sorgeus rohmg`k, h`m tbo sjgcc

ei wrgtg`k gs et iestorom g` tohdbor — do`trom

aotbems. Ier aest stumo`ts, tboro gs è

òom te oxpross gmohs, elsorvhtge`s, er

epg`ge`s g` h` oxto`mom cgtorhdy iera. ]bgs

gs h pessglco rohse` wby tbo ursg`k sdbeecs

phy coss htto`tge` te tbo movocepao`t ei

tbogr ew` cglrhrgos.

]bgs sgtuhtge` gs mgiioro`t g` deu`trgos

wboro tbo ergkg`hc TMC\T whs movocepom

(_TH).

Mu`lhr, \. 8778. Hmhptg`k mgsth`do

omudhtge` ier G`meòsgh`s6 ^relcoas

wgtb cohròr botoreèay h`m h stre`k

erhc trhmgtge`. Mgsth`do Omudhtge`,8<(<), 894 — 8;4.

]bo cglrhrgos g` deu`trgos sudb hs

Hustrhcgh, _`gtom Jg`kmea, Dh`hmh h`m

_TH hro cgjocy te bhvo h audb rgdbor h`m

lrehmor deccodtge` ei rodo`t feur`hcs, leejs

h`m etbor cohr`g`k ahtorghcs tbh` gs hvhgchlco

g` tbo sdbeec er u`gvorsgty cglrhrgos g`

G`meòsgh er Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`.Iurtboraero, tbo TMC aemoc g` wostor`

ducturo hssuaos tbht stumo`ts hro dhphlco ei

g`mopo`mo`t cohr`g`k lobhvgeurs h`m tbh, e`

o`try, tboy hro psydbecekgdhccy prophrom ier

tbo porse`hc moah`ms gapesom ly h tohdbor-

g`mopo`mo`t, soci-stumy rokgao (Kukcgocagè

& Kukcgocagè, 8778). Bewovor, G`meòsgh`

cohròrs hro hdducturhtom irea prgahry

sdbeec te hvegm lobhvgeurs er sthtoao`ts tbht

ahy lo g`torprotom ly etbors te lo

oxprossge`s ei porse`hc huteèay (Mu`lhr,8778).

\oioro`dos

Lhcchrm, L., & Dch`dby, F. 877;. ]ohdbg`k

G`tor`htge`hc Ttumo`ts6 H lrgoi kugmo ier

codturors h`m suporvgsers. Dh`lorrh6 GM^

Omudhtge` Hustrhcgh

Lgkks, F. 8777h. ]ohdbg`k ier quhcgty

cohr`g`k ht u`gvorsgty. bgchmocpbgh6Tedgoty Ier \osohrdb G`te Bgkbor

Omudhtge` & Epo` _`gvorsgty

^ross.

Lgkks, F. 8777l. [bht tbo stumo`t meos6

]ohdbg`k ier o`bh`dom cohr`g`k.

Bgkbor Omudhtge` \osohrdb h`m

Movocepao`t , 82(8), ?; — ;?.

Leydbuj & Mudbsdbor F. O. 8777) Dhtdbg`k

tbo whvo6 _`morsth`mg`k tbo

de`dopt ei drgtgdhc tbg`jg`k. Feur`hc

ei Hmvh`dom @ursg`k , <7(4), ?;; — ?24.

Lrew`, M. & Deejo., A. <>><. ]ohdbg`k

h`m Cohr`g`k Aotbemecekgos.

\opert. Ag`gstry ei Bohctb h`m

Tedghc [ocihro, Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`,

\opulcgd ei G`meòsgh



8>

Kco`, T. 8777. ]bo moagso ei tbo

hppro`tgdosbgp aemoc. G` A. @gdec &

T. Kco` (Oms.), Dcg`gdhc sjgccs g`

@ursg`k6 ]bo rotur` ei tbo prhdtgdhc

reea5 ( pp. 8 — 8<). Ce`me`6

AhdAgcch`.

Bhrvoy, L. F., \etbah`, H. G., & \gdbhrm, D.

I. <>>4. Oiiodt ei h` u`morkrhmuhto

aomgdhc durrgducua e` stumo`ts‗ soci -mgrodtom cohr`g`k. Hdhmoagd

Aomgdgò, ;2, 8<?7 — 8<9?.

Ce`k, B. L., & Lhròs, J. 877?. Toci-

mgrodtom cohr`g`k g` ùrsg`k

omudhtge`. G` B. L. Ce`k (Om.), @ow

mgao`sge`s g` soci-mgrodtom cohr`g`k

(pp.<8; — <=<). @erah`, EJ6 ûlcgd

Ah`hkors Do`tor ier Omudhtge`hc

Cohmorsbgp h`m êcgdy Ttumgos

Mophrtao`t Deccoko ei Omudhtge`

_`gvorsgty ei Ejchbeah.

Bohctb \okge`hc Eiigdo Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`

^revg`do. 8772. Chperh` ]hbu`h .

^hch`kjhrhyh6 Bohctb \okge`hc

Eiigdo Do`trhc Jhcgah`th` ^revg`do.

AdHmhas, D., \h`jg`, O. F., Cevo, L., &

^htte`, M. 8727. ^sydbeaeter sjgccschlerhtergos hs soci-mgrodtom cohr`g`k6

H stumy ei ùrsg`k stumo`ts‗ pordoptge`s. Feur`hc ei Hmvh`dom

@ursg`k, 8=, ;22 — ;79.

Aorrgha, T. L. 8774. Hmuct Cohr`g`k6 [boro

bhvo wo deao irea5 [boro wo hro

bohmom5 G` T. L. Aorrgha, (Om.), H`

_pmhto e` Hmuct Cohr`g`k (pp. ? — 8=). Th` Irh`dgsde6 Fessoy-Lhss.

@gdec, A., & Kco`, T. 8777. Gs sgauchtge`

tbo h`swor5 Dcg`gdhc sjgccs g`

ùrsg`k6 ]bo rotur` ei tbo prhdtgdhc

reea5 Ce`me`6 AhdAgcch`.

EODM. <>>>. Aetgvhtg`k stumo`ts ier

cgioce`k cohr`g`k . ^hrgs6 Do`tro ier

Omudhtge`hc \osohrdb h`m G`èvhtge`

Erkh`gshtge` ier Odeèagd De-

Eporhtge` & Movocepao`t

ûsmgj`hjos 877;. Jurgjucua M 4 Joporhwhth`, Fhjhrth6 ûsht

ô`mgmgjh` ]o`hkh Josobhth` \G.

ûsmgj`hjos <>><. Jurgjucua M 4

Joporhwhth`, Fhjhrth6 ûsht

ô`mgmgjh` ]o`hkh Josobhth`

\hasmo`, ^. <>>4. Cohr`g`k te tohdb g`

bgkbor omudhtge`. Ce`me`6 \eutcomko

\essg, M. <>>>. Toci-Mgrodtom Cohr`g`k6 H strhtoky ier cgioce`k cohr`g`k. ^hpor

proso`tom ht tbo Cgioce`k Cohr`g`k

Deìoro`do, Woppee`, XCM Hustrhcgh.

Tgstor Tdbeec ^refodt. <>><. ]ohdbg`k h`m

Cohr`g`k \opert . ^hch`kjhrhyh6 Tgstor

Tdbeec ^refodt Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`.

Ttummy, T. F., @gdec, A., & Iex-Bgcoy, H.

(877=). ]ohdbg`k h`m cohr`g`k dcg`gdhc

sjgccs (^hrt <)6 Movocepao`t ei

tohdbg`k aemoc h`m sdbomuco ei sjgccs

movocepao`t. @urso Omudhtge` ]emhy,

8=, 829 — 874.

[gccghas, L. <>>=) Toci-mgrodtge` g` h

prelcoa lhsom cohr`g`k prekrha.

@urso Omudhtge` ]emhy, <=, <;; — <2?.

[ercm Lh`j. 877=. G`meòsgh‗s Bohctb [erj

Ierdo6 Gssuos h`m Eptge`s, Fhjhrth6

êpuchtge` & Buah` \oseurdo

Mgvgsge`



88

Ô\]_AL_BH@ IGTGJ H@HJ TOJECHB MHTH\ (TM)

MG JODHAH]H@ JHBHWH@ ]O@KHB JHL_^H]O@ ^_CH@K ^GTH_

We`kwh` @yhag`, Mfo`th Thbh, Iotty \hbahwhtg

êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh Furush` Joporhwhth`

Fhch` Koerko Eles @e. 4> ^hch`kjh \hyh Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb

Hlstrhdt 6 Dbgcmro` ht ocoao`thry sdbeec hko hro oxporgo`dom tbo ihstost krewg`k pbysgdhc pbhso.

G` tbgs pbhso tbo dbgcmro` òom hmoquhto ùtrgtgeus ieem ier letb quh`tgty h`m quhcgty. Ah`y

sdbechrs peg`t eut tbht dbgcmro` wbe ket oèukb decergos h`m pretog` dh` me lottor ht sdbeec. Tdbeec

bohctb prekrha bhs krewtb ae`gterg`k te provo`t peer ùtrgtge` h`m krewtb ihctorg`k. ]bo ahg`

purpeso ei tbgs stumy whs te prevgmo gìerahtge` hleut pbysgdhc krewtb ei dbgcmro` g` 4 ocoao`thry

sdbeecs g` ûch`k ^gshu mgstrgdt g` Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`. Turvoy whs usom hs aotbem ei mhth

deccodtge`. ûrpesgvo shapcg`k whs hppcgom te kot shapco. ]boro 84> dbgcmro` woro rodrugtom hs

shapcos. [ogkbt h`m bogkbt whs aosuhrom hs mopo`mo`t vhrghlco hs wocc hs moaekrhpbgd mhth ei

dbgcmro` h`m tbogr phro`ts hs g`mopo`mo`t vhrghlco. ]bo mhth woro h`hcysom ly u`gvhrghto h`m

lgvhrghto. _sg`k dbg-squhro tost hcaest hcc tbo mhth èt sgk`gigdh`tcy derrochtom te pbysgdhc krewtboxdopt ihtbor omudhtge`hc lhdjkreu`m vhrghlco (p 1 >.>=7) h`m tbo pbysgdhc krewtb ei dbgcmro` g`

4 ocoao`thry sdbeecs g` ûch`k ^gshu mgstrgdt whs locew tbo `htge`hc sth`mhrm. Hs de`dcusge`6 tbo

rosuct ei pbysgdhc krewtb ei dbgcmro` ht 4 ocoao`thry sdbeecs g` ûch`k ^gshu mgstrgdt Do`trhc

Jhcgah`th` ^revg`do6 stu`tom =9.7% (ley: 47.;% h`m kgrc6 ?9.8%).

Joy [erms6 ocoao`thry sdbeec, pbysgdhc krewtb, krewtb ae`gterg`k, krewtb ihctorg`k, stu`tom

Ô@MHB_C_H@

^rekrha josobhth` aoruphjh` g`vosthsgmhcha ao`g`kjhtjh` sualor mhyh ahùsgh.

^rekrha porlhgjh` kgzg yh`k lorlhsgs

ahsyhrhjht tochb lh`yhj mgchjujh` ecob

poaorg`thb G`meòsgh mh` tochb lh`yhj

lorbhsgc ao`ko`mhcgjh` h`thrh chg` jurh`k

vgthag` H, kh`kkuh` hjglht jurh`k yemgua

(KHJW), `hau` jojurh`kh` oòrkg mh`

pretog` toruthah phmh h`hj lhcgth mh` h`hj

usgh sojechb tothp ao`fhmg ahshchb yh`k

mhpht ao`kkh`kku portualubh` mh`

jothbh`h` igsgj. Jojurh`kh` oòrkg mh`

pretog` lormhaphj phmh khkhc tualub yh`k

hjh` aoùru`jh` juhcgths sualormhyh

ahùsgh. Jothbh`h` igsgj yh`k tg`kkg

aoruphjh` shchb shtu ihjter yh`k lorporh`

u`tuj ao`dhphg premujtgvgths jorfh yh`k

eptgahc (Mopjos, <>>;). Aoùrut Htahrgth

(<>>?) sthtus kgzg h`hj G`meòsgh sochah 8>

thbu` tgmhj lorulhb sodhrh lorahj`h. Ihjter

joagsjg`h`, jotorsomghh` ph`kh`

premujtgvgths mh` je`so`trhsg lochfhr. H`hj

usgh sojechb mhshr aoruphjh` h`hj mhcha

jocuhrkh, johòjhrhkhah` ph`kh` mh` po`yhjgt gìojsg aoruphjh` ihjter rosgje

torbhmhp khkhc tualub phmh h`hj

G`meòsgh. Khkhc tualub phmh h`hj hjh`

lormhaphj phmh juhcgths sualor mhyh

ahùsgh (TMA) mh` ao`fhmg jo`mhch

portualubh` ojeèag mgahsh yh`k hjh`

mhth`k. _phyh po`g`kjhth` juhcgths

sualor mhyh ahùsgh tgmhj torcophs mhrg

johmhh` josobhth` ahùsgh`yh. Morhfhm

josobhth` h`hj sojechb aoruphjh` lhkgh`

mhrg sthtus josobhth` yh`k sodhrh uaua

aoùrut toerg ^hrhmgkah Tobht (Lcua,

87;=) aoruphjh` g`torhjsg mhrg oapht

ihjter yhgtu6 ihjter cg`kju`kh` igsgj, jgagh,

lgecekg: ihjter porgchju sesghc: ihjter

pochyh`h` josobhth` mh` ihjter joturu`h`

(Mopjos, <>>;). Lh`yhj poòcgtg yh`k

aoa`yhthjh` lhbwh ro`mhb`yh hsuph`

oòrkg mh` pretog` sh`kht lorporh` mhcha

poùru`h`

]ufuh` poòcgtgh` hmhchb aocgbht

khalhrh` portualubh` igsgj h`hj usgh



8<

pbhso portualubh` yh`k dopht. Aorojh

aoaorcujh` hsuph` ahjh`h` yh`k phmht

oòrkg u`tuj mhpht lortualub mh`

lorjoalh`k sodhrh eptgahc (Mfgto`k, 8727).

Thchb shtu ushbh porlhgjh` kgzg ahsyhrhjht

mgtufujh` phmh po`g`kjhth` kgzg h`hj sojechb

yh`k lortufuh` u`tuj aoùru`jh` h`kjhjojurh`kh` oòrkg pretog` (JO^) ao`fhmg

<>% phmh thbu` <>8> (Mopjos, <>>?).

Aotemo

\h`dh`kh` poòcgtgh` yh`k mgku`hjh`

mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g hmhchb survoy mo`kh`

po`kuapuch` mhth ao`kku`hjh` juosgeòr.

_`tuj ao`kujur tg`kkg lhmh` mgku`hjh`

agdreteh mo`kh` jotocgtgh` 8 da mh` lorht

lhmh` mgujur ao`kku`hjh` tgalh`kh`mgkgthc H`m mo`kh` jotocgtgh` >.8 jk.

ô`kuapuch` mhth mgchjujh` ecob tga

poòcgtg yh`k sumhb torchtgb. êpuchsg

poòcgtgh` hmhchb h`hj sojechb mhshr mg

wgchyhb Jhbhyh` ]o`khb jhluphto` ûch`k

^gshu somh`kjh` yh`k ao`fhmg shapoc mhcha

poòcgtgh` g`g hmhchb h`hj sojechb mhshr mhrg

4 TM mg jodhahth` Jhbhyh` ]o`khb yhgtu

TM@ ]uwu`k G, TM@ ]uwu`k GG mh` TM@

]h`fu`k Th`kkhch`k .

Thapoc mgporecob mo`kh` dhrh purpesgvoshapcg`k. Mhrg <8> h`hj yh`k mgmhth mgmhpht

84> juosgeòr yh`k aoaoùbg syhrht u`tuj

mgh`hcgsh. Mhth yh`k mgporecob mgechb mh`

mgh`hcgsh ao`kku`hjh` T^TT vorsg 8=.

H`hcgsh mhth ao`kku`hjh` h`hcgsh u`gvhrght,

mh` lgvhrght (dbg-squhro) u`tuj ao`dhrg

bulu`kh` h`thr vhrghloc. Yhrghloc yh`k

mgtocgtg hmhchb fo`gs jochag` h`hj, uaur h`hj,

jochs, po`mgmgjh` erh`k tuh, pojorfhh` erh`k

tuh, ahjh` phkg mh` fo`gs ahjh`h` solhkhg

vhrghloc g`mopo`mo` mh` portualubh` igsgj

yh`k mgujur mhrg tg`kkg lhmh` mh` lorht lhmh`

h`hj solhkhg vhrhloc mopo`mo`.

sojechb mhshr mgmhorhb pomoshh`/roaeto

hroh.

]gmhj soauh ihjter yh`k lorbulu`kh`

mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj sojechb mhshr

mgujur mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g. Tthtus kgzg

h`hj mgujur aochcug aochcug lorht

lhmh`/uaur (LL/_). Ihjter erh`k tuhtoruthah po`mgmgjh` mh` pojorfhh` erh`k

tuh sorth fuachb shumhrh yh`k mgagcgjg h`hj

fukh mgmhth.



84

BHTGC Ô@OCG]GH@ MH@ ÔALHBHTH@

Bhsgc oòcgtgh`

Lormhshrjh` fo`gs jochag` mhrg 84> h`hj TM yh`k ao`fhmg shapoc mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g tormgrg

mhrg ;4 aurgm chjg chjg (?9.<%) mh` ?; aurgm poroapuh` (=4.2%). Khalhrh` vhrghloc usgh 84>

aurgm TM soportg tormhpht phmh thloc 8 lorgjut g`g. Bhsgc mgthapgcjh` mhcha lo`tuj mgstrglusgirojuo`sg mh` porso`thso. Mhth aoù`fujh` lhbwh ahsgb hmh aurgm TM yh`k loruaur 8= mh` 8;

thbu`.

]hloc 8. Mgstrglusg Irojuo`sg _sgh

_sgh (]hbu`) Irojuo`sg %

9

;

2

78>

88

8<

84

8=

8;

8?

<=

<<

287

87

8?

=

8

4

88,?

82,?

89,7

9,<8=,9

8=,9

88,?

4,8

>,2

<,4

Tolh`yhj =9,7% h`hj lorhmh phmh jhtokerg po`moj mh` ?4,8% h`hj lorhmh phmh jhtokerg erahc.

@hau`, sthtus kgzg h`hj aoùrut LL/]L h`hj yh`k jurus bh`yh 7,<% somh`kjh` h`hj yh`k

èrahc/colgb solh`yhj 7>,2%. (]hloc <).

]hloc <. Tthtus Kgzg h`hj TM

Tthtus Kgzg Irojuo`sg %

]L/_

ô`moj (3-< TM)

@erahc (≯-< TM)

98

97

=9,7

?4,8

LL/]L

Jurus @erahc/Colgb

8<882

7,<7>,2



8=

Chthr lochjh`k po`mgmgjh` lhphj

solh`yhj 99,7% tochb ao`koyha po`mgmgjh`

fo`fh`k aoò`khb/TA^. Tomh`kjh` yh`k

shaphg aoch`futjh` jo porkuru` tg`kkg

solh`yhj 88,?%. Lhphj yh`k tgmhj sojechb

prepersg`yh somgjgt bh`yh >,2%. (thloc 4).

Lormhshrjh` h`hcgsgs lgvhrght mgmhphtjh` lhbwh tgmhj hmh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`thrh

h`hj chjg-chjg mo`kh` poroapuh`. (`gchg

^1>,>94: E\1>,?: 7?% DG1>,<?-8,>4).

Bhsgc h`hcgsgs ao`yhthjh` lhbwh tgmhj hmh

porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`hj h`thrh h`hj yh`k

shrhph` mo`kh` yh`k tgmhj shrhph` (`gchg

^1>,<<4: E\18,2: 7?% DG1>,2 — 4,2). ]gmhj

hmh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`hj aoùrut fo`gs

shrhph` yh`k mgahjh` ecob h`hj (`gchg ^ 0

>,>?). Yhrghloc po`mgmgjh` lhphj aoruphjh`

vhrghloc muaay mgah`h phmh vhrghloc g`gemms rgsj ahsg`k-ahsg`k vhrghloc lorlomh.

Lormhshrjh` h`hcgsgs torcgbht hmh`yh

porlomhh` sthtus kgzg phmh lhphj yh`k

aoapu`yhg chthr lochjh`k po`mgmgjh`

sojechb aoò`khb (`gchg ^1>,>>=7).

Hrtg`yh hmh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`hj h`thrh

erh`k tuh (lhphj) yh`k ao`koyha

po`mgmgjh` sojechb aoò`khb mo`kh` erh`k

tuh (lhphj) yh`k ao`koyha po`mgmgjh`

shaphg mo`kh` sojechb ch`fut. Hthu mo`kh`

jhth chg` h`hj yh`k erh`k tuh`yh (lhphj)bh`yh ao`koyha po`mgmgjh` shaphg tg`kjht

aoò`khb aoapu`yhg rgsgje h`hj`yh

lortulub po`moj soloshr >,4 jhcg

mglh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` h`hj yh`k erh`k

tuh`yh (lhphj) ao`koyha po`mgmgjh`

shaphg porkuruh` tg`kkg (7?% DG1>,>; — >,77).

Tomh`kjh` h`hj yh`k erh`k tuh`yh (lhphj)

bh`yh ao`koyha po`mgmgjh` shaphg tg`kjht

mhshr shfh lorgsgje >,7 jhcg mglh`mg`kjh`

mo`kh` `hj yh`k erh`k tuh`yh (lhphj)

ao`koyha po`mgmgjh` shaphg porkuruh`

tg`kkg (7?% DG1>,4< — 4,>4).

@hau`, bulu`kh` torsolut tgmhj aoù`fujh`

porlomhh` yh`k lorahj`h (`gchg ^1>,72;).

Mhrg poòcgtgh` yh`k tochb mgchjujh` mh`

bhsgc po`kufgh` bgpetosh mo`kh`

ao`kku`hjh` h`hcgsgs u`gvhrght mh`

h`hcgsgs lgvhrght aoù`fujh` lhbwh

bgpetbosgs yh`k mghfujh` phmh uaua`yh

tgmhj mhpht mgtorgah, yh`k hrtg`yh bhapgr

soauh vhrghloc aoapu`yhg porlomhh`mh` bulu`kh` yh`k òkhtgi, joduhcg

ô`mgmgjh` Lhphj tormhpht hmh`yh

porlomhh` sthtus kgzg phmh lhphj yh`k

aoapu`yhg chthr lochjh`k po`mgmgjh`

sojechb aoò`khb.

Fo`gs Jochag` 6 lhbwh tgmhj hmh

porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`thrh h`hj chjg-chjg

mo`kh` poroapuh`. (`gchg ^1>,>94:

E\1>,?: 7?% DG1>,<?-8,>4), bhc g`g

jhro`h phmh h`hj poroapuh` locua hmh

uphyh aoalhthsg hsuph` ahjh`h` (Kgzg)u`tuj ao`fhkh lemy gahko (h`hj TA^)

sobg`kkh shah sthtus kgzg mo`kh` h`hj

chjg-chjg.

Thrhph` 6 lhbwh tgmhj hmh porlomhh`

sthtus kgzg h`hj h`thrh h`hj yh`k shrhph`

mo`kh` yh`k tgmhj shrhph` (`gchg ^1>,<<4:

E\18,2: 7?% DG1>,2 — 4,2).

Johmhh` g`g mhpht torfhmg jhro`h whchupu`

h`hj tgmhj shrhph` solocua lorh`kjht jo

sojechb, tothpg jotgjh mg whru`k sojechb

lhgj solocua ahsuj shaphg sojechb ghahjh`-agùa, fhfh` mh` shht gstgrhbht

pochfhrh` phkg mh` sgh`k bhrg.



8?

]hloc 4. Tthtus Tesghc Ojeèag Jocuhrkh

Yhrghloc Irojuo`sg %

ô`mgmgjh` Lhphj

]gmhj Tojechb

TM

TA^TAH

^]

8

2

872;

8?

>,2

9,<

8=,999,7

88,?

ôjorfhh` Lhphj

ôth`g

Twhsth

^@T

44

;?

<<

<?,=

?;,;

89,7

ô`mgmgjh` Glu

]gmhj Tojechb

TMTA^

TAH

^]

?

8==>

?<

87

4,2

8>,24>,2

=>

8=,9

ôjorfhh` GluG\]

ôth`g

Twhsth

^@T

4>

<<

?4

<?

<4,8

89,7

=>,2

87,<

Fo`gs Thrhph` 6 ]gmhj hmh porlomhh` sthtus

kgzg h`hj aoùrut fo`gs shrhph` yh`k

mgahjh` ecob h`hj (`gchg ^ 0 >,>?). Bhc

mgsolhljh` mhth poòcgtgh` mgjuapucjh`

ao`kbo`mhjg eptge` yh mh` tgmhj shrhph`,

sobg`kkh tgmhj ao`ku`kjhpjh` fo`gs,juh`tgths mh` juh`tgths ahjh`h` shrhph`

h`hj.

Fuachb Thumhrh Jh`mu`k 6 ]gmhj hmh

porlomhh` rorhth fuachb shumhrh jh`mu`k

h`thrh h`hj lortulub po`moj mo`kh` h`hj

lortulub èrahc. ôrlomhh` rorhth fuachb

shumhrh jh`mu`k soloshr >,2;7 (7?% DG1 -

8,>2 — 8,<9). Hchsh``yh whchupu` fuachb

shumhrh jh`mu`k rochtgi lh`yhj fuachb

lujh` lorhrtg gh lortulub po`moj, jhro`h

mhpht shfh lolorhph mhrg shumhrh jh`mu`kthmg sojechb/jucghb mgjeth hthu mgh`kjht

solhkhg h`hj hsub ecob jocuhrkh ahapu

chg``yh.

ô`mgmgjh` Lhphj 6 tormhpht mh` torcgbht

hmh`yh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg phmh lhphj

yh`k aoapu`yhg chthrlochjh`k po`mgmgjh`

sojechb aoò`khb (`gchg ^1>,>>=7). Bhc g`g

jhro`h po`mgmgjh` lhphj sojechb aoò`khb

tochb aoagcgjg whwhsh` aoagcgb ushbh mh`

pojorfhh` yh`k mhpht ao`dujupg mh`

ao`kbgmup jocuhrkh sobhrg-bhrg.

ôjorfhh` Lhphj 6]gmhj hmh bulu`kh`

h`thrh pojorfhh` lhphj mo`kh` sthtus kgzg

h`hj (`gchg ^0>,>?). Bhc g`g jhro`h

solhkgh` loshr pojorfhh` lhphj solhkhg

poth`g /po`yhmhp jhrot , jhmh`k-jhmh`k

solhkhg òchyh` sobg`kkh mhrg bhsgc`yhmhpht aoaoùbg jolutubh` mhpur mh`

soalhje jocuhrkh.

ô`mgmgjh` Glu 6 ]gmhj hmh bulu`kh`

h`thrh po`mgmgjh` glu mo`kh` sthtus kgzg

h`hj (`gchg ^0>,>?). Bhc g`g jhro`h phmh

uaua`yh glu dujup rhfg` aoalhwh h`hj

— h`hj shht lhcgth jo ûsjosahs mh`

êsyh`mu sobg`kkh aoaporecob

po`kothbu` mhrg po`yucubh` to`th`k kgzg

jocuhrkh.

ôjofhh` Glu 6 ]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh pojorfhh` glu mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj (`gchg

^0>,>?). Bhc g`g jhro`h solhkgh` loshr

pojorfhh` Glu sochg` aoahshj, aorhwht

h`hj - h`hj fukh lojorfh aoalh`tu lhphj

solhkhg poth`g /po`yhmht jhrot , jhmh`k-

jhmh`k solhkhg òchyh` sobg`kkh mhrg

bhsgc`yh dujup mh` mhpht aoaoùbg

jolutubh` mhpur mh` soalhje jocuhrkh.



89

Fo`gs Jochag` mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)6

Lormhshrjh` h`hcgsgs lgvhrght mgmhphtjh`

lhbwh tgmhj hmh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`thrh

h`hj chjg-chjg mo`kh` poroapuh`. (`gchg

^18,>>>: E\18,8: 7?% DG1>,44-4,92).

Thrhph` mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)6 Bhsgc

h`hcgsgs ao`yhthjh` lhbwh tgmhj hmh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`hj h`thrh h`hj yh`k


^1>,982: E\18,7: 7?% DG1>,=-7,44). Bhc

mgsolhljh` jojurh`kh` mhrg poòcgtgh` g`g

hcht /porth`yhh` ao`kbo`mhjg eptge` shrhph`

mh` tgmhj shrhph`, sobg`kkh tgmhj

ao`kuajhpjh` fo`gs, juh`tgths mh` juh`tgths

ahjh`h` shrhph`.

Fo`gs Thrhph` mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)6

]gmhj hmh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`hj aoùrut

fo`gs shrhph` yh`k mgahjh` ecob h`hj (`gchg^ 0 >,>?). Bhc mgsolhljh` jocoahbh` mhrg

porth`hyhh` mgku`hjh` solhkhg pomeah`

whwh`dhrh ao`kbo`mhjg muh eptge`

shrhph` mh` tgmhj shrhph`, sobg`kkh tgmhj

ao`ku`kjhpjh` fo`gs, juh`tgths mh`

juh`tgths ahjh`h` shrhph` mh` fukh jotgjh

mgsojechb h`hj fhfh`, ahjh`-agùa.

ô`mgmgjh` Lhphj mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)6

]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh po`mgmgjh` lhphj

mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj (`gchg ^0>,>?) yh`k

aoapu`yhg chthr lochjh`k po`mgmgjh`sojechb aoò`khb (`gchg ^1>,>>=7). Bhc g`g

jhro`h po`mgmgjh` lhphj sojechb aoò`khb

tochb aoagcgjg whwhsh` aoagcgb ushbh mh`

pojorfhh` yh`k mhpht ao`dujpg mh`

ao`kbgmup jocuhrkh sobhrg-bhrg.

ôjorfhh` Lhphj mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)6

]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh pojorfhh` lhphj

mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj (`gchg ^0>,>?). Bhc g`g

jhro`h solhkgh` loshr pojorfhh` lhphj

solhkhg poth`g /po`yhmht jhrot, jhmh`k-

jhmh`k solhkhg òchyh` sobg`kkh mhrg

bhsgc`yh mhpht aoaoùbg jolutubh` mhpur

mh` loch`fh sobhrg-bhrg jocuhrkh.

ô`mgmgjh` Glu mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)6

]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh po`mgmgjh` glu

mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj (`gchg ^0>,>?).

Bhc g`g jhro`h hphpu` tg`kjht po`mgmgjh`

glu phmh uaua`yh dujup rhfg` aoalhwh

h`hj — h`hj shht lhcgth jo ûsjosahs mh`

êsyh`mu sobg`kkh aoaporecob

po`kothbu` mhrg po`yucubh` to`th`k kgzg

jocuhrkh lhgj ecob jhmor josobhth` mh`

potukhs josobhth`.ôjofhhh` Glu mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L) 6

]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh pojorfhh` glu

mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj (`gchg ^0>,>?). Bhc

g`g jhro`h solhkgh` loshr pojorfhh` Glu

sochg` aoahshj,aorhwht h`hj-h`hj fukh

lojorfh aoalh`tu lhphj solhkhg poth`g

/po`yhmht jhrot , jhmh`k-jhmh`k solhkhg

òchyh` sobg`kkh mhrg bhsgc`yh dujup mh`

mhpht aoaoùbg jolutubh` mhpur mh`

ojeèag jocuhrkh.

Tochg` lolorhph hchsh` mh` hrkuao`thsgmgu`kjhpjh` mghths, ao`khph solhkgh`

porahshchbh` mh` bgpetosh poòcgtgh` tgmhj

hmh bulu`kh` hthu sgk`gigjh` fukh

mgau`kjg`h` jhro`h hmh joshchbh`

poòcgtgh` mhcha toj`gj po`khalgch`

shapcg`k ( ûrpesgvo Thapcg`k)

sobhrus`yh \e`mea shapcg`k sobg`kkh

mgporecob shapcg`k roproso`thtgi.

Juosgeòr yh`k hjh` mgku`hjh` u`tuj

whwh`dhrh, soaostg mgchjujh` ufg delh

solocua mgku`hjh` u`tuj jopo`tg`kh` poòcgtgh`. hcht yh`k mgporku`hjh` u`tuj

ao`kujur mhth poòctgh` soyekgh`yh

mgchjujh` ufg joshbgbh``yh.

JOTGA^_CH@ MH@ TH\H@

Josgapuch`

Lormhshrjh` bhsgc h`hcgsgs mhth mh`

poalhbhsh` solocua`yh, ahjh toauh`

poòcgtgh` mhpht mgsgapucjh` solhkhg

lorgjut 6

Fo`gs Jochag` 6 lhbwh tgmhj hmh

porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`thrh h`hj chjg-chjg

mo`kh` poroapuh`. (`gchg ^1>,>94:

E\1>,?: 7?% DG1>,<?-8,>4).



8;

Thrhph` 6 lhbwh tgmhj hmh porlomhh`

sthtus kgzg h`hj h`thrh h`hj yh`k shrh-ph`

mo`kh` yh`k tgmhj shrhph` (`gchg ^1>,<<4:

E\18,2: 7?% DG1>,2 — 4,2).

Fo`gs Thrhph` 6 ]gmhj hmh porlomhh`

sthtus kgzg h`hj aoùrut fo`gs shrhph` yh`k

mgahjh` ecob h`hj (`gchg ^ 0 >,>?).Fuachb Thumhrh Jh`mu`k 6 ]gmhj hmh

porlomhh` rorhth fuachb shumhrh jh`-mu`k

h`thrh h`hj lortulub po`moj mo`kh` h`hj

lortulub èrahc. ôrlomhh` rorhth fuachb

shumhrh jh`mu`k soloshr >,2;7 (7?% DG1 -

8,>2 — 8,<9).

ô`mgmgjh` Lhphj 6 tormhpht mh` torcgbht

hmh`yh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg phmh lhphj

yh`k aoapu`yhg chthr lochjh`k po`mgmgjh`

sojechb aoò`khb (`gchg ^1>,>>=7).

ôjorfhh` Lhphj 6]gmhj hmh bulu`kh`h`thrh pojorfhh` lhphj mo`kh` sthtus kgzg

h`hj (`gchg ^0>,>?)

ô`mgmgjh` Glu 6 ]gmhj hmh bulu`kh`

h`thrh po`mgmgjh` glu mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj

(`gchg ^0>,>?).

ôjofhhh` Glu 6 ]gmhj hmh bulu`kh`

h`thrh pojorfhh` glu mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj

(`gchg ^0>,>?).

Fo`gs Jochag` mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)

Lormhshrjh` h`hcgsgs lgvhrght mgmhphtjh`

lhbwh tgmhj hmh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`thrhh`hj chjg-chjg mo`kh` poroapuh`. (`gchg

^18,>>>: E\18,8: 7?% DG1>,44-4,92).

Thrhph` mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L). Bhsgc

h`hcgsgs ao`yhthjh` lhbwh tgmhj hmh

porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`hj h`thrh h`hj yh`k


^1>,982: E\18,7: 7?% DG1>,=-7,44).

Fo`gs Thrhph` mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)

]gmhj hmh porlomhh` sthtus kgzg h`hj aoùrut

fo`gs shrhph` yh`k mgahjh` ecob h`hj (`gchg

^ 0 >,>?).

ô`mgmgjh` Lhphj mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)

]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh po`mgmgjh` lhphj


ôjorfhh` Lhphj mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)

]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh pojorfhh` lhphj


ô`mgmgjh` Glu mh` Tthtus Kgzg (LL/]L)

]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh po`mgmgjh` glu


ôjofhhh` Glu mh` Tthtus Kgzg

(LL/]L)]gmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh

pojorfhh` glu mo`kh` sthtus kgzg h`hj ( gchg

^0>,>?).

Thrh` — shrh` 6

Jo`mhtg bhsgc h`hcgs poòcgtgh` g`g bhapgr

soauh tgmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh shtu

vhrghloc mo`kh` chg``yh, thpg fustru

ao`fhmg po`khchah` yh`k lorbhrkh u`tuj

lhbh` porlhgjh` lhkg poòcgtgh`

soch`fut`yh suphyh aoaporbhtgjh`

solhkhg lorgjut

Bo`mhj`yh ao`kku`hjh` \h`mea

shapcg`k sobg`kkh soauh Tojechb Mhshr

(TM) mg jodhahth` Jhbhyh` ]o`khb

aoapu`yh josoaphth` yh`k shah u`tujao`fhmg shapoc, mo`kh` moagjgh` hjh`

mgporecob shapoc yh`k roproso`thtgvo.

Juosgeòr yh`k hjh` mgku`hjh` u`tuj

soluhb poòcgtgh`, bo`mhj`yh mgchjujh`

ufg dedh mucu, joaumgh` mgujur tg`kjht

rohlgcgths mh` vhcgmgths`yh solocua

mgku`hjh` u`tuj jopo`tg`kh` poòcgtgh`.

Bo`mhj`yh hcht-hcht yh`k mgku`hjh`

u`tuj ao`kujur Lorht Lhmh` (LL) mh`

]g`kkg Lhmh` tochb mg torh mh` mgufg

jobh`mhch``yh.



82

MHI]H\ \_F_JH@

Mopjos.\G. <>>;. \gsot Josobhth` Mhshr

(\GTJOTMHT) mg ^repg`sg Jhcgah`th`

]o`khb, Fhjhrth6 Mopjos.\G.

Mopjos.\G.8777. G`meòsgh Tobht <>8>, Ygsg Lhru, Agsg Jolgfhjh` mh` strhtokg

ôalh`ku`h` Josobhth`. Fhjhrth6

Mopjos.\G.

Mfgto`k .\. 8727, Jhfgh` ôòcgtgh` Kgzg,

Fhjhrth6 ^].Aomgyhthah Thrh`h ôrjhsh

Mopjos \G .<>>?. ômeah` ôrlhgjh` Kgzg

h`hj Tojechb Mhshr mh` Ahmrhshb

Gltgmhgyhb. Fhjhrth6 Mopjos.\G.

Tg`khrgalu`, A mh` Oiio`mg, T. 877?.

Aotemo ôòcgtgh` Turvoy, Fhjhrth6 C^4OT,

Tumfh`h .8779. Aotemo Tthtgstgjh, Lh`mu`k6

]rh`sgte

Tush`te, T. <>>>. T^TT Ao`kechb mhth

sodhrh ^reposge`hc . Fhjhrth6 Ocoj Aomgh

Deaputg`me

Thauoc Teogteo. 872<. ^sgjecekg ô`mgmgjh`. Fhjhrth6 Ihjucths Ojeèag. _G.

Thchbumg`, A. 877>. ô`kh`thr ^sgjecekg

ô`mgmgjh`. Turhlhyh6 Lg`h Gcau.

\edbah`, @. 87;;. Aotemo \gsot mh`

^rg`sgp, Lh`mu`k6 ]rh`sgte



87

T]_MG O@KELH]H@ ]\HMGTGE@HC _@]_J AO@FH\H@KJH@ JOCHBG\H@

MG JHL_^H]O@ JH]G@KH@

Dgh Hprgccgh`tg, Mfo`th Thbh, Hsgb \usah`g

êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh,

Fhch` Koerko Eles @e. 4> ^hch`kjh \hyh — Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb

mfo`thUg`meNyhbee.de.gm

Hlstrhdt6 ]repgdhc ierost bhs tbeush`m aomgdg`hc pch`ts. ]bo aomgdg`hc pch`ts bhs loo` ce`k jèw`

ier gts bohcg`k preportgos. G`mgkoèus poepco irea Do`trhc Jhcgah th` ospodghccy wbe cgvo òhr tbo

ierost bhvo usom aomgdg`hc pch`ts te duro bohctb hgcao`t h`m etbor usos g`dcumg`k lgrtb sphdg`k ier

koòrhtge`s. ]bgs otbèaomgdgò stumy hgas te kot gìerahtge` hleut aomgdg`hc pch`ts ier lgrtb

sphdg`k g` Jhtg`kh` Mgstrgdt. ]we upch`m vgcchkos woro dbeeso` te kot joy gìerah`ts wbe bhvo

jèwcomko hleut trhmgtge`hc aomgdgò lhso e` `htgvo pch`ts ei Do`trhc Jhcgah`th`. ]bo vgcchkos

hro \h`kh` ]h`kje h`m \h`thu Lhbhg. Toag strudturo g`torvgow whs bocm te dhpturo gaperth`t

gìerahtge` hleut tbo `htgvo pch`ts. ]bo pch`ts whs meduao tom usg`k mgkgthc dhaorh. G`moptbg`torvgows woro rodermom e` humgthpo h`m hitor tbht trh`sdrglo vorlhtga. Mhyhj @khfu ch`kuhko

trh`sdrgdts ei tbo g`torvgow sossge`s woro ahmo mgrodtcy irea tbo humgethpos h`m trh`schtom g`te

G`meòsgh`. ]boro 7 pch`ts bhm loo` g`motgigom ier lgrtb sphdg`k preportgos ]bo rosuct ei tbo stumy

dh` lo usom te gaprevo ihagcy pch``g`k prekrha ospodghccy ier roaeto h`m vory roaero hrohs.

Joy [erms 6 ]rhmgtge`hc Aomgdgò, Otbèaomgdgò, @htgvo ^ch`ts, Joy Gìerah`t, Do`trhc

Jhcgah`th`.

ô`mhbucuh`

ôalh`ku`h` josobhth` mg Jhcgah`th`]o`khb ahsgb locua aorhth. Bhc g`g

mgsolhljh` jhro`h torlhths`yh joahapuh`

poaorg`thb u`tuj aoalh`ku` shrh`h

pochyh`h` josobhth`. Je`mgsg koekrhig

Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb fukh ao`fhmg

po`kbhalht poaorhthh` chyh`h` josobhth`

jhro`h lh`yhj mhorhb yh`k bh`yh lgsh

mgtoapub aochcug trh`sperthsg su`khg lhbjh`

bhrus lorfhch` jhjg yh`k aoaorcujh` whjtu

dujup chah.

Bhc g`g ao`yolhljh` ahsyhrhjht

pomoshh` tgmhj mhpht ao`gjahtg chyh`h`

josobhth` yh`k mgsomghjh` ecob poaorg`thb

torahsuj elht elht aemor` whchupu`

aorojh sh`kht aoaorcujh``yh.

Bh`yh po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc mhrg

tualubh`, bowh`, ahupu` rgtuhc cejhc yh`k

mhpht aorojh ku`hjh`.

Ahsyhrhjht pomoshh` sh`kht torkh`tu`kmo`kh` prhjtoj po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc

jhro`h aumhb mgmhpht, aurhb, sochcu

torsomgh soph`fh`k thbu` mh` sumhb

mgku`hjh` sodhrh turu` toauru` sobg`kkh

sodhrh lumhyh mhpht mgtorgah ecob soauh

jhch`kh` ahsyhrhjht pomoshh` mgmhorhb

torpo`dgc mh` sh`kht torpo`dgc.

]ualub-tualubh` mhrg buth` trepgs tochb

chah mgjo`hc jbhsght`yh u`tuj ao`kelhtg

lorlhkhg ahdha po`yhjgt. Jhcgah`th`

]o`khb sh`kht jhyh hjh` jorhkhah`

tualubh` mh` bowh` cghr yh`k ahsgb

lh`yhj locua torgmo`tgigjhsg ecob gcau

po`kothbuh`. ô`mumuj hscg Jhcgah`th`

]o`khb yhgtu suju Mhyhj toruthah yh`k

tg`kkhc mgmhorhb pomhchah` sumhb

ao`kku`hjh` po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc

sodhrh turu` toauru` mh` lh`yhj

ao`kothbug tualubh` hthupu` bowh` yh`k

lgsh mgku`hjh` solhkhg elht trhmgsge`hc.



<>

Hbcg Ihrahsg mhrg òkhrh òkhrh ahfu tochb

aoaorgjsh ojstrhj zht- zht mhrg tualubh`

yh`k mgku`hjh` ecob po`mumuj hscg u`tuj

po`kelhth` mh` aoòaujh` elht elhth`

yh`k mhpht mgku`hjh` u`tuj ao`yoalubjh`

jh`jor, BGY-HGMT, ahchrgh mcc. Ttumg yh`k

mgchjujh` ecob Coah`` (877?) u`tujao`mhphtjh` ojstrhj hjtgi mhrg tualub-

tualubh` yh`k mgku`hjh` ecob suju Mhyhj

Jo`yhb u`tuj ao`kelhtg ahchrgh sodhrh

gcaghb torlujtg oiojtgi torbhmhp ^chsaemgua

Ihcdgihrua.

Ao`kgmo`tgigjhsg, ao`kg`vo`thrgshsg,

sorth ao`mejuao`thsg tualubh`, premuj

bowh`, mh` rgtuhc po`kelhth` yh`k

mgku`hjh` ecob po`mumuj hscg fukh sodhrh

g`to`si mgchjujh` ecob phrh poòcgtg mhrg

Ahchysgh (Ihsgbumg`, 877<: Jucgp, <>>4>.Deurmord (<>>;) mhrg Leròe \osohrdb

Deu`dgc ao`kchjujh` gmo`tgigjhsg th`hah`

yh`k lorjbhsght elht yh`k mgku`hjh` ecob

Tuju Mhyhj @khfu mg Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb.

G`vostgkhsg th`hah` yh`k lorjbhsght

u`tuj ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh` aoruphjh`

shchb shtu uphyh po`tg`k solocua

po`kothbuh` mh` prhjtoj po`kelhth`

trhmgsge`hc yh`k sumhb mgku`hjh` rhtush` gtu

co`yhp lorshah pu`hb`yh th`hah` yh`k

lorjbhsght u`tuj po`kelhth` ecob poalhlhth` buth`.

]ufuh` poòcgtgh` g`g u`tuj

ao`mhphtjh` fo`gs th`hah` u`tuj

ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh` yh`k mgku`hjh`

ecob po`mumuj hscg (suju Mhyhj)

Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb. Aotemo poòcgtgh`

juhcgthtgi (Otbèaomgdgò ) mgku`hjh` mhcha

poòcgtgh` g`g. Mhth mgjuapucjh` aochcug

whwh`dhrh ao`mhcha mo`kh` joy gìerah`t

ao`kku`hjh` ph`muh` whwh`dhrh mh`

mgrojha mo`kh` thpo rodermor.

H`hcgsh mhth ao`kku`hjh` ]boahtgd

De`to`t H`hcgsgs mhrg Lur`hrm (8778).

Ahìhht poòcgtgh` g`g mgbhrhpjh` mgmhpht

lhbh` hchag tualubh` yh`k mhpht

mgku`hjh` u`tuj ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh`.

Aotemo

Cejhsg poòcgtgh` hmhchb < mosh sh`kht

torpo`dgc mg jhluphto` Jhtg`kh` yhgtu mosh

\h`kh` ]h`kje mg jodhahth` Ahrgjgt mh`

Mosh \h`thu Lhbhg mg jodhahth` Jhtg`kh`

Bucu. _`tuj ao`dhphg jo muh mosh torsolutbhrus aochcug su`khg yh`k poùb mo`kh`

forha yh`k lorfhrhj colgb jurh`k 88 fha

porfhch`h` mhrg ^hch`kjh \hyh glujeth

^revg`sg Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb. Jomuh mosh

torsolut ahsg`k- ahsg`k lorpo`mumuj

colgb jurh`k 8>> JJ mh` po`mumuj hscg

jomuh mosh torsolut hmhchb suju Mhyhj _t

Mhùa. Lhbhsh cejhc yh`k mgku`hjh`

sobhrg bhrg hmhchb lhbhsh _t Mhùa mh`

lhbhsh Mhyhj @khfu.

Thapoc (joy gìerah`) mgmhphtao`kku`hjh` tob`gj de`vo`go` shapcg`k

yhgtu aochcug jophch mosh mgdhrg erh`k yh`k

aoaoùbg jrgtorgh g`jcusg u`tuj

mgwhwh`dhrh (êcgt & Bu`kcor, 8777).

Jrgtorgh g`jcusg u`tuj Joy Gìerah` hmhchb

solhkhg lorgjut6

8. Aoagcgjg po`kothbuh`

po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc

<. Aochjujh` prhjtoj po`kelhth`

trhmgsge`hc

4.

ô`mumuj sotoapht=. Lorsomgh mgwhwh`dhrh

ôòcgtgh` g`g aoruphjh` poòcgtgh`

juhcgthtgi (Otbèaomgdgò) u`tuj

ao`mhphtjh` gìerahsg sodhrh mothgc

ao`ko`hg po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc u`tuj

ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh` yh`k mgku`hjh`

ecob ahsyhrhjht mg mosh \h`kh` ]h`kje

mh` Mosh \h`thu Lhbhg. Gfg` tortucgs u`tuj

poòcgtgh` g`g mgmhpht mhrg Lhcgtlh`kmh

^revg`sg Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb mh` mhrg Mg`hs

Josobhth` Jhluphto` Jhtg`kh` mh` gfg`

sodhrh vorlhc mhrg sotghp jophch mosh

solocua aoauchg jokghth` mgmosh torsolut.

ôòcgtgh` mg mosh \h`kh` ]h`kje

mgchjujh` sochah = bhrg mo`kh` lhphj GC

(;< thbu`), lhphj ] (;> thbu`), mh` lhphj

] (=7 thbu`). Mg mosh \h`thu Lhbhg fukh =

bhrg mh` mg whwh`dhrh lhphj T (9> thbu`),

lhphj HK (=7) mh` glu A (9> thbu`).



<8

Tosuhg mo`kh` hmht jolghshh` sotoapht,

sotghp erh`k yh`k aoag`th gìerahsg

ao`ko`hg po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc bhrus

aoalorgjh` soahdha jeapo`shsg yh`k

mhcha lhbhsh cejhc mgsolut –ah`fhwg‑(ao`khalgc gcau). Jeapo`shsg torsolut

loruph6 fhrua th`kh` 8 luhb, phrh`k 8 luhb, lorhs 8 kh`th`k (;,? jk), hyha bgtha 8 ojer,

jhg` putgb/bgtha < aotor, uh`k cekha juè

(lo`kkec) < jopg`k, yh`k jhchu

mgje`vorsgjh` jomhcha rupghb aoapu`yhg

`gchg soloshr colgb jurh`k \p. 8?>.>>>.

_`tuj joporcuh` poòcgtgh` g`g, poòcgtg

aoalorgjh` jeapo`shsg soloshr \p.

8?>.>>>/bhrg whwh`dhrh solhkhg

po`kkh`tgh` whjtu mh` udhph` torgah jhsgb

phmh joy gìerah` hths jolhgjh` mh`

josomghh` aorojh aoalorgjh` po`kothbuh`yh. G`torvgow yh`k mgchjujh`

ao`kku`hjh` lhbhsh mhorhb sotoapht

lormhshrjh` ph`muh` whwh`dhrh soag

strudturo (Lewcg`k, <>>8). G`-moptb

g`torvgow (whwh`dhrh ao`mhcha)

mgku`hjh` u`tuj ao`mhphtjh` gìerahsg

mhrg Joy Gìerah` (muju` hthu totuh) mgmosh

torsolut yh`k aochjujh` po`kelhth`

trhmgsge`hc (Ttroulort & Dhrpo`tor, 8777).

G`struao` yh`k mgku`hjh` u`tuj

po`kuapuch` mhth mhcha poòcgtgh` g`ghmhchb6 ph`muh` whwh`dhrh, thpo

rodermor/jhsot, igocm eto mh` mgkgthc jhaorh.

Tochg` gtu mgjuapucjh` sposgao` th`hah`

mh` mgmejuao`thsg ao`kku`hjh` mgkgthc

jhaorh.

Mhth juhcgthtgi mhrg g`moptb g`torvgow

yh`k mgrojha phmh pgth jhsot mgtucgs jhth

porjhth (trh`sdrglo vorlhtga) joaumgh`

mgh`hcgsh ao`kku`hjh` ]boahtgd De`to`t

H`hcgsgs (Lur`hrm, 8778) u`tuj aocgbht

gìerahsg ao`ko`hg tualubh` yh`k

lorjhgth` mo`kh` uphyh ao`fhrh`kjh`jochbgrh` Mgmhpht cgst tualubh`, yh`k

mgsusu` aoùrut fo`gs, lhbh`, mh` dhrh

po`kku`hh` sorth mesgh yh`k mgphjhg.

]h`hah` g`g joaumgh` mggmo`tgigjhsg mg

chph`kh` mh` mgmejuao`thsg.

Bhsgc oòcgtgh` mh` ôalhbhsh`

]hloc 8 lorgsg mhth th`hah` yh`k

mgku`hjh` u`tuj ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh`

lormhshrjh` `hah cejhc.

]hloc 86 ]h`hah` _`tuj ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh`

@e @hah ]h`hah` Lhkgh` Wh`k Mgku`hjh`

8<

4

=

?

9

;

2

7

8>

88

8<84

AochtgJhdh ^grg`k

Joalh`k Tophtu

Jhyu Lhru

_ru Jhfhcuph`

Fhalu Lhbh`mh`k

Bo`mh

Jhyu Lhwg

\uh Lhtu

Jhyu Jorhahs

Thbh`k \ulgt

Jhyu Thso`mujJhyu Tu`kjhg

HjhrHjhr

Hjhr mh` Jucgt Lhth`k

Hjhr

Hjhr mh` Mhu`

Jucgt Lhth`k

\gaph`k

Hjhr

_alut

Lhth`k

ûduj Mhu`

Mhu`Mhu`



<<

Hmh 84 `hah cejhc th`hah` yh`k

lorbhsgc mggmo`tgigjhsg mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g. ;

th`hah` mhrg Mosh \h`kh` ]h`kje mh` 9

fo`gs th`hah` mhrg mosh \h`thu Lhbhg. Hmh

? fo`gs th`hah` yh`k uaua mgmhpht

mgsojgthr mosh soportg aochtg, jhdh pgrg`k,

joalh`k sophtu, shbh`k rulgt. @hau`jolh`yhjh` tualubh` u`tuj elht

trhmgsge`hc po`fhrh`k jochbgrh` lorhshc mhrg

buth` mgsojgthr mosh. Tuju Mhyhj yh`k

loraujga mgpomhchah` Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb

aoagcgjg jojhyhh` mh` po`kothbuh` hjh`

elht trhmgsge`hc yh`k tochb mgku`hjh` sodhrh

turu` toauru` sochah rhtush` thbu`. Fhmg

sodhrh lumhyh po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc mhpht

mgtorgah ecob socurub jhch`kh`

mgahsyhrhjht.

ô`kothbuh` ao`ko`hg po`kelhth`trhmgsge`hc lhgj yh`k ao`kku`hjh`

tualubh` hthu lhbh` è` tualubh`

uaua`yh mgturu`jh`/mgwhrgsjh` jophmh

koòrhsg soch`fut`yh mo`kh` dhrh erhc. ]hpg

prhjtoj g`g auchg lh`yhj mgtg`kkhcjh`

jhro`h koòrhsg aumh tgmhj torthrgj mo`kh`

mo`kh` po`kothbuh` g`g. Mowhsh g`g tg`kkhc

lolorhph erh`k mgsotghp mosh yh`k thbu

lh`yhj ao`ko`hg tualub tualubh` yh`k

lorjbhsght u`tuj po`kelhth` mh` uaua`yh

sumhb lorusgh ch`fut. Jhro`h phrh po`kelhttrhmgsge`hc sumhb lorusgh ch`fut sobg`kkh

sucgt u`tuj aoalhwh aorojh u`tuj

ao`kgmo`tgigjhsg th`haha yh`k mgahjsum

phmh cejhsg`yh mgmhcha buth`. Colgb fhub

chkg hmh lolorhph th`hah` yh`k

mgjhtokergjh` solhkhg th`haha shjrhc

aoùrut ahsyhrhjht sotoapht yh`k tgmhj

lecob mghalgc mhrg buth` hthupu`

mglumgmhyhjh` ecob po`mumuj mosh jhro`h

mgyhjg`g hjh` ao`mhth`kjh` pothjh u`tuj

po`mumuj mosh jhchu th`hah` torsolut

mghalgc mhrg buth`. ]h`hah` torsolut

mgh`kkhp agcgj po`fhkh/poù`kku buth`.

Tocurub porsghph` elht trhmgsge`hc u`tuj

ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh` mgchjujh` sodhrh

erhc mh` tgmhj hmh dhthth` tortucgs ao`ko`hg

mesgs yh`k topht sobg`kkh fuachb lhbh` mh`

thjhrh`yh tgmhj lgsh mgphstgjh` sodhrh

hjurht. _aua`yh thjhrh` ao`kku`hjh`

ujurh` soko`kkha, bochg mhu` hthu pete`k.

Lhkgh` tualubh` yh`k

mgku`hjh` auchg mhrg hjhr, jucgt lhth`k,

lhth`k, luhb, lgfg hthu lu`kh sorth mhu`.

_`tuj tualubh` yh`k jodgc lghsh`yh

mgku`hjh` socurub tualubh`.

Jucgt lhth`k aoruphjh` lhkgh`

th`hah` yh`k phcg`k lh`yhj mgku`hjh`

u`tuj po`kelhth`, mgsusuc mhu`, mh` lhkgh`tualubh` chg`yh. ]ualubh` lgsh

mgku`hjh` ahsgb sokhr, hthupu`

mgjorg`kjh`. Dhrh po`kku`hh`yh lgsh

lhbh` sokhr mgju`yhb, lhbh` sokhr hthu

jorg`k lgsh mgrolus dhapur hgr mh` hgr`yh

mgagùa. Dhrh chg` u`tuj ao`fhrh`kjh`

jochbgrh` yhgtu th`hah` mgcuahtjh`/

mgkorus mh` mgecosjh` jo porut. ^rhjtoj

po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc mowhsh g`g auchg

ao`khchag joau`murh`. ô`mumuj yh`k

lorusgh colgb aumh ao`yhthjh` tgmhjao`kku`hjh` po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc

sodhrh ao`yocurub thpg sochcu

ao`kku`hjh`yh khlu`kh` mo`kh`

po`kelhth` aemor`. Koòrhsg aumh colgb

torthrgj ao`kku`hjh` po`kelhth` aemor`

mglh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` po`kelhth`

trhmgsge`hc yh`k yh`k aoaorcujh`

porsghph` colgb ruagt. ^resos ao`dhrg

th`hah` mh` poaluhth` ierauch

po`kelhth` trhmgsge`hc aoaorcujh` whjtu

yh`k dujup chah mglh`mg`kjh` mo`khàoagùa elht aemor`. Toao`thrh gtu

jbhsght hthu oiioj mhrg elht trhmgsge`hch

colgb chalht mglh`mg`kjh` elht aemor`.

Bhc g`g aoaluht koòrhsg aumh uaua`yh

tgmhj torthrgj ao`ko`hc fo`gs th`hah` mh`

po`kku`hh` solhkhg elht trhmgsge`hc.

Ao`yhmhrg `gchg ojeèags peto`sghc

yh`k torjh`mu`k mhcha tualubh` yh`k

lorhshc mhrg buth` loch`thrh Jhcgah`th`

]o`khb ahjh ushbh u`tuj aocosthrgjh` mh`

aoaporthbh`jh` jolorhmhh` tualubh`

sorth tualubh` chg` yh`k locua torfhahb

ecob gcau po`kothbuh` ao`fhmg sh`kht

ao`moshj. Jojhyhh` po`kothbuh`

ao`ko`hg elht trhmgsge`hc mh` th`hah`

lorku`h chg`yh aoruphjh` ch`kjhb hwhc

yh`k sh`kht po`tg`k u`tuj poòcgtgh` colgb

ch`fut hkhr mhpht mgtoaujha elht elhth`

lhru u`tuj po`yhjgt yh`k locua hmh

elht`yh hthupu` aoòaujh` sualor kgzg

lhru sorth u`tuj po`kku`hh` chg`yh.



<4

Josgapuch` mh` shrh`

Josgapuch`

ôòcgtgh` g`g ahsgb lorsgiht hwhc mh`

tochb torgmo`tgigjhsg 84 fo`gs tualubh` yh`k

mgku`hjh` ecob po`mumuj phmh < mosh mgjhluphto` Jhtg`kh` yhgtu mosh \h`kh`

]h`kje jodhahth` Ahrgjgt mh` mosh \h`thu

Lhbhg jodhahth` Jhtg`kh` Bucu. ? fo`gs

tualubh` yh`k sumhb mgjo`hc mh` aumhb

mgmhpht mg mosh yh`k lorsh`kjuth`

Tomh`kjh` tualubh` chg``yh bhrus mgmhpht

mhrg buth` mh` tgmhj soauh erh`k ao`ko`hc

tualubh` yh`k lorjbhsght u`tuj

ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh`.

Lolorhph fo`gs th`hah` bh`yh mgjothbug

ecob lolorhph erh`k po`kelht trhmgsge`hcyh`k uaua`yh lorusgh ch`fut sobg`kkh sucgt

u`tuj ao`kgmo`tgigjhsg fo`gs th`hah` mg

chph`kh`. Jolh`yhjh` koòrhsg aumh

jurh`k ao`hrub ag`ht hjh` po`kelhth`

trhmgsge`hc jhro`h presos poaluhth` elht

dujup ruagt mh` aoaorcujh` whjtu

mglh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` ao`kku`hjh` elht

aemor`.

ôalujhh` buth`, hthupu` jolhjhrh`

buth` aoruphjh` h`dhah` lhkg tualubh`

yh`k locua torgmo`tgigjhsg ecob gcau po`kothbuh`, phmhbhc buth` trepgs

Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb aoapu`yhg tualubh`

yh`k sh`kht lorhkha.

Ao`kgmo`tgigjhsg th`hah` yh`k

mgyhjg`g po`mumuj aoapu`yhg jbhsght

u`tuj ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh` aoruphjh`

ch`kjhb yh`k po`tg`k solocua po`kothbuh`

gtu pu`hb ecob lorlhkhg po`yolhl.

ôòcgtgh` colgb ch`fut loruph

ao`g`kjhtjh` devorom poòcgtgh` mg

sofuachb mosh torpo`dgc chg``yh mg mhorhb

hcgrh` su`khg yh`k lorlomh sorth aoaorgjsh

jh`mu`kh` jgagh mhrg tualubh` yh`k

mgpordhyh aoapu`yhg jbhsght elht

aoruphjh` ch`kjhb soch`fut`yh mo`kh`

tufuh` aocosthrgjh` jojhyhh` lumhyh suju

Mhyhj mhcha ao`kku`hjh` tualubh`

solhkhg elht.

Mgbhrhpjh` mgtoaujh`yh jh`mu`kh`

tualubh` yh`k lorahìhht ao`fhrh`kjh`

jochbgrh` yh`k lgsh mglujtgjh` sodhrh gcaghb.

Thrh`

Ao`kg`vo`thrgshsg mh` ao`mejuao`thsgth`hah` elht yh`k lorjbhsght u`tuj

ao`fhrh`kjh` jochbgrh` solocua

po`kothbuh` mh` tualubh` pu`hb jhro`h

poalhlhth` buth` u`tuj chbh` porth`gh`

ahupu` ecob jolhjhrh` buth`.

ôrcu hmh poòcgtgh` colgb ch`fut u`tuj

aocgbht jh`mu`kh` jgagh mhrg tualubh`

yh`k lorpeto`sg solhkhg po`dokhb jobhagch`

phmh tualubh` yh`k mgku`hjh` ecob

po`mumuj pomoshh` mhorhb torpo`dgc mg

Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb.Tesghcgshsg ahìhht peto`sghc mhrg

tualubh` elht hkhr ao`hrgj koòrhsg aumh

mh` ao`fhkh whrgsh` lumhyh yh`k sumhb

mgku`hjh` ecob po`mumuj Jhcgah`th`

]o`khb turu` toauru` sofhj rhtush` thbu`

yh`k chcu.

Mhithr \ufujh`

Lur`hrm, ^. 8778. H aotbem ei h`hcysg`k

g`torvgow trh`sdrgps g` quhcgthtgvorosohrdb. @urso Omudhtge` ]emhy, 88,

=98-=99.

Deurmord, ^. <>>;. ]rhmgsge`hc Aomgdgò

Hae`k tbo @khfu Mhyhj g` Do`trhc

Jhcgah`th`. Jcejjo. H. B. (Om.)

Leròe \osohrdb Deu`dgc Luccotg`.

Mg`jos ^revg`sg Jhcto`k <>>9. ^reigc

Josobhth` Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb <>>?.

^hch`kjh \hyh6 Mg`hs Josobhth`

^revg`sg Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb.

Mg`jos Jhluphto` Jhtg`kh` <>>9. ^reigc

Josobhth` Jhluphto` Jhtg`kh` <>>9,

Jhse`kh`6 Mg`hs Josobhth` Jhluphto`

Jhtg`kh` ^revg`sg Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb.



<=

Ihsgbumg`, L. H., & Gsahgc, K. 877<.

Aomgdg`hc ^ch`t _som ly Jhmhzhmusu`

Deaau`gtgos Hreu`m Dredjor \h`ko.

HTOH@ rovgow ei Lgemgvorsgty h`m

o`vgreào`thc de`sorvhtge` (H\LOD).

Ihsgbumg`, L. H., & Bhsahb, \. 877<. Aomgdg`hc ^ch`ts ei tbo Aurut

Deaau`gty g` Thlhb. G` Khzzhcy, G.,

Tgrhf, E. h`m Aurtozh, A. (Om.) Ierost

Lgeceky h`m De`sorvhtge` g` Leròe.

Jg`glhcu6Do`tro ier Leròe Ttumgos.

Jucgp, F. <>>4. H` otbèleth`gdhc survoy ei

aomgdg`hc h`m etbor usoiuc pch`ts ei

Auruts g` Thlhb, Ahchysgh. ]ocepoh6

8>(8)6 28-72.

Jruokor, \. H. 877=. Iedus Kreups6 H

prhdtgdhc kugmom ier hppcgom rosohrdb

(<`m om.). ]beush`m Ehjs, DH6 Thko

ûlcgdhtge`s.

Cohah`, M. F. (ot.hc) 877?. Ahchrgh roaomgos

ei tbo Jo`yhb ei tbo Hpe Jhyh`, Ohst

Jhcgah`th`

G`meòsgh Leròe6 h quh`tgthtgvo

hssossao`t ei cedhc de`so`sus hs h`

g`mgdhter ei lgecekgdhc oiigdhdy. Feur`hc Otbèpbhrahdec , =778), 8-89.

êcgt, M. I., & Bu`kcor, L. ^. 8777. @ursg`k

\osohrdb6 ^rg`dgpcos h`m Aotbems (9tb

om.). ^bgchmocpbgh6 Cgppg`dett.

Ttroulort, B. F., & Dhrpo`tor, M. \. 8777.

Xuhcgthtgvo \osohrdb g` @ursg`k6

Hmvh`dg`k tbo Buah`gstgd Gaporhtgvo

(<`m om). ^bgchmocpbgh6 Cgppg`dett.



<?

Ô\TO^TG AHTWH\HJH] ]O\BHMH^ JE@TO^ O\GCHJ_ BGM_^ LO\TGB MH@

TOBH] (^BLT) MG JE]H ^HCH@KJH \HWH

Th`tby J. Thauoc*, Lhrtbe Ah`syhb**, Ggs [hbyu`g`ksgb***

*Meso` Furush` Jolgmh`h`, **Meso` Furush` Joporhwhth`, ***Jophch _`gt ôrpusthjhh`

êctojjos Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh

HLT]\HD]. ûlcgd pordoptge` ei tbo de`dopt ei ôrgchju Bgmup lorsgb mh` Tobht (^BLT) gs eò

g`mgdhter ei tbo suddoss ei movocepao`t g` tbo igocm ei bohctb. ]bo purpeso ei tbgs rosohrdb gs te (8)

stumy pulcgd hddoss te bohctb ihdgcgtgos (<) stumy tbo seurdos ei bohctb gìerahtge` ier tbo deaau gty

h`m (4) oxhagò pulcgd pordoptge` ei tbo de`dopt ^BLT g` ^hch`kjhrhyh. Mosgk` rosohrdb g` tbo iera ei survoy rosohrdb ly thjg`k shapco cedhtge`s g` Jocurhbh`

^h`hru`k Tul-Mgstrgdt ^hbh`mut h`m Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k Tul-Mgstrgdt Lujgt Lhtu. ]bo ùalor

ei shapco ei 82= beusobecms rh`meacy socodtom (strhtgigom rh`mea shapcg`k). H`hcysgs h`m

g`torprothtge` gs meò ly dress thluchtge`.

]bo rosucts sbewom tbht g` koòrhc beusobecms' hddoss te bohctb ihdgcgtgos bohctb keem oèukb,

wboro tbo mgsth`do ihdgcgty òhrost bohctb ei rosgmo`do ei rospe`mo`ts coss tbh` twe jgceaotors, h`m

seao rospe`mo`ts dh` hddoss tbo bohctb ihdgcgtgos hro e` ieet. Gìerahtge` ahfer bohctb elthgòmtbreukb eiigdghc bohctb omudhtge` h`m ahss aomgh, phrtgduchrcy tocovgsge`. ûlcgd pordoptge` ei tbo

de`dopt ^BLT covoc beusobecms hro koòrhccy keem, oxdopt ier oxdcusgvo lrohstioomg`k, bh`m

whsbg`k wgtb dcoh` whtor h`m sehp, ocgag`hto chrvho g` tbo beuso e`do h wooj, pbysgdhc hdtgvgty

ovory mhy h`m me èt saejo g` tbo beuso.

Joy werms6 pordoptge`, hddoss, bohctb gìerahtge`.

Ô@MHB_C_H@

Ygsg poalh`ku`h` josobhth` yh`kmgruausjh` mhcha –G`meòsgh Tobht <>8>‑h`thrh chg` mgsolutjh` lhbwh porgchju

ahsyhrhjht G`meòsgh Tobht <>8> hmhchb

porgchju prehjtgi u`tuj aoaocgbhrh mh`

ao`g`kjhtjh` josobhth`, ao`dokhb rgsgje

torfhmg`yh po`yhjgt, aocg`mu`kg mgrg mhrg

h`dhah` po`yhjgt sorth lorphrtgsgphsg hjtgi

mhcha korhjh` josobhth` (Mophrtoao`

Josobhth` \opulcgj G`meòsgh, 8777). Thchb

shtu uphyh u`tuj aowufumjh` porgchju

ahsyhrhjht G`meòsgh sobht torsolut hmhchb

aochcug gapcoao`thsg ôrgchju Bgmup Lorsgb

mh` Tobht (^BLT).

Ahsgb tg`kkg`yh lorlhkhg jhsus

po`yhjgt yh`k torfhmg mg Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh

g`g mgporjgrhjh` lorbulu`kh` mo`kh` ahsgb

ro`mhb`yh gacoao`hsg je`sop porgchju

bgmup lorsgb mh` sobht ecob ahsyhrhjht`yh

Bhsgc survog yh`k mgchjujh` ecob Mg`hs

Josobhth` Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh phmh thbu`

<>>?,

mo`kh` ao`khalgc cejhsg mg Jodhahth`Tolh`khu aoù`fujjh` lhbwh porso`thso

ruahb th`kkh yh`k lor-^LBT mg mhorhb g`g

ahsgb sh`kht ro`mhb, yhgtu bh`yh soloshr

4,44% (Mg`hs Josobhth` Jeth ^hch`kjh

\hyh, <>>?). Ecob jhro`h gtu ao`hrgj

u`tuj mgchjujh` suhtu poòcgtgh` to`th`k

porsopsg ahsyhrhjht torbhmhp je sop ^BLT

mg mhorhb g`g.

Lormhshrjh` chthr lochjh`k mg hths,

yh`k ao`fhmg porth`yhh` mhcha poòcgtgh`

g`g hmhchb 8). hphjhb ahsyhrhjht

aoapu`yhg hjsos yh`k lhgj torbhmhp

ihsgcgths josobhth` yh`k hmh: <). hphjhb

ahsyhrhjht aoaporecob gìerahsg yh`k

dujup to`th`k josobhth` mh` lhkhgah`h

ahsyhrhjht aoaporecob gìerahsg torsolut,

4). lhkhgah`h porsopsg ahsyhrhjht

torbhmhp prekrha ôrgchju Bgmup Lorsgb

mh` Tobht mg Jeth phch`kjh \hyh mg tg`kjht

ruahb th`kkh.



<9

]ufuh` ôòcgtgh` mhrg poòcgtgh` g`g

hmhchb ao`kothbug hjsos ahsyhrhjht Jeth

^hch`kjh \hyh torbhmhp ihsgcgths josobhth`

uthah, ao`kothbug sualor gìerahsg

josobhth` lhkg ahsyhrhjht mg Jeth ^hch`kjh

\hyh, ao`kjhfg porsopsg ahsyhrhjht Jeth

^hch`kjh \hyh torbhmhp Gapcoao`thsg^rekrha ^BLT mg tg`kjht ruahb th`kkh.

AO]EMECEKG O@OCG]GH@

ôòcgtgh` g`g lorsgiht mosjrgptgi mo`kh`

mgshg` dress sodtge`hc. Cejhsg poòcgtgh`

hmhchb wgchyhb Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh, mo`kh`

ao`khalgc shapoc wgchyhb yh`k lorhmh mg

mhcha jeth, yhgtu Jocurhbh` ^h`hru`k

Jodhahth` ^hbh`mut mh` wgchyhb cuhr jeth,

yhgtu Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k Jodhahth`Lujgt Lhtu. ôòcgtgh` mgchjujh` sochah

oapht luch`, yhgtu mhrg luch` Toptoalor

<>>7 shaphg mo`kh` Mosoalor <>>7. Mhth

yh`k mgporcujh` mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g hmhchb

mhth prgaor mh` mhth soju`mor. Mhth prgaor

mgporecob aochcug whwh`dhrh mo`kh` shapoc

rospe`mo` yh`k torpgcgb. [hwh`dhrh

mgchjujh` mo`kh` ph`muh` mhithr porth`yhh`

(juosgeòr) yh`k tochb mgporsghpjh`

solocua`yh, somh`kjh` mhth soju`mor

mgporecob mhrg mg`hs/g`sth`sg torjhgt, lhgj mgtg`kjht Jeth ahupu` tg`kjht prevg`sg, sorth

mhrg lorlhkhg cgtorhtur mh` g`toròt.

Fuachb ruahb th`kkh shapoc mgto`tujh`

mo`kh` dhrh po`mukhh` prepersg pepuchsg

mo`kh` prosgsgs 7>% mh` tg`kjht

jopordhyhh` 7?%. Fuachb shapoc rospe`mo`

u`tuj Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k solh`yhj 29

ruahb th`kkh mh` u`tuj Jocurhbh` h`hru`k

solh`yhj 72 ruahb th`kkh. ô`khalgch`

shapoc rospe`mo` mgchjujh` sodhrh hdhj

lortg`kjht ( sthtgigom rh`mea shapcg`k ).

Mhth yh`k tochb torjuapuc mgechb

mo`kh` dhrh thluchsg mo`kh` ao`kku`hjh`

porh`kjht cu`hj ( seit whro) agdreseit oxdoc.

Mhrg bhsgc thluchsg g`g mgporecob thloc mhth

g`muj. Mhrg thloc mhth g`muj torsolut

soch`fut`yh mgechb mhcha lo`tuj thloc-thloc

yh`k colgb jodgc sosuhg mo`kh`

jopo`tg`kh``yh.

_`tuj mhth yh`k lorsgiht juhcgthtgi,

hkhr mhpht mgh`hcgsgs sodhrh juh`tgthtgi,

ahjh mhth torsolut porcu mgjuh`tgigjhsg

mo`kh` sgstoa sjerg`k. Tgstoa sjerg`k

mgchjujh` mo`kh` ao`kku`hjh` sjhch

Cgjort . H`hcgsgs mh` g`toprothsg mhth

mgchjujh` mo`kh` thluchsg sgch`k u`tujaoalhbhs bulu`kh` h`thr vhrghloc yh`k

tormhpht mhcha thloc-thloc torsolut.

BHTGC MH@ OALHBHTH@

8. Hjsos ]orbhmhp ^rhshrh`h Josobhth`

Hjsos torbhmhp ihsgcgths hthu

prhshrh`h josobhth` tormojht aoruphjh`

shchb shtu ihjter yh`k sh`kht aoò`tujh`

torbhmhp porgchju bgmup sobht ahsyhrhjht.

Ihsgcgths hthu prhshrh`h josobhth` aocgputg

êsyh`mu, Mejtor ^rhjtoj Twhsrh,

ûsjosahs ôalh`tu, ûsjosahs G`muj

mh` \uahb Thjgt. Bhsgc poòcgtgh` torbhmhp

hjsos josobhth` soportg torcgbht phmh ]hloc

8 aoù`fujjh` lhbwh solhkgh` loshr

rospe`mo`, lhgj mg Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k

ahupu` mg Jocurhbh` ^h`hru`k

aoahìhhtjh` pusjosahs g`muj solhkhg

prhshrh`h josobhth` uthah mo`kh` poroso`thso ahsg`k-ahsg`k ?=,9?% mg

Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k mh` ;9,?4% mg

Jocurhbh` ^h`hru`k. Tocolgb`yh, mg

Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k =4,><% rospe`mo`

aoahìhhtjh` pusjosahs poalh`tu, mh`

ahsg`k-ahsg`k bh`yh 8,89% hthu shtu

erh`k yh`k aoahìhhtjh` êsyh`mu mh`

mejtor prhjtoj swhsth.

Tomh`kjh` mg Jocuhrhbh` ^h`hru`k,

rospe`mo` yh`k aoahìhhtjh` pusjosahs

poalh`tu solhkhg shrh`h josobhth` uthahsolh`yhj 8;,4?% mh` 9,8<% chg``yh

aoahìhhtjh` pesyh`mu.



<;

]hloc 8. Hjsos Ahsyhrhjht torbhmhp rhshrh`h Josobhth` mg Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k mh`

Jocurhbh` h`hru`k Jeth hch`kjh \hyh, <>>7.

@e _rhgh` ]h`kjgcg`k ^h`hru`k

8 ôahìhhth` Ihsgcgths/ ^rhshrh`h

josobhth` uthah- êsyh`mu

- Jg`gj Mejtor Twhsth

- ûsjosahs ôalh`tu

- ûsjosahs G`muj

- \uahb Thjgt

8 (8,89)

8 (8,89)

4; (=4,><)

=; (?=,9?)

> (>,>>)

9 (9,8<)

> (>,>>)

8; (8;,4?)

;? (;9,?4)

> (>,>>)

< Fhrhj Ihsgcgths Josobhth` ]ormojht

3 8 ja

8 — < ja

0 < ja

98 (;>,74)

<? (<7,>;)

> (>,>>)

<> (<>,=8)

98 (9<,<=)

8; (8;,4?)

4 Dhrh Ao`dhphg ihsgcgths josobhth`

- Lorfhch` jhjg- Topomh

- Topomh aeter

- H`kjuth` uaua

2> (74,><)8 (8,89)

? (?,28)

> (>,>>)

=< (=<,29)? (?,8>)

=7 (?>,>>)

< (<,>=)

Fgjh mgtg`fhu mhrg fhrhj ihsgcgths

josobhth` tormojht mhrg toapht tg`kkhc,

aoù`fujjh` lhbwh sodhrh uaua

poalh`ku`h` prhsh`h josobhth` mg wgchyhb

poòcgtgh` sumhb dujup lhgj, mhcha hrtg

sumhb sh`kht mojht mo`kh` ahsyhrhjht

solhkhg po`kku`h ihscgths hthu prhsh`h

josobhth` torsolut. Lorjhgt mo`kh` fhrhj

ihsgcgths josobhth` torbhmhp toapht tg`kkhc

rospe`mo` torsolut. Tolhkgh` loshr

ahsyhrhjht (74,><%) mg Jocurhbh`

]h`kjgcg`k ao`dhphg ihsgcgths josobhth`

mo`kh` lorfhch` jhjg. Tomh`kjh` mg

Jocurhbh` ^h`hru`k ?>,>>% ao`kku`hjh`

sopomh aeter mh` =<,29% chg``yh lorfhch`

jhjg u`tuj aoùfu ihsgcgths josobhth`tormojht.

<. Gìerahsg Josobhth`

^hphrh` gìerahsg josobhth` aoruphjh`

shchb shtu ihjter yh`k sh`kht aoò`tujh`

mhcha gapcoao`thsg porgchju bgmup lorsgb

mh` sobht lhkg ruahb th`kkh mh` ahsyhrhjht.

Tualor gìerahsg josobhth` yh`k mgh`kkhp

po`tg`k hmhchb aochcug po`yucubh`

josobhth` ecob to`hkh po`yucub josobhth`,

aochcug toah` hthu toth`kkh, tocovgsg, rhmge,

jerh` hthu ahfhchb mh` sualor chg``yh

soportg g`toròt, porpusthjhh` mh` chg`-chg`,

soportg torcgbht phmh ]hloc <.

^hmh ]hloc < torcgbht lhbwh

rospe`mo` yh`k ao`yhthjh` ao`mhpht

po`yucubh` josobhth` sothbu` torhjbgr mg

Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k soloshr ;=,=<% mh`

sgsh`yh <?,?2% ao`yhthjh` tgmhj

ao`mhpht po`yucubh` josobhth`.

Toao`thrh mg Jocurhbh` ^h`hru`k 9>,<>%

rospe`mo` ao`yhthjh` ao`mhphtjh` po`yucubh` josobhth` mh` sgsh`yh 47,2>%

ao`yhthjh` tgmhj ao`mhpht po`yucubh`

josobhth` sochah sothbu` torhjbgr.



<2

]hloc <. ô`yucubh` Josobhth` mh` Tualor Gìerahsg Josobhth` Chg` yh`k Mgku`hjh`

ecob Ahsyhrhjht mg Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k mh` Jocurhbh` h`hru`k

Jeth hch`kjh \hyh, <>>7

@e _rhgh` Joc. ]h`kjgcg`k Joc. ^h`hru`k

8 ô`yucubh` Josobhth` - Ao`mhpht po`yucubh` - ]gmhj ao`mhpht po`yucubh`

9= (;=,=<) << (<?,?2)

?7 (9>,<>) 47 (47,2>)

< Irojuo`sg po`yucubh` mgtorgah 8 thbu`

torjhbgr - 8 — < jhcg - 4 - = jhcg - ? — 9 jhcg

0 9 jhcg

?7 (7<,87) 4 (=,97) < (4,84) > (>,>>)

?= (78,?4) < (4,47) > (>,>>) 4 (?,>2)

4 Gìerahsg Josobhth` chg` - ]oth`kkh/toah` - ]oth`kkh mh` ]ocovgsg - Jerh` mh` tocovgsg - \hmge mh` tocovgsg - ]ocovgsg - ]ocovgsg mh` sualor chg` - Tualor chg`

<9 (4>,<4) = (=,9?)

8; (87,;;) > (>,>>)

49 (=8,29) > (>,>>) 4 (4,=7)

84 (84,<;) 4 (4,>9)

84 (84,<;) 8 (8,><)

?7 (9>,<>) < (<,>=) ; (;,8=)

Mo`kh` ao`dorahtg mhth mg hths, tor`yhth

lhgj mg Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k ahupu` mg

Jocurhbh` ^h`hru`k sualor gìerahsg mhrg

toah` hthu toth`kkh mhcha lo`tuj

jeau`gjhsg g`torporse`hc torsolut ahsgbdujup loshr, bhc g`g joalhcg aoòkhsjh`

lhbwh sualor gìerahsg aochcug bulu`kh`

jeau`gjhsg g`torporse`hc mhcha lo`tuj

po`yucubh` josobhth` aochcug ju`fu`kh`

potukhs po`yucub josobhth` mg Jeth

^hch`kjh \hyh ahsgb mgporcujh` ecob

ahsyhrhjht mhcha rh`kjh aowufumjh`

porgchju bgmup lorsgb mh` sobht lhgj mg

cg`kju`kh` ruahb th`kkh ahupu` mg

cg`kju`kh` ahsyhrhjht sodhrh uaua.

Toch`fut`yh yh`k porcu mgdorahtg hmhchb

porh` aomgh tocovgsg solhkhg po`yhaphg

gìerahsg josobhth` tor`yhth dujup

meag`h`, mo`kh` moagjgh` mhcha uphyh

aoalorgjh` gìerahsg josobhth` jophmh

ahsyhrhjht, Mg`hs Josobhth` sotoapht porcu

aoahìhhtjh` aomgh tocovgsg g`g u`tuj

ao`g`kjhtjh` po`kothbuh` ahsyhrhjht

to`th`k je`sop ^BLT.

<. ôrsopsg Ahsyhrhjht torbhmhp Je`sop

^BLT

ôrsopsg hthu poahbhah` ahsyhrhjht

torbhmhp je`sop ^BLT mgmojhtg mo`kh`hwhlh` hthu th`kkhph` rospe`mo` hths

porth`yhh` ao`ko`hg gapcoao`thsg vhrghloc-

vhrghloc ^BLT yh`k mghfujh`. Bhsgc

poòcgtgh` aoù`fujjh` lhbwh sodhrh uaua

gapcoao`thsg Je`sop ^BLT ecob ahsyhrhjht

mg Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh, lhgj yh`k tg`kkhc mg

cuhr jeth ahupu` yh`k tg`kkhc mg mhcha jeth

ahsgb rochtgi ro`mhb, yhgtu ahsg`k-ahsg`k

soloshr =7,99% u`tuj ahsyhrhjht yh`k

tg`kkhc mg cuhr jeth mh` ?;,47% u`tuj

ahsyhrhjht yh`k tg`kkhc mg mhcha jeth.

Toao`thrh u`tuj jocuhrkh yh`k tgmhj

aoagcgjg lhcgth, yh`k lorhrtg tgmhj tgmhj hmh

vhrghloc aoalorgjh` HTG ojsjcusgi mh`

vhrghloc ao`galh`k lhcgth sotghp luch`,

gapcoao`thsg je`sop ^BLT lhkg ahsyhrhjht

yh`k tg`kkhc mg cuhr jeth soloshr =7,97%,

somh`kjh` u`tuj ahsyhrhjht yh`k tg`kkhc mg

mhcha jeth soloshr ?7,;?%, soportg torcgbht

phmh ]hloc 4.



<7

]hloc 4. Gapcoao`thsg ^BLT mg Jocurhbh` ]h`kjgcg`k mh` Jocurhbh` ^h`hru`k Jeth

^hch`kjh \hyh ]hbu` <>>7

@e Yhrghloc ^BLT Joc. ]h`kjgcg`k

(%)

Joc. ^h`hru`k

(%)

\hth-rhth

(%)

8 ôrshcg`h` mgtece`k ]o`hkh Josobhth` ;;,42 22,4> 2<,2=< Aoalorg HTG Ojhjcusgi <>,?8 <8,;= <8,84

4 Ao`galh`k Lhcgth Totghp Luch` ;2,?; ;=,87 ;9,42

= Ao`kku`hjh` Hgr Lorsgb 7=,87 8>>,>> 7;,8>

? Ao`dudg ]h`kh` mo`kh` Thlu` =2,2= =2,72 =2,78

9 Ao`kku`hjh` Fhalh` Tobht ?>,>> 2?,;8 9;,29

; Aoalorh`ths Fo`tgj Toag`kku Tojhcg =2,>9 =;,2= =;,7?

2 Ao`kje`suasg Luhb mh` Thyur =>,;> 9=,<7 ?<,?>

7 Aochjujh` Hjtgvgths Igsgj Totghp Bhrg <<,>7 8<,<=

8> ]gmhj Aorejej mg mhcha \uahb 89,<2 4>,98 <4,=?

\hth-rhth =7,99 ?;,47 ?4,?4

\hth-rhth th`ph HTG mh` Lhcgth =7,97 ?7,;? ?=,;<

Aoùrut \gsjosmhs Mophrtoao` Josobhth`

(<>>;), mhcha po`gchgh` BLT ththrh` ruahb

th`kkh hmh muh ahdha ruahb th`kkh, yhgtu

ruahb th`kkh mo`kh` lhcgth mh` ruahb

th`kkh th`ph lhcgth. _`tuj ruahb th`kkh

mo`kh` lhcgth mgku`hjh` 8> g`mgjhter,

sobg`kkh gchg tortg`kkg hmhchb 8>: somh`kjh`

u`tuj ruahb th`kkh th`ph lhcgth tormgrg hths 2g`mgjhter, sobg`kkh `gchg tortg`kkg hmhchb 2.

^BLT mgjchsgigjhsgjh` –jurh`k‑ hphlgchao`mhphtjh` `gchg jurh`k mhrg 9 u`tuj

ruahb th`kkh yh`k aoapu`yhg lhcgth mh`

jurh`k mhrg ? u`tuj ruahb th`kkh th`ph

lhcgth. Mo`kh` moagjgh`, gapcoao`thsg

je`sop ^BLT mg Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh

torbhmhp 8> vhrghloc ^BLT torsolut, mo`kh`

h`kjh rhth-rhth ?,4? torahsuj jhtokerg

–jurh`k‑, somh`kjh` hphlgch mgmojhtg

mo`kh` 2 vhrghloc, h`kjh ?,=; torahsujjhtokerg –dujup‑. Mhrg sopucub u`sur hthu vhrghloc ^BLT

torsolut ahsgb tormhpht cgah u`sur yh`k

gapcoao`thsg ahsgb rochtgi ro`mhb (3 ?>%),

yhgtu6 aoalorg HTG ojsjcusgi, ao`dudg

th`kh` mo`kh` shlu`, aoalorh`ths fo`tgj

soag`kku sojhcg, aochjujh` hjtgvgths igsgj

sotghp bhrg, mh` tgmhj aorejej mg mhcha

ruahb.


Josgapuch`

8. Hjsos josobhth` lhkg ahsyhrhjht mg

Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh sodhrh uaua

dujup lhgj. Ihsgcgths josobhth` uthah

hmhchb pusjosahs g`muj mh` pusjosahs poalh`tu mo`kh` fhrhj mhrg

toapht tg`kkhc jurh`k mhrg < ja

sobg`kkh mhpht mghjsos mo`kh` lorfhch`

jhjg ahupu` ao`kku`hjh` jo`mhrhh`

prglhmg loruph sopomh mh` sopomh

aeter.

<. Ahsyhrhjht mg Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh

aoaporecob gìerahsg josobhth`

ahsgb jurh`k, lhgj aochcug jokghth`

po`yucubh` ecob potukhs po`yucub

josobhth` ahupu` aochcug aomgh

ahssh uthah`yh tocovgsg. Jolorhmhh`

potukhs po`yucub josobhth` ahsgb

sh`kht mgporcujh` ecob ahsyhrhjht,

`hau` irojuo`sg po`yucubh` josobhth`

yh`k mgchjujh` ecob potukhs ahsgb

sh`kht fhrh`k, rhth-rhth bh`yh 8-< jhcg

sothbu`



4>

4. ôrsopsg ahsyhrhjht mg Jeth ^hch`kjh

\hyh torbhmhp ôrgchju Bgmup Lorsgb

mh` Tobht (^BLT) phmh ththrh` ruahb

th`kkh lhgj yh`k tg`kkhc mg wgchyhb

mhcha jeth mh` yh`k tg`kkhc mg cuhr jeth

sodhrh uaua tgmhj fhub lorlomh. \hth-

rhth porsopsg torbhmhp 8> u`sur ^BLTththrh` ruahb th`kkh hmhchb soloshr

?4,?4% torahsuj jhtokerg –jurh`k‑,somh`kjh` hphlgch tgmhj mgahsujjh`

vhrghloc HTG ojsjcusgi mh` po`galh`kh`

lhcgth sotghp luch` rhth-rhth porsopsg

ruahb th`kkh soloshr ?=,;<% torahsuj

jhtokerg –dujup‑.

Thrh`

8.

Thchb shtu ihsgcgths josobhth` yh`k

phcg`k mojht mo`kh` ahsyhrhjht hmhchb

êsyh`mu, `hau` sojhrh`k pesyh`mu

tgmhj chkg mgh`kkhp solhkhg shchb shtu

ihsgcgths josobhth` po`tg`k lhkg

ahsyhrhjht. _`tuj gtu mgshrh`jh` hkhr

êsyh`mu shchb shtu ihsgcgths josobhth`

tormojht lhkg ahsyhrhjht mgtualubjh`

mh` mgjoalh`kjh` joalhcg.

<.

Jolorhmhh` to`hkh po`yucub josobhth`

solhkhg shchb shtu sualor gìerahsgao`ko`hg josobhth` ahsgb sh`kht

mgporcujh` ecob ahsyhrhjht, toruthah

lhkg ahsyhrhjht yh`k tg`kkhc mg cuhr

porjethh`. _`tuj gtu jolorhmhh` to`hkh

po`yucub josobhth` mh` irojuo`sg

po`yucubh``yh ahsgb porcu

mgtg`kjhtjh`.

4.

Mhcha uphyh poòrhph` porgchju bgmup

lorsgb mh` sobht ku`h aowufumjh`

ahsyhrhjht Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh sobht,

u`sur-u`sur ^BLT yh`k ahsgbmgporcujh` uphyh ojstrh hmhchb

aoalorgjh` HTG ojsjcusgi, sochcu

ao`dudg th`kh` mo`kh` hgr lorsgb mh`

shlu` sotghp socoshg aochjujh` hjtgvgths

mh` solocua ahjh`, poalorh`thsh`

fo`tgj soag`kku sojhcg, ao`g`kjhtjh`

joshmhrh` je`suasg luhb, ao`g`kjhtjh`

joshmhrh` hjh` po`tg`k`yh hjtgvg ths

igsgj sotghp bhrg mh` aoùalubjh`

joshmhrh` hjh` lhbhyh aorejej lhkg

josobhth`.

=. Mgrojterht Fo`morhc ôalorh`thsh`

ô`yhjgt Aoùchr mh` ô`yhjgt

Cg`kju`kh` ôaujgah` Mophrtoao`

Josobhth` \G. 877;. ]ufub Tyhrht

Fhalh` yh`k Tobht. Mgu`mub mhrg

bttp6//mgkgcgl-hapc.òt Ze`cgòQ.

http://digilib-ampl.net/





48

OIIOD] EI –ÊT]EÔ\H]GYO ]OHDBG@K‑ ]E

AE]BO\‗T DEA^CHG@] EI ÊT] TOD]GE DHOTH\GH

]rg \ht`h Hrgostg`g, Lortbgh`h, Agag` Costhrg*

Meso` Furush` Joporhwhth` êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh

HLT]\HD]. Hitor lohrg`k, weah` wgcc oxporgo`do pbysgecekgd h`m psydbecekgd dbh`kos, se tbhttboy roqugro qugdjcy soci-hmfustao`t. H ùalor ei weah` oxporgo`do ei te iooc evor h lhrroc, iooc

h`èyom, iooc u`hlco er èt hssuro , ovo` 8>% irea tbo weah` iooc tbo bohvy moprossge` ei pest

phrtua. Mosdrgptge` ei aetbor‗s prelcoas wbgdb mohc wgtb tbo dbh`kos ei pbysgecekgd h`m

psydbecekgd hitor lohrg`k, ospodghccy aetbor ei pest sodtge dhoshroh wbgdb gs qugto h cet g` Do`trhc

Jhcgah`th`, stgcc èt yot loo` jèw` u`tgc proso`t tgao. ]bo elfodtgvo ei tbo stumy whs te jèw

tbo gìcuo`do ei pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k te aetbor‗s deapchg`t ei pest sodtge dhoshroh. Lhsom e`

mhth h`hcysgs ieu`m tbht tbo deapchg`ts ei aetbor ei pest sodtge dhoshroh wgtbeut "pesteporhtgvo

tohdbg`k" woro deapchg` te deukb 94,2?%: aeutb ioct lgttor, ru` mry h`m quohsy =9,7<%: lemy ioct

wohj, steahdb ichlly h`m mgiiuso 87,<4%: mgm èt lrohj wg`m g` tbo igrst mhy 4>%: steahdb ioct

phg` 79,8?%: HTG (aetbor‗s agcj) èt yot keò eut g` tbo mhy 8-< 4>%: lrohst swecco`, essgiy h`m

gcc <4,2?%: deucm èt spe`thòeus urg`hto 8,?=%: mgm èt moiodhto g` tbo mhy 8-< 4,>;%. Hitor kgvg`k "pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k", tbo typo h`m tbo iroquo`dy ei deapchg`ts modrohsom, tbo deapchg`ts

tbht woro ieu`m deukb ?,42%: mgm èt lrohj wg`m <,48%: steahdb ioct phg` 8?,42% h`m bhgr ihcc

eii >,;;%. Lhsom e` tbo mhth h`hcysgs ly usg`k [gcdexse`‗s ]ost sbew` tbht tboro whs mgiioro`do

ei g`dgmo`do ei deapchg`t ei pest sodtge dhoshroh ht aetbors kgvo` pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k wgtb tbo

aetbors wbgdb woro èt kgvo` pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k. ]bo de`dcusge` whs pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k

bhm vory sgk`gigdh`t oiiodt g` cosso`g`k g`dgmo`do ei deapchg`t ei pest sodtge dhoshroh phtgo`t.]e

cosso` tbo aetbor‗s deapchg`t ei pest sodtge dhoshroh, bo`do tbo aetbor aust te bhvo oèukb

jèwcomko ei tbo dbh`kos ei pestsodtge dhoshroh h`m jèw bew te mohc wgtb gt. Gt gs sukkostom te

hcc aetbor tbht lohrg`k wgtb tbo surkory ei sodtge dhoshroh gs kgvo` pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k.

Joywerm6 êsteporhtgvo ]ohdbg`k, deapchg`t ei phtgo`, pest sodtge dhoshr

]hloc 8. Jocubh` êst Tojsge Toshrgh th`ph –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ mh` mo`kh`

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑

@e Fo`gs Jocubh`

]h`ph

êsteporhtgvo

]ohdbg`k

%

Mo`kh`

êsteporhtgvo ]ohdbg`k %

8 Lhtuj lormhbhj/ jorg`k 24 94,2 ; ?,42

< Aucut torhsh phbgt, jorg`k mh` auhc 98 =9,7 >

4 Aorhsh coahb, jo`mur mh` ce`kkhr <? 87,< >

= ]gmhj pchtus bhrg porthah 47 4> 4 <,48

? ôrut torhsh `yorg 8<? 79,8 <> 8?,4

9 HTG locua jocuhr bhrg 8-< 47 4> >

; ^hyumhrh lo`kjhj, jorhs ,shjgt 48 <4,2 >

2 ]gmhj LHJ spe`th` < 8,?= >

7 \halut re`tej > > 8 >,;;

8> ]gmhj LHL bhrg 8-< = 4,>; >



4<

Krhigj 8. Krhigj Jocubh` ^hsgo` êst Tojsge Toshrgh ]h`ph mh` Mo`kh` Mglorgjh`

–êsteporhtgvo ]ohdbg`k‑

ô`mhbucuh`

Mhcha rh`kjh po`dhphgh` G`meòsgh

sobht (sobht u`tuj soauh) thbu` <>8>,

ahjh solhkhg to`hkh josobhth` hahtchb

loshr porh`h``yh hkhr tufuh` torsolut

mhpht tordhphg. Tobht u`tuj soauh lorhrtg

fukh ao`dhjup josobhth` glu.

ô`dhphgh` josobhth` glu jbusus`yh

mglgmh`k elstotrg ao`dhjup josobhth`

sochah bhagc, aochbgrjh` mh` sotochb

aochbgrjh`.

Totochb aochbgrjh` wh`gth hjhào`khchag porulhbh`-porulhbh`

igsgecekgj mh` psgjecekgj, sobg`kkh

wh`gth aoalutubjh` po`yosuhgh` mgrg

yh`k dopht. Tofuachb wh`gth ao`khchag

rhsh tgmhj lormhyh, aorhsh torkh`kku,

aorhsh tgmhj ahapu hthu tgmhj yhjg`

lhbjh` 8>% wh`gth ao`khchag moprosg

lorht pest phrtua (Moroco Ccowoccyh-

Feòs, <>><: 2=).

ôrtece`kh` porshcg`h` mo`kh`

sojsge soshrgh dujup lh`yhj torfhmg mg

Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb, mhth ruahb shjgt mr.

Mergs Tycvhùs ^hch`kjh \hyh.

ôrshcg`h` mo`kh` sojsge soshrgh lgch

mglh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` fuachb socurub

porshcg`h` yh`k torfhmg mhcha tghp

thbu``yh hmhchb solhkhg lorgjut, thbu`

<>>9 sojsge soshrgh solh`yhj 4;,<<%,

thbu` <>>; ao`g`kjht ao`fhmg ==,47 %

mh` thbu` <>>2 lorthalhb chkg ao`fhmg

?4 %. (Aomgjhc \oderm \T_M mr. MergsTycvhùs).

ôrhwht aoapu`yhg porh`h` po`tg`kmhcha aoalh`tu glu pest sojsge soshrgh u`tuj

aocowhtg thbhph` porulhbh` igsgecekgj mh`

psgjecekgj yh`k mghchag`yh mo`kh` lhgj.

ôalorgh` po`kothbuh` mhrg to`hkh josobhth`

sh`khtchb mgporcujh` glu mhcha aocowhtg

thbhph` poaucgbh` g`g.

Mo`kh` portgalh`kh` torsolut mghths

ahjh porcu mgchjujh` poòcgtgh` to`th`k

ô`khrub –êsteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ ]orbhmhp

Jocubh` êst Tojsge Toshrgh. Tolhkhg ushbh

mhcha rh`kjh ao`khthsg ahshchb yh`kau`kjg` tgaluc phmh phsgo` pest sojsge

soshrgh.

AO]EMO O@OCG]GH@

ôòcgtgh` g`g torahsuj poòcgtgh`

@e`phrhaotrgj jeaphrhtgi mo`kh` muh

shapoc lorphsh`kh`. êpuchsg po`hcgtgh` g`g

hmhchb socurub phsgo` yh`k lorshcg` mo`kh`

eporhsg sojsge soshrgh thbu` <>>7Thapoc

mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g hmhchb phsgo` mo`kh` pest

sojsge soshrgh yh`k mgrhwht ag`gahc sochah =

bhrg mg \T_M mr. Mergs Tycvhùs, \T_M mr.

Aurfh`g mh` \T_M mr. B. Tuahrè

Tesrehtaemfe. ô`khalgch` shapoc mhcha

poòcgtgh` g`g ao`kku`hjh` –Tgapco \h`meaThapcg`k‑. ôòthph` fuachb shapoc

lormhshrjh` thloc –Gshhd mh` Agdbhoc‑, mhrg fuachb pepuchsg yhgtu <?> erh`k mo`kh`

tg`kjht jopordhyhh` 7>% hthu thrhi joshchbh`

8>%, mgcgbht mhcha thloc –Gshhd mh` Agdbhoc‑mgah`h phmh jecea (@) mgdhrg h`kjh <?> mh`

phmh jecea (s 8>%) sofhfhr h`kjh @ <?>

]h`ph ^]>

?>

8>>

8?>

8 < 4 = ? 9 ; 2 7 8>

]h`ph ^]

Mo`kh` ^]

x



44

Aoùrut Moroco (<>><: 2=), Mhcha

aocowhtg porulhbh`-porulhbh`

igsgecekgj mh` psgjecekgj sotochb

aochbgrjh`, wh`gth aoalutubjh`

po`yosuhgh` mgrg yh`k dopht. Tofuachb

wh`gth ao`khchag rhsh tgmhj lormhyh,

aorhsh torkh`kku, aorhsh tgmhj ahapuhthu tgmhj yhjg` lhbjh` 8>% wh`gth

ao`khchag moprosg lorht pest phrtua.

–êsteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ hmhchb po`yucubh` josobhth` jophmh glu pest

sojsge soshrgh to`th`k porulhbh`

igsgecekgs mh` psgjecekgs glu pest sojsge

soshrgh mh` dhrh ao`khthsg`yh. Jocubh`

phsgo` hmhchb jocubh` glu pest sojsge

soshrgh yh`k lorbulu`kh` mo`kh`

porulhbh` igsgecekgs mh` psgjecekg phsjh phrtua. Aotemh h`hcgsh mhth g`g

ao`kku`hjh` ihsgcgths jeaputor mo`kh`

prekrha T^TT vorsg 8?. Jhro`h g`kg`

aoalujtgjh` po`khrub pesteporhtgvo

tohdbg`k torbhmhp tgaluc`yh jocubh`

pest sojsge soshrgh, mgah`h fo`gs mhth`yh

ermg`hc, aotemo sthtgstgj è`phrhaotrgj,

lo`tuj bgpetosh`yh jeaphhtgi muh

shapoc lorphsh`kh`, mgcgbht mhrg jrgtorgh

torsolut ahjh ufg sthtgstgj u`tuj

ao`kothbug loshr po`khrub`yh jgthao`kku`hjh` [gcdexe` Ahtdbom ^hgrs,

jhro`h shapoc`yh (0<?) mgku`hjh`

ruaus V. \uaus`yh solhkhg lorgjut 6

Mgah`h 6 ] 1 Fuachb fo`fh`k

` 1 Fuachb shapoc

¿] 1 `(`+8)

=

ô] 1 ∖ ` (` + 8 ) (< ` + 8)

<=

(Tukgyeè, <>>< 6844)

mgmhphtjh` h`kjh 84>. Ahjh fuachb

shapoc`yh 84> erh`k. (Tukgyeè <>>96 72).

Yhrghloc yh`k mgtocgtg mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g

tormhpht muh vhrghloc yhgtu vhrghloc torkh`tu`k

hthu mopo`mo` yhgtu jocubh` phsgo` mh`

vhrghloc lolhs`yh hthu g`mopo`mo``yh yhgtu

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑.

Joto`tuh` po`kufgh` 6

Todhrh ahùhc 6 Fgjh V bgtu`k 3 V thloc 1

B> mgtorgah: Bh mgtechj Fgjh V bgtu`k 0 V

thloc 1 Bh mgtorgah: B> mgtechj

(Tukgyeè <>><6 84=)

Todhrh T^TT 8? ier [g`mews 6

Fgjh 3 Hsyap.Tgk.(<- thgcom) 1 B> mgtorgah:

Bh mgtechj

Fgjh 0 Hsyap.Tgk. (<- thgcom) 1 Bh mgtorgah:Be mgtechj (Kotut <>>26 8>8)

BHTGC MH@ OALHBHTH@

Lormhshrjh` bhsgc po`kuapuch` mhth yh`k

mgchjujh` phmh glu pest sojsge soshroh

mgmhphtjh` jocubh` yh`k tgaluc lhgj th`ph

mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ ahupu`mo`kh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ mhpht jgthcgbht phmh thloc 8 mh` khalhr 8.



4=

Jotorh`kh`6

8 1 Lhtuj

< 1 Aucut jorg`k mh` auhc

4 1 Coahb, porut jo`mur

= 1 ]gmhj pchtus

? 1 @yorg9 1 HTG locua jocuhr

; 1 ^hyumhrh lo`kjhj, shjgt

2 1 ]gmhj LHJ spe`th`

7 1 \halut re`tej

8> 1 ]gmhj LHL

Mhrg thloc porlh`mg`kh` mghths mhpht

jgth cgbht lhbwh fuachb jocubh` sotochb

mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ lorjurh`k. Jhchu th`ph –peseporhtgvo

tohdbg`k‑ hmh 7 fo`gs jocubh` somh`kjh`jhchu mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑hmh = ahdha jocubh`. _`tuj jocubh`

yh`k ahsgb au`duc fukh irojuo`sg

jofhmgh``yh lorjurh`k sh`kht fhub.

ôòcgtgh` g`g lortufuh` u`tuj

ao`kothbug po`khrub –pesteporhtgvotohdbg`k‑ torbhmhp tgaluc`yh jocubh`

pest sojsge soshrgh hthu u`tuj ao`kothbug

porlomhh` lh`yhj`yh jocubh` glu pest

sojsge soshrgh yh`k mglorgjh`

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ mo`kh` glu yh`ktgmhj mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑.

Tolocua jgth ao`kbgtu`k jomhcha ruaus V,

jgth ao`dhrg mucu `gchg ] yhgtu fuachb fo`fh`k/

rh`kjg`k yh`k jodgc. ôrbgtu`kh` ao`dhrg

fuachb fo`fh`k torsolut aoalutubjh` thloc

poèce`k u`tuj tost [gcdexe` . Mhrg bhsgc

porbgtu`kh` mo`kh` thloc poèce`k [gcdexe`mgmhphtjh` `gchg fo`fh`k 2.=;=,? . Jgth bgtu`k

mo`kh` ruaus V hmhchb solhkhg lorgjut 6

Mgjothbug `gchg 6

] 1 2.=;=,? (Fo`fh`k toro`mhb)

` 1 84> (Fuachb shapoc)

Lormhshrjh` thrhi joshchbh` >,><? (p),

ahjh bhrkh V thloc 1 8,79 (thloc V). Bhrkh V

bgtu`k 4>7,7 tor`yhth bhrkh V bgtu`k colgb

loshr mhrg bhrkh V thloc, mo`kh` moagjgh` Be

mgtechj mh` Bh mgtorgah. Fhmg tormhpht porlomhh` tgaluc`yh jocubh` pest sojsge

soshrgh phmh glu yh`k mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvotohdbg`k‑ mo`kh` glu yh`k tgmhj mglorgjh`–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑. Josgapuch``yh–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ sh`kht lorpo`khrubsgk`gigjh`sg mhcha ao`kurh`kg tgaluc`yh

jocubh` phmh phsgo` pest sojsge soshrgh. Jhchu

jgth g`kg` aoalh`mg`kjh` bhsgc porbgtu`kh`

mo`kh` ruaus V mghths mo`kh` bhsgc ufg T^TT

8? mhpht jgth porecob khalhrh` solhkhgah`h

mgporcgbhtjh` phmh thloc mglhwhb g`g.

]hloc <. ]ost Tthtgstgds l)

Mo`kh`^] - th`ph^]

V -7,2=7(h)

Hsyap. Tgk. (<-thgcom) ,>>>

h Lhsom e` òkhtgvo rh`js.

l [gcdexe` Tgkòm \h`js ]ost

Mgpgcgb tg`kjht jopordhyhh` ? %,

mo`kh` joto`tuh` B> mgtechj fgjh 0

Hsyap.Tgk. (<-thgcom). Fhmg jhro`h 1 >,>?0 Hsyap.Tgk. (<-thgcom) 1 >.>>>

ahjh mo`kh` ufg muh sgsg, B> tgmhj

mgtorgah. Mo`kh` jhth chg` Bh mgtorgahyhgtu tormhpht porlomhh` tgaluc`yh

jocubh` pest sojsge soshrgh phmh glu yh`k

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ mhcha ao`kurh`kgjocubh` pest sojsge soshrgh.

Bhsgc ufg mo`kh` ao`kku`hjh` ruaus V mh`

bhsgc ufg mo`kh` T^TT aoù`fujh`

josgapuch` bhsgc yh`k shah lhbwh

–êsteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ sh`kht lorpo`khrubsgk`gigjh`sg mhcha ao`kurh`kg jocubh`

phmh phsgo` pest sojsge soshrgh.



4?

mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑mo`kh` glu yh`k tgmhj mglorgjh`

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑. Mgcgbht mhrg porlomhh` yh`k sh`kht `yhth h`thrh bhsgc

bgtu`k mh` `gchg sgk`gigjh`sg ahjh mhpht

mgsgapucjh` lhbwh, hmh po`khrub yh`k

sh`kht sgk`gigjh` mhrg

8. Jocubh` êst Tojsge Toshrgh ]h`phêsteporhtgvo ]ohdbg`k.

Lormhshrjh` bhsgc poòcgtgh` mgmhphtjh`

bhsgc lhbwh mgstrglusg jocubh` glu pest sojsge

soshrgh hmhchb solhkhg lorgjut.

Krhigj <. Jocubh` Glu êst Tojsge Toshrgh

Mhrg krhigj mghths, cgah jocubh`

phsgo` torhths hmhchb, yh`k porthah `yorg,

yh`k jomuh lhtuj, yh`k jotgkh lhmh`coahb mh` porut jo`mur, yh`k jooapht

aucut jorg`k mh` auhc mh` yh`k jocgah

HTG locua jocuhr. Jocubh` yh`k phcg`k

lh`yhj phmh phsgo` pest sojsge soshrgh

hmhchb `yorg. @yorg mgrhshjh` solhkhg

hjglht hmh`yh cujh g`dgsg phmh mg`mg`k

porut hthupu` mg`mg`k utorus.(Jgsòr

8779: 88<). Tochg` jhro`h cujh

poalomhbh` `yhrg fukh mgporecob mhrg

je`trhjsg utorus sotochb aochbgrjh`

solhkhg presos igsgecekgs g`vecusg utorus.]oerg chg` yh`k ao`fochsjh`

ao`ko`hg yorg sotochb aochbgrjh` hmhchb

Thrweè (<>>?:;><) yh`k ao`khthjh`

lhbwh porut mhpht torhsh `yorg sodhrh tglh-

tglh, shht ao`yusug hthu shht lorkorhj.

Bhc g`g jhro`h sotochb aochbgrjh` rhbga

ao`kodgc joalhcg sodhrh lorh`ksur-

h`ksur mgsorthg po`korhsh` etet rhbga/

je`trhjsg yh`k ao`galucjh` `yorg

torahsuj `yorg cujh eporhsg, `yorg

lorthalhb shht ao`yusug jhro`hao`kocuhrjh` berae` ejsgtesg` yh`k

Mhrg po`fochsh` torsolut sh`khtchb sgk`gigjh`

jhchu fuachb phsgo` yh`k ao`khchag jocubh`

lhtuj colgb lh`yhj phmh aorojh yh`kao`khchag poalomhbh` mo`kh` koòrhc

h`hstbosg.

Jocubh` phsgo` yh`k ao`fhmg uruth`

jotgkh yhgtu lhmh` coahb mh` porut jo`mur,

mh` yh`k jooapht yhgtu aucut jorg`k mh`

auhc. Lormhshrjh` po`mhpht Mg`g (<>>4:

8>=), poùru`h` ochstgsgths etet porut mh`

ochstgsgths etet mhshr ph`kkuc torfhmg jhro`h

phmh ahsh jobhagch` torfhmg po`kucurh` phmh

etet-etet torsolut.

]orfhmg kh`kkuh` po`dor`hh` soportgaucut torhsh phbgt, jorg`k mhh` auhc. ]gmhj

luh`k h`kg` hthu tgmhj ichtus phmh bhrg

porthah sotochb eporhsg. Aorhsh coahb mh`

porut torhsh ce`kkhr. Bhrg porthah mh` jomuh

sotochb eporhsg tgmhj luh`k hgr lhshr.

Kh`kkuh` phmh shcurh` dor`h g`g mgsolhljh`

jhro`h phsgo` puhsh mh` po`khrub poalgush`

fukh elht po`kurh`k rhsh `yorg yh`k

ao`yolhljh` jojuhth` etet lorjurh`k mh`

korhjh` usus lorjurh`k, poaucgbh``yh

mo`kh` aelgcgths mg`g hthu porkorhjh` somg`gau`kjg` sodhrh lorthbhp sobg`kkh korhjh`

Jocubh`

8

<

4

=

?

9

;

Jotorh`kh`68 1 Lhtuj

<1 Aucut jorg`k auhc

4 1 Coahb, porut,jo`mur

=1 ]gmhj pchtus

? 1 @yorg

91 HTG locua jocuhr;1 ^hyumhrh lo`kjhj, shj

21 ]gmhj LHJ spe`th`

71 ]gmhj LHL



49

aorh`ksh`k je`trhjsg. Je`trhjsg g`g

sh`kht po`tg`k u`tuj ao`kurh`kg

pormhrhbh` mh` aoaucgbjh` joalhcg

ujurh` rhbga ao`fhmg èrahc. _`tuj

ao`kurh`kg `yorg bhlgs eporhsg

mgku`hjh` toj`gj rochjshsg `hihs mhcha.

Jocubh` phsgo` pest sojsge soshrghyh`k ao`fhmg uruth` jomuh yhgtu lhtuj.

Jgsòr (8779: 88<), ao`khthjh` jhro`h

hmh`yh `yorg mhcha ahsh g`sgsg

ao`yolhljh` phsgo` o`kkh` u`tuj

lorkorhj sobg`kkh ao`yolhljh`

kh`kkuh` mhcha trh`sior, haluchsg

ahupu` HMC. Je`mgsg chg` yh`k

ao`yolhljh` phsgo` lgsh lhtuj jhro`h

aochjujh` poalgush` mo`kh` koòrhc

h`hstbosg. Elht h`hstbosg so`mgrg mhpht

ao`yolhljh` premujsg aujes, sochg` gtujhro`h aocowhtg por`hphsh` mh` phsgo`

mgbhrusjh` puhsh ao`yolhljh` aucut

mh` to`kkerejh` phsgo` pest eporhsg

torhsh jorg`k, je`mgsg g`g colgb

ao`muju`k u`tuj torfhmg`yh lhtuj.

usus lgsh lojorfh, glu lgsh jo`tut mh` glu

lecob ahjh` sodhrh lorthbhp.( Thrweè,

<>>?: ;>>).

Jocubh` glu pest sojsge soshrgh yh`k

ao`fhmg uruth` jo cgah yhgtu HTG locua

jocuhr bhrg 8-< pest phrtua. Joalhcg

Thrweè (<>>?: ;><), ao`khthjh` lhbwhbhrg porthah mh` jomuh sotochb eporhsg sojsge

soshrgh, hgr susu glu locua jocuhr. Bhc g`g

torfhmg jhro`h ahsgb ahsh trh`sgsg h`thrh

lorjurh`k`yh berae` ostreko` mh`

prekostore` soao`thrh berae` prechjtg`

ao`g`kjht, tothp susujh` lhyg glu u`tuj

aorh`ksh`k premujsg HTG. Gshph` lhyg phmh

putg`k susu glu ao`yolhljh` sojrosg

prechjtg` bhapgr 8> jhcg cgpht.

<. Jocubh` êst Tojsge Toshrgh Totochb–êsteporhtgvo ]ohdbg`k‑ Bhsgc yh`k jgth porecob mhrg po`mhthh`

jocubh` glu pest sojsge soshrgh sotochb

mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ mhphtmgcgbht phmh krhigj 4.

Krhigj 4. Jocubh` Glu êst Tojsge Toshrgh

Totochb –êsteporhtgvo ]ohdbg`k‑

Lormhshrjh` krhigj 4 lgsh urutjh`

jocubh` pest sojsge soshrgh sotochb

mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`‑ yhgturh`kjg`k porthah `yorg, uruth` jomuh

lhtuj, uruth` jotgkh tgmhj ichtus bhrg

porthah pest eporhsg mh` yh`k jooapht

hmhchb rhalut re`tej. Tomh`kjh` jocubh`

yh`k chg` tgmhj au`duc chkg, bhc g`g

aoù`fujh` joahfuh` yh`k sh`kht

pesgtgi. ô`kothbuh` sh`kht lorpo`khrubsgk`gigjh` mhcha ao`kurh`kg jocubh`

pest sojsge soshrgh. –êsteporhtgvo

4. ôrlomhh` ô`khrub –êsteporhtgvo

]ohdbg`k‑ ]orbhmhp Jocubh` êst

Tojsge Toshrgh

Bhsgc porbgtu`kh` mo`kh` ao`kku`hjh`

ruaus V, mgyhjg`jh` joalhcg mo`kh` bhsgc ufg

T^TT 8? mo`kh` bhsgc B> mgtechj, Bh

mgtorgah yhgtu tormhpht porlomhh` tgaluc`yh


mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‗ mo`kh`glu yh`k tgmhj mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvotohdbg`k‑. Mgcgbht mhrg porlomhh` yh`k sh`kht

>

8>

<>

8<

4=

ocub `

Jocubh`

Jotorh`kh`68 1 Lhtuj

<1 ]gmhj ichtus

4 1 @yorg

=1 \halut \e`tej



4;

thdbg`k‑ yh`k mglorgjh` mo`khàoalorgjh` po`yucubh` sorth

moae`strhsg phmh phsgo` mo`kha aomgh

cgicot tor`yhth aoalorgjh` bhsgc yh`k

sh`kht ao`kkoalgrhjh`, mh` mhpht

ao`kurh`kg jocubh` pest sojsge soshrgh.

ô`kothbuh` hthu jek`gtgiaoruphjh` meahg` yh`k sh`kht po`tg`k

hjh` torlo`tuj`yh tg`mhjh` sosoerh`k.

Jhro`h gtu po`khchah` mh` poòcgtgh`

tor`yhth porgchju yh`k mgmhshrg ecob

po`kothbuh` hjh` colgb ch`kko`k mhrg

phmh porgchju yh`k tgmhj mgmhshrg ecob

po`kothbuh` (@etehtaemfe, <>>46 8<;).

ô`kothbuh` jek`gtgi yh`k mglorgjh`

tochb thaphj mhcha hpojtgi mh`

psgjeaeter phsgo`, mgah`h sumhb torfhmg

po`khrub torbhmhp tg`kjhb chju mh` porhshh` yh`k mgtuh`kjh` mhcha lo`tuj

lorjurh`k`yh jocubh` pest sojsge soshrgh.

`yhth h`thrh bhsgc bgtu`k mh` `gchg

sgk`gigjh`sg ahjh mhpht mgsgapucjh` lhbwh,

hmh po`khrub yh`k sh`kht sgk`gigjh` mhrg

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ mhcha ao`kurh`kgjocubh` pest sojsge soshrgh. Loshr`yh

oiojtgigths yh`k mgtgalucjh` ecob

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ torbhmhp poùru`h` fuachb jocubh` glu pest sojsge soshrgh lgsh

jgth cgbht phmh khalhr =.

Khalhr =. ô`khrub –êsteporhtgvo ]ohdbg`k‑ ]orbhmhp ôùru`h` Jocubh` êst

Tojsge Toshrgh

Jhchu jgth cgbht mhrg khalhrh` mghths,

sh`kht loshr po`khrub mhrg –pesteporhtgvotohdbg`k‑ mhcha ao`kurh`kg jocubh`yh`k tgaluc. Jhchu jgth porbgtu`kjh`

mo`kh` preso`thso po`khrub

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ mhchaao`kurh`kg jocubh` pest sojsge soshrgh ,

mhrg loshr`yh jocubh` hwhc mo`kh`

jodgc`yh jocubh` hjbgr solhkhg oioj mhrg

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ ahjh torfhmg po`kurh`kh` jocubh` soloshr 7<%.



42


Totochb mgchjujh` po`kufgh` mo`kh`

dhrh ahùhc mgmhphtjh` bhsgc lhbwh `gchg

V bgtu`k 4>7,7 0 mhrg `gchg V thloc 8,79

mh` bhsgc ufg mo`kh` ao`kku`hjh` T^TT

8? mgmhphtjh` bhsgc 1 >,>? 0Hsyap.Tgk.(<-thgcom) 1 >,>>> mo`kh`

moagjgh` B> mgtechj mh` Bh mgtorgah

yhgtu tormhpht porlomhh` tgaluc`yh


mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑mo`kh` glu yh`k tgmhj mglorgjh`

–pesteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑. Josgapuch``yh–êsteporhtgvo tohdbg`k‑ sh`kht

lorpo`khrub sgk`gigjh`sg mhcha

ao`kurh`kg tgaluc`yh jocubh` phmh

phsgo` pest sojsge soshrgh.Mgshrh`jh` hkhr socurub glu-glu yh`k

aochbgrjh` mo`kh` poalomhbh` sojsge

soshrgh mglorgjh` –pesteporhtgvotohdbg`k‑.

MHI]H\ _T]HJH

8. Lhmh` ^^TMA Josobhth`, <>>;.

ômeah` Erkh`gshsg mh` ]hth

Chjsh`h \GTLG@HJOT G`stgtusg

MGJ@HJOT . ûsht ô`mgmgjh` ]o`hkhJosobhth`

<. Mophrtoao` Josobhth` \opulcgj

G`meòsgh, <>>>, Tgstoa Josobhth`

@hsge`hc .

4. Mg`g Jhsmu, <>>4, Eporhsg Dhoshr

Ahshchb mh` Tecusg`yh, ûsph Twhrh,

Fhjhrth.

=.

Olòr Ahrgh, 877?, Tode`m Omgtge`,

^bysgetborhpy g` Elstotrg h`m

Kyòdeceky, Fhjhrth

?.

Oiio`mg, 8772, ô`yucubh`

Josobhth`, Lh`mu`k, Ocoah`

9. Jgsòr, D, Cy`` mh` Hcco` D, 8779,

]borhpboutgd Oxordgso Ieu`mhtge`

h`m ]odb`gquo, IH Mhvgs,

^bgchmocpbgh

;. Chmowgk, ^htrgdgh, <>>9. Luju Thju

Joporhwhth` Glu, Fhjhrth, OKD

2. Ccowoccy`- Feòs, Moroco, <>><. Mhshr-

Mhshr Elstotrg mh` Kgòjecekg.

Bgpejrhtos. Fhjhrth

7. Ce`me`, Ahrdgh, <>>9. Hsubh` Glu Mh`

Lhyg Lhru Chbgr , Fhjhrth, OKD

8>. Aedbthr, \ustha. 8772. Tgèpsgs

Elstotrg Fgcgm G. Elstotrg Igsgecekg,

Elstotrg ^htecekg, OKD, Fhjhrth.

88.

UUUUUUUU 8772. Tgèpsgs Elstotrg Fgcgm

GG. Elstotrg Eporhtgi, Elstotrg Tesghc .

Fhjhrth6 OKD

8<.

@etehmaefe, <>>4, ô`mgmgjh`

Josobhth`, Fhjhrth, OKD

84. ^rhaostg, Kotut, <>>2, Tecusg Oxpross

T^TT 8?.>, Fhjhrth, Krhaomgh

8=. ^rhwgrebhrmfe, Thrweè. <>><. Luju

Hduh` @hsge`hc ôchyh`h` Josobhth`

Ahtor`hc mh` @oe`hthc . Fhjhrth 6

Whyhsh` Lg`h ûsthjh Thrweè

^rhwgrebhrmfe.

8?. UUUUUUUUU <>>?. Gcau Jolgmh`h`

,IJ_G, Fhjhrth

89. Tumfh`h- @h`h, <>><. ^repeshc

ôòcgtgh` Mg porkuruh` ]g`kkg. Tg`hr

Lhru Hcko`sg`me. Lh`mu`k.

8;. Tukgyeè, <>><, Tthtgstgjh _`tuj

ôòcgtgh`, Lh`mu`k, DY Hcihloth.

82. UUUUUUUU , <>>8. Tthtgstgjh @e`

^hrhaotrgs _`tuj ôòcg tgh`. DY

HCIHLO]H. Lh`mu`k.

87. Tucgbh mjj, <>><, ô`mgmgjh` Josobhth`

Mg Ahsyhrhjht , Fhjhrth, Turyh Jo`dh`h



=>

Ô@MHB_C_H@

^rekrha gau`gshsg aoruphjh` uphyh

josobhth` ahsyhrhjht yh`k torlujtg phcg`k

oiojtgi mh` tochb mgsoco`kkhrhjh` mg G`meòsgh

sofhj thbu` 87?9. ^rekrha gau`gshsg ao`fhmg prekrha po`koalh`kh` gau`gshsg sofhj thbu`

87;; h`kjh joshjgth` mh` joahtgh` hjglht

po`yhjgt yh`k mhpht mgdokhb mo`kh` gau`gshsg

mhpht mgtojh` ( Mopjos, <>>?).

Mg G`meòsgh tormhpht sojgthr =,9 futh lhyg

mh` 8<,? futh h`hj sojechb yh`k sotghp thbu`

aoaorcujh` gau`gshsg. Gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L

aoruphjh` 4 mhrg ag`gahc 2 su`tgjh` yh`k

bhrus mg torgah ecob lhyg torsolut. ô`yhjgt

Bophtgtgs L hmhchb po`yhjgt gìojsg yh`k mg

solhljh` ecob vgrus Bophtgtgs L yh`k mhpht lorjoalh`k ao`fhmg po`yhjgt jre`gs sobg`kkh

mhpht lorjoalh`k ao`fhmg po`korhs bhtg ( cgvor

dgrrbesgs) mh` jh`jor bhtg. (Mopjos 6 <>><)

Aoùrut G`tor`htge`hc ]hsj Ierdo e`

Bophtgtgs L Gaau`gzhtge` ( 8722) G`meòsgh

torahsuj mhcha joceapej mhorhb o`moags

somh`k mh` tg`kkg. Thht g`g mg porjgrhjh` colgb

mhrg 88 futh po`kgmhp po`yhjgr Bophtgtgs L mg

G`meòsgh. \osgje torfhmg`yh po`yhjgt jre`gs

phmh po`morgth po`yhjgt Bophtgtgs L fhub colgb

loshr lgch gìojsg torfhmg auchg mhrg hwhc

jobgmuph` mg lh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` gìojsg torfhmg

phmh usgh mowhsh. Ao`kg`kht glu bhagc

po`kgmhp Bophtgtgs L mg G`meòsgh dujup tg`kkg,

mh` h`kjh poùchrh` sodhrh vortgdhc mhrg glu

po`kgmhp po`yhjgt Bophtgtgs L jophmh lhyg`yh

soloshr =?,7%, sobg`kkh usgh >-; bhrg hmhchb

porgem Kecm u`tuj ao`mhphtjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L. Mopjos ^rep.Jhcto`k 6 <>>;).

Mgcgbht mhrg prekrha `hsge`hc gau`gshsg yh`k

sumhb chah mgdh`h`kjh` mh` tg`kkg`yh h`kjhjofhmgh` po`yhjgt Bophtgtgs L sorth ro`mhb`yh

h`kjh poahìhhth` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

u`tuj lhyg >-; bhrg mg jeth hch`kjh \hyh ahjh

poùcgs torthrgj u`tuj aoòcgtg bhc torsolut.

Ahsgb ro`mhb`yh poahìhhth` gau`gshsg

bophtgtgs L> mg Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh mh` ahsgb

jurh`k`yh joshmhrh` ahsyhrhjht to`th`k

po`tg`k`yh gau`gshsg bophtgtgs L> lgsh mgcgbht

mhrg mhth gau`gshsg phmh thbu` <>>; mg ah`h

phmh Mosh Jhchaph`kh` poahìhhth`

gau`gshsg bophtgtgs L> ahsgb jurh`k..

Lormhshrjh` bhc torsolut poòcgtg torthrgj u`tuj

aoòcgtg Ihjter-Ihjter hph shfh yh`k

Aoapo`khrubg \o`mhb`yh ôahìhhth`

Gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh Lhyg >-; Bhrg Mg

Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh. ]ufuh` poòcgtgh` g`ghmhchb u`tuj ao`kothbug ihjter-ihjter (usgh

glu, po`mgmgjh` glu, pojorfhh` glu, po`kbhsgch`

jocuhrkh, suju glu, fhrhj ruahb, lumhyh

chrh`kh`, JAT) yh`k aoapo`khrubg

ro`mhb`yh poahìhhth` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg mg jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh.

AO]EMO

Moshg` g`g hmhchb poòcgtgh` h`hcgtgj, dress

sodtge`hc u`tuj aocgbht ihjter-ihjter yh`k

aoapo`khrubg ro`mhb`yh poahìhhth`gau`gshsg L> phmh lhyg >-; bhrg mg Jeth

^hch`kjh \hyh ]hbu` <>>2. ]oapht poòcgtgh`

g`g mgchjsh`hjh` mg Jocurhbh` Jhaoceb Lhru

mh` Jocurhbh` Loro`k Lo`kjoc Jodhahth`

Tolh`khu ^hch`kjh \hyh Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb.

êpuchsg poòcgtgh` g`g hmhchb soauh glu

yh`k aoapu`yhg lhyg mg >-8< luch` mg

Jocurhbh` Jhaoceb Lhru mh` Jocurhbh`

Loro`k Lo`kjoc Jodhahth` Tolh`khu

^hch`kjh \hyh Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb yh`k

lorfuachb 9> erh`k. ^hmh poòcgtgh` g`g

mgchjujh` phmh socurub tethc pepuchsg jhro`h

po`khahth` mgchjujh` phmh socurub sulfoj,

yhgtu phmh soauh glu yh`k aoapu`yhg lhyg mg

>-8< Luch` Jocurhbh` Jhaoceb Lhru mh`

Jocurhbh` Loro`k Lo`kjoc Jodhahth`

Tolh`khu ^hch`kjh \hyh Jhcto`k <>>7.

H`hcgsh mhth yh`k mgku`hjh` yhgtu h`hcgsh

u`gvhrght mh` lgvhrght (dbg squhro).

BHTGC

H`hcgsgs _`gvhrghtBhsgc h`hcgsgs u`gvhrght mgshfgjh` mhcha lo`tuj

mgstrglusg irojuo`sg porgchju ro`mhb`yh

poahìhhth` gau`gshsg bophtgtgs L8 aoùrut

vhrghloc g`mopo`mo`t (usgh, po`mgmgjh`,

pojorfhh`, po`kbhsgch`, suju, fhrhj ruahb jo

ihsgcgths josohbth`, shrh`h trh`sperthsg mh`

rgwhyht poèce`k porshcg`h`). Bhsgc h`hcgsgs

u`gvhrght mhpht mgcgbht phmh thloc 8.



=8

]hloc 8. Mgstrglusg Irojuo`sg Ihjter \gsgje yh`k Aoapo`khrubg \o`mhb`yh

ôahìhhth` Gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

phmh Lhyg _sgh >-8< Luch` Mg Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh ]hbu` <>>7

Yhrghloc

Irojuo`sg

Fuachb 1 94 ^roso`thso(%)

Wh ]gmhj Wh ]gmhj

ôahìhthh` Gau`gshshg Bophtgtgs L8

_sgh Glu

3 <> tb`

<>-4= tb`

0 4= tb`

8

<?

>

2

<2

8

8.8 %

=;.< %

> %

22.7 %

?<.2 %

8>> %ô`mgmgjh`

]gmhj Tojechb

TM

TA^

TA_

4

?

8?

?

>

87

8=

=

8>> %

<>.2 %

?8.; %

??.9 %

> %

;7.< %

=2.4 %

==.= %

ôjorfhh`

G\]

ôth`g/lurub

^@T/êcrg/]@G

[grhswhsth

<4

8

8

8

4;

>

>

>

42.4 %

8>> %

8>> %

8>> %

98.; %

> %

> %

> %



=<

]hloc 8. (Ch`futh`)

Yhrghloc

Irojuo`sg

Fuachb 1 94 ^roso`thso(%)

Wh ]gmhj Wh ]gmhj

Tuju

Mhyhj

Fhwh

Lh`fhr

9

82

<

<9

2

4

82.2 %

97.< %

=> %

28.4 %

4>.4 %

9> %

ô`kbhsgch`

3 \p. ?>>.>>>

\^. ?>>.>>>-\p. <.>>>.>>>

4

<4

9

48

44.4 %

=<.9 %

99.; %

?;.= %

Fhrhj \uahb Jo Ihsgcgths Josobhth`

3 8 Ja

8 Ja

<?

8

<4

8=

?< %

9.; %

=2 %

74.4 %

Hcht ]rh`sperthsg

Topomh

Topomh Aeter

Fhch` Jhjg

>

8<

8=

<

8>

<?

> %

?=.9 %

49 %

8>> %

=?.= %

9= %

\gwhyht ôèce`k ôrshcg`h`

Mejtor

Lgmh` @hjos Chg`

Muju`

4

<<>

8

<

8<?

82

9> %

9=.;%> %

?.4 %

=> %

4?.4 %8>> %

7=.; %

Lumhyh Chrh`kh`

Hmh

]gmhj Hmh

8=

8<

7

<2

9>.7 %

4> %

47.8 %

;> %

Jhrtu JAT

Hmh

]gmhj Hmh

<9

>

4<

?

==.2 %

> %

??.< %

8>> %

Mgstrglusg irojuo`sg lhyg yh`k

mggau`gshsg bophtgtgs L8 solh`yhj <=.< %

somh`kjh` lhyg yh`k tgmhj mggau`gshsg

bophtgtgs L8 solh`yhj ?2.; %. _sgh glu

mglhkg ao`fhmg 4 jhtokerg yhgtu 3 <>

thbu`, <>-4? thbu` mh` 0 4? thbu`. Mhrg

bhsgc poòcgtgh` mgmhphtjh` glu yh`k

aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg mo`kh` usgh 3 <>

tb` solh`yhj 8.8 %, glu usgh <>-4? tb`

solh`yhj =;.< % mh` usgh 0 4? thbu` > %.Mh` yh`k tgmhj aochjsh`hjh` gau`shsg

phmh joceapej usgh 3 <> tb` solh`yhj

22.7 %, usgh <>-4= thbu` solh`yhj ?<.2

% mh` usgh 0 4= thbu` solh`yhj 8>> %

ô`mgmgjh` mglhkg ao`fhmg =

jhtokerg yhgtu tgmhj sojechb, TM, TA^

mh` TA_. Mhrg bhsgc poòcgtgh`

mgmhphtjh` glu yh`k tgmhj sojechb

aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg bophtgtgs L8

solh`yhj 8>> %, glu yh`k

po`mgmgjh``yh TM solh`yhj <>.2 %,

glu yh`k po`mgmgjh``yh TA^ solh`yhj?8.; % mh` TA_ solh`yhj ??.9 %.



=4

Tomh`kjh` glu yh`k tgmhj


phmh joceapej po`mgmgjh` yh`k tgmhj

sojechb solh`yhj 8>> %, po`mgmgjh`

TM solh`yhj ;7.< %, po`mgmgjh` TA^

solh`yhj =2,4 % mh` po`mgmgjh` TAHsolh`yhj ==.= %. ôjorfhh` mglhkg

ao`fhmg = jhtokerg yhgtu G\],

lurub/th`g, ^@T / ÊC\G / HL\G mh`

[grhswhsth. Lormhshrjh` bhsgc

poòcgtgh` g`g mgmhphtjh` glu yh`k

pojorfhh``yh G\] aochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L8 solh`yhj

42.4%, lurub/th`g solh`yhj8>> %,

^@T/ÊC\G/HL\G solh`yhj8>> % mh`

wgrhswhsth solh`yhj 8>> %. Tomh`kjh`

yh`k tgmhj aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsgBophtgtgs L> bh`yh mgchjujh` ecob glu

ruahb th`kkh solh`yhj 98.; %.

ô`kbhsgch` mglhkg ao`fhmg <

jhtokerg yhgtu jocuhrkh mo`kh`

po`kbhsgch` 3 \p. ?>>.>>> mh` \p.

?>>.>>>-\p.<>>>.>>>. Mhrg bhsgc

poòcgtgh` g`g mgmhphtjh` jocuhrkh yh`k

po`kbhsgch` 3 \p. ?>>.>>>


solh`yhj 44.4% mh` jocuhrkh

po`kbhsgch` \p. ?>>.>>>-\p. <>>>.>>>

solh`yhj =<.9 %. Tomh`kjh` yh`k tgmhj

aochjujh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> yh`k

aoapu`yhg po`kbhsgch` 3 \p.

?>>.>>>,- solh`yhj 99.; % mh` mo`kh`

po`kbhsgch` \p. ?>>.>>>,- \p.

<.>>>.>>>,- solh`yhj ?;.= %.

Fhrhj ruahb jo ihsgcgths josobhth`

mg lhkg fhmg < jhtokerg yhgtu 3 8 ja mh`

0 8 ja. Mhrg bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g

mgmhphtjh` jocuhrkh aochjsh`hjh`gau`gshsg bophtgtgs L8 mo`kh` fhrhj

ruahb 3 8 ja solh`yhj ?<.% mh` 0 8

ja solh`yhj 9.; %. Tomh`kjh` yh`k

tgmhj aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs

L> mo`kh` fhrhj ruahb 3 8 ja

solh`yhj =2 % mh` fhrhj ruahb 0 8 ja

solh`yhj 74.4 %. Hcht trh`sperthsg mg

lhkg ao`fhmg 4 jhtokerg yhgtu sopomh,

sopomh aeter mh` fhch` jhjg. Mhrg bhsgc



mo`kh` sopomh solh`yhj >%,

ao`kku`hjh` sopomh aeter solh`yhj

?=.9 % mh` yh`k lorfhch` jhjg solh`yhj

49 %. Tomh`kjh` yh`k tgmhj

aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg bophtgtgs L>

yh`k lorfhch` jhjg solh`yhj 9= %,ao`kku`hjh` sopomh solh`yhj 8>> %

mh` yh`k ao`kku`hjh` sopomh aeter

solh`yhj =?.= %

\gwhyht poèce`k porshcg`h` mg

lhkg ao`fhmg = jhtokerg yhgtu mejtor,

lgmh`, `hjos chg` mh` muju`. Mhcha



mo`kh` rgwhyht poèce`k porshcg`h`

mejtor solh`yhj 9> %, lgmh` solh`yhj

9=.; % mh` muju` solh`yhj ?.4 %.Tomh`kjh` rgwhyht poèce`k mhrg

to`hkh josobhth` chg` tgmhj hmh.

Tomh`kjh` yh`k tgmhj aochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> mo`kh` rgwhyht

poèce`k porshcg`h` mejtor solh`yhj =>

%, lgmh` solh`yhj 4?.4 %, `hjos chg`

solh`yhj 8>> % mh` muju` solh`yhj

7=.; %.

Lumhyh chrh`kh` mg lhkg ao`fhmg

< jhtokerg yhgtu hmh mh` tgmhj hmh. Mhrg

bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g mgmhphtjh` jocuhrkh

yh`k aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg bophtgtgs

L8 mo`kh` hmh lumhyh chrh`kh` mhcha

jocuhrkh solh`yhj 9>.7 % mh` tgmhj hmh

lumhyh chrh`kh` solh`yhj 4> %.


gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> mo`kh` hmh

lumhyh chrh`kh` solh`yhj 47.8 mh`

tgmhj hmh luhmhyh chrh`kh` solh`yhj ;>

%. Jhrtu Aoùfu Tobht (JAT) mglhkg

ao`fhmg < jhtokerg yhgtu hmh JAT mh`tgmhj hmh JAT. Mhrg bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g

mgmhphtjh` yh`k aochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg bophtgtgs L8 yh`k aoapu`yhg

JAT solh`yhj ==.2 % somh`kjh` yh`k

tgmhj aoapu`yhg JAT solh`yhj > % .


gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> yh`k

aoapu`yhg JAT solh`yhj ??.< % mh`

tgmhj aoapu`yhg JAT solh`yhj 8>>

%.



==

H`hcgsgs Lgvhrght

_`tuj ao`kothbug hmh tgmhj`yh bulu`kh`

h`thrh vhrghloc g`mopo`mo` mo`kh` vhrghloc

mopo`mo`, ahjh mgchjujh` h`hcgsgs bulu`kh`

porgchju pochjsh`hh` hsubh` porshcg`h` èrahcmo`kh` aocgbht ahsg`k-ahsg`k `gchg E\ mhrg

vhrghloc ihjter-ihjter yh`k mgtocgtg. @gchg

joahj`hh` bulu`kh` mgcgbht mhrg ^ 3 >,>?

mh` 7?% deìgmo`do g`torvhc. Bhsgc h`hcgsgs

lgvhrght mhpht mgcgbht phmh thlco <.

Bulu`kh` usgh glu mo`kh` poahìhhth`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhyg usgh >-;

bhrg.Mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g mgporecob glu yh`k

aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhygusgh >-; bhrg phcg`k lh`yhj mgchjsh`hjh` ecob

glu usgh 3<> tb` solh`yhj 4; %. Tomh`kjh`

yh`k tgmhj aoahìhhtjh` gau`shsg Bophtgtgs

L> torlh`yhj phmh joceapej usgh 3 <> thbu`

mh` usgh <>-4? thbu` solh`yhj 4?.4 %. Bhsgc

poòcgtgh` g`g tgmhj aoù`fujh` hmh`yh

bulu`kh` h`thrh usgh mo`kh` poahìhhth`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> (`gchg p1>.7=2).

Bulu`kh` po`mgmgjh` glu mo`kh`

poahìhhth` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh

lhyg usgh >-; bhrgMhcha poòcgtgh` g`g mgmhphtjh` glu

yh`k phcg`k lh`yhj aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> hmhchb glu yh`k lorpo`mgmgjh`

mhshr solh`yhj 9>.7 %. Tomh`kjh` glu yh`k

lorpo`mgmgjh` ch`fut aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj 47.8 %. Mhrg bhsgc

h`hcgsgs, tgmhj hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh tg`kjht

po`mgmgjh` mo`kh` jurh`k`yh poahìhthh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg(`gchg p 1 >.?;8).

Bulu`kh` pojorfhh` glu mo`kh`


lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Lormhshrjh` bhsgc poòcgtgh` mgmhphtjh`

glu yh`k phcg`k lh`yhj aochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> hmhchb glu yh`k tgmhj

lojorfh solh`yhj ?9.? %. Tomh`kjh` glu yh`k

lojorfh yh`k aochjsh`hjh` gaù`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj =4.? %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh`

g`g tgmhj aoapu`yhg bulu`kh` (`gchg p 1

>.?>?).

Bulu`kh` po`kbhsgch` jocuhrkh mo`kh`poahìhhth` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh

lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Lormhshrjh` bhsgc poòcgtgh` mgmhphtjh`

jocuhrkh yh`k phcg`k lh`yhj aochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> mo`kh` po`kbhsgch` \p.

?>>.>>>-\p.<>>>.>>> solh`yhj 97.9 %.

Tomh`kjh` jocuhrkh mo`kh` aoapu`yhg

po`kbhsgch` 3 \p. ?>>.>>>,- yh`k

aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj

4>.= % Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g tgmhj lorahj`h

mo`kh` `gchg p 1 >.7==

Bulu`kh` fhrhj ruahb mo`kh` ihsgcgths

josobhth` mo`kh` poahìhhth` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Bhsgc poòcgtgh` aoù`fujh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> torlh`yhj mg chjujh` ecob

jocuhrkh yh`k ruahb`yh mo`kh` fhrhj 3 8 ja

solh`yhj ;2.4 %. Mh` jocuhrkh mo`kh` fhrhj

ruahb 0 8 ja yh`k aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj <8.; %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh`

g`g aoapu`yhg bulu`kh` mo`kh` `gchg p 1

>.>><.

Bulu`kh` hcht trh`sperthsg mo`kh`


lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g aoù`fujjh` lhbwh

jocuhrkh yh`k lh`yhj aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> jocuhrkh yh`k aoapu`yhg

trh`sperthsg`yh tgmhj loraeter solh`yhj ?2.;

% Tomh`kjh` yh`k jocuhrkh yh`k aoapu`yhgtrh`sperthsg loraeter yh`k aochsjh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj =8.4 %. Bhsgc

poòcgtgh` g`g tgmhj lorahj`h mo`kh` `gchg p 1

>.92<.

Bulu`kh` rgwhyht poèce`k porshcg`h`

mo`kh` poahìhhth` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Lormhshrjh` bhsgc poòcgtgh` mgmhphtjh`

lhyg yh`k lh`yhj ao`mhphtjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> hmhchb lhyg mo`kh` poèce`k porshcg`h` lgmh` solh`yhj ?9.4 % somh`kjh`



=?

yh`k phcg`k somgjgt aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> hmhchb poèce`k porshcg`h` mhrg

to`hkh mejtor solh`yhj 8;.= %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh`

g`g tgmhj lorahj`h mo`kh` `gchg p 1 >,>9=7

Bulu`kh` lumhyh chrh`kh` mo`kh`poahìhhth` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh

lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g aoù`fujjh` lhbwh

jocuhrkh yh`k phcg`k lh`yhj aochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> hmhchb jocuhrkh yh`k

tgmhj aoapu`yhg lumhyh chrh`kh` solh`yhj

;2.4 % somh`kjh` yh`k aoapu`yhg lumhyh

chrh`kh` aochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj <8.; %.

ôòcgtgh` g`g lorahj`h mo`kh` `gchg p 1 >.>>8.

Bulu`kh` JAT mo`kh` poahìhhth`

gau`shsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhyg usgh >-;

bhrg.Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g aoù`fujjh` lhbwh

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phcg`k lh`yhj

mgchjsh`hjh` ecob lhyg yh`k aoapu`yhg tgmhj

JAT solh`yhj aoapu`yhg ?=.4 % mh` lhyg

aoapu`yhg JATaochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj =?.; %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh`

g`g tgmhj lorahj`h mo`kh` `gchg p 1 >.>7=?.



=9

]hloc <. H`hcgsgs Lgvhrghto Ihjter \gsgje yh`k Aoapo`khrubg \o`mhb`yh

ôahìhhth` Gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> ^hmh Lhyg _sgh >-8< Luch` Mg Jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh ]hbu` <>>7

Yhrghloc

Aochjsh`hjh` ]gmhj

Aochjsh`hjh`

p

vhcuo

E\

@ 1 =9 % @ 1 8; %

_sgh

3 <> tb`

<>-4? tb`

0 4? tb`

8;

8=

8?

4; %

4>.= %

4<.9 %

9

9

?

4?.4 %

4?.4%

<7.= %

>.7=2 >.7;2

ô`mgmgjh`

Mhshr

Ch`futh`

<2

82

9>.7%

47.8 %

7

2

?<.7%

=;.8%>.?;8 8.424

ôjorfhh`Lojorfh

]gmhj Lojorfh

<>

<9

=4.? %

?9.?%

7

2

?<.7 %

=;.8%>.?>? >.92=

ô`kbhsgch`

3 \p. ?>>.>>>

\^?>>.>>>-\p

<.>>>.>>>

8=

4<

4>.=%

97.9%

9

88

4?.? %

9=.;%

S

>.7== >.7=;

Fhrhj \uahb Jo

Ihsgcgths

Josobhth`3 8 Ja

8 Ja

498>

;2.4%<8.;%

988

4?.4 %9=.; %

>.>><* 9.9>>

Hcht ]rh`sperthsg

]gmhj loraeter

Loraeter

<;

87

?2.;%

=8.4%

7

2

?<.7%

=;.8%>.92< 8.<94



=;

]hloc <. (Ch`futh`)

Yhrghloc

Aochjsh`hjh` ]gmhj

Aochjsh`hjh`

p

vhcuo

E\

@ 1 =9 % @ 1 8; %

\gwhyht

ôèce`k

ôrshcg`h`

Mejtor

Lgmh`

@hjos Chg`

2

<9

8<

8;.= %

?9.? %

<9.8%

=

9

;

<4.?%

4?.4 %

=8.< %

>.9=7 8.<>

;

Lumhyh

Chrh`kh`

Hmh

]gmhj Hmh

8>

49

<8.;%

;2.4%

8<

?

;>.9%

<7.= %>.>>8* >.88

9

Jhrtu JAT

Hmh ]gmhj Hmh

<8<?

=?.;%?=.4%

27

=;.8%?<.7%

>.7<8 >.7=?

*Lorahj`h phmh p3>,>?

_fg Lgvhrghto ao`kku`hjh` Dbg-squhro

ÔALHBHTH@

8. Bulu`kh` usgh glu mo`kh`

poahìhhth` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg._aur aoruphjh` shchb shtu sgiht

jhrhjtorgstgj to`th`k erh`k yh`k sh`khtuthah (@eer, <>>>). _aur aoapu`yhg

bulu`kh` mo`kh` tg`kjht jotorphphrh`,

loshr`yh rgsgje sorth sgiht rosgsto`sg.

ôrlomhh` po`khchah` torbhmhp ahshchb

josobhth`/po`yhjgt mh` po`khalgch`

joputush` mgpo`khrubg ecob uaur g`mgvgmu

torsolut (]hwg, <>>2).

Mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g mgporecob glu yh`k

aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh

lhyg usgh >-; bhrg phcg`k lh`yhj

mgchjsh`hjh` ecob glu usgh 3<> tb`

solh`yhj 4; %.

Tomh`kjh` yh`k tgmhj aoahìhhtjh`

gau`shsg Bophtgtgs L> torlh`yhj phmh

joceapej usgh 3 <> thbu` mh` usgh <>-4?

thbu` solh`yhj 4?.4 %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh`

g`g tgmhj aoù`fujh` hmh`yh bulu`kh`

h`thrh usgh mo`kh` poahìhhth` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L>, `gchg p1>.7=2. poòcgtgh` g`g

tgmhj sosuhg mo`kh` poòcgtgh` aoùrut

Costhrg yh`k ao`yhthjh` mhth yh`kmgporecob mhrg bhsgc poòcgtgh``yh g`g

aoù`fujjh` lhbwh solhkgh` loshr erh`k

tuh phmh lhyg yh`k ao`mhpht gau`gshsg

loruaur h`thrh <>-4> thbu`.

<. Bulu`kh` po`mgmgjh` glu mo`kh`


phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg

ô`mgmgjh` hmhchb presos po`yhaphgh` ahtorg po`mgmgjh` jophmh

sosoerh`k u`tuj ao`mhphtjh` porulhbh`

tg`kjhb chju (ètehtaemfe, 8774).

Aoùrut Aubhaahm, porh` soerh`k glu

phmh prekrha gau`gshsg sh`khtchb po`tg`k.

Jhro`h`yh suhtu poahbhah` to`th`k

prekrha g`g haht mgporcujh` u`tuj

jhch`kh` torsolut. ôahbhah` glu hthu

po`kothbuh` glu torbhmhp gau`gshsg

sh`kht mgpo`khrubg ecob tg`kjht po`mgmgjh`

glu (]hwg, <>>2).

Mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g mgmhphtjh` glu

yh`k phcg`k lh`yhj aochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> hmhchb glu yh`k

lorpo`mgmgjh` mhshr solh`yhj 9>.7 %.

Tomh`kjh` glu yh`k lorpo`mgmgjh` ch`fut


solh`yhj 47.8 %. Mhrg bhsgc h`hcgsgs, tgmhj

hmh bulu`kh` h`thrh tg`kjht po`mgmgjh`

mo`kh` jurh`k`yh poahìhthh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg `gchg p1 >.?;8.



=2

Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g tgmhj sosuhg

mo`kh` po`mhpht Kroo` mhcha

@etehtaemfe (<>>4) lorpo`mhpht lhbwh

soahjg` tg`kkg tg`kjht po`mgmgjh` ahjh

po`kothbuh` lorthalhb puch, mo`kh`

po`kothbuh` lorthalhb ahjh hjhào`g`kjhtjh` mhyh h`hcgsgs mhcha

aoaodhbjh` ahshchb yh`k mgbhmhpg.

4. Bulu`kh` pojorfhh` glu mo`kh`


phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Aoùrut Gmwhr, glu yh`k lojorfh

aoapu`yhg rosgje <,4<= jhcg u`tuj

ao`kgau`gshsgjh` lhyg`yh mglh`mg`kjh`

mo`kh` glu yh`k tgmhj lojorfh mgsolhljh`

jurh`k`yh gìerahsg yh`k mgtorgah glu

ruahb th`kkh mglh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` gluyh`k lojorfh (]hwg, <>>2). Mhrg bhsgc

poòcgtgh` mgmhphtjh` glu yh`k phcg`k

lh`yhj aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs

L> hmhchb glu yh`k tgmhj lojorfh solh`yhj

?9.? %. Tomh`kjh` glu yh`k lojorfh yh`k

aochjsh`hjh` gaù`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

solh`yhj =4.? %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g tgmhj

aoapu`yhg bulu`kh`, mgah`h `gchg p 1

>.?>?.

=. Bulu`kh` po`kbhsgch` jocuhrkh mo`kh`


phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Aoùrut @eer, vhrghloc sh`kht orht

bulu`kh``yh mo`kh` sesge ojeèag

sobg`kkh aoruphjh` jhrhjtorgstgj. Tthtus

sesge ojeèag orht bulu`kh``yh mo`kh`

pojorfhh`/fo`gs`yh, po`mhphth` jocuhrkh,

mhorhb toapht tg`kkhc/koekrhigs, jolghshh`

bgmup mh` chg` solhkhg`yh. Tthtus ojeèag

lorbulu`kh` orht puch mo`kh` ihjter

psgjecekg mhcha ahsyhrhjht(]hwg, <>>2).

Mhrg poòcgtgh` Mwg Costhrg, lhyg yh`k

ao`mhpht gau`gshsg mhshr mo`kh`

po`kbhsgch` jocuhrkh rhth-rhth \p

4>>.>>>,>> - \p 8.>>>.>>>,>>. Mhrg bhsgc

poòcgtgh` mgmhphtjh` jocuhrkh yh`k phcg`k

lh`yhj aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs

L> mo`kh` po`kbhsgch` \p. ?>>.>>>-

\p.<>>>.>>> solh`yhj 97.9 %. Tomh`kjh`

jocuhrkh mo`kh` aoapu`yhg po`kbhsgch`

3 \p. ?>>.>>>,- yh`k aochjsh`hjh`gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj 4>.= %

Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g tgmhj lorahj`h mo`kh`

`gchg p 1 >.7==.

?. Bulu`kh` fhrhj ruahb mo`kh` ihsgcgths

josobhth` mo`kh` poahìhhth`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhyg usgh >-

; bhrg.Aoùrut Gmwhr, hmh bulu`kh` yh`k

lorahj`h h`thrh sthtus gau`gshsg mo`kh`

fhrhj mojht mglh`mg`kjh` yh`k fhub

soloshr 8,>8 jhcg. Tomh`kjh` fhrhj somh`k

mglh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` fhrhj fhub tgmhj

torcgbht hmh`yh bulu`kh` yh`k lorahj`h.

Glu hjh` ao`dhrg pochyh`h` josobhth`

yh`k tormojht mo`kh` ruahb`yh jhro`h

portgalh`kh` hjtgvgths chg` yh`k bhrus

mgsocoshgjh` yh`k torphjsh mgtu`mh.

Tomh`kjh` u`tuj fhrhj somh`kmglh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` fhrhj fhub tgmhj

torcgbht hmh`yh bulu`kh` yh`k lorahj`h.

Glu hjh` ao`dhrg pochyh`h` josobhth`

yh`k tormojht mo`kh` ruahb`yh jhro`h

portgalh`kh` hjtgvgths chg` yh`k bhrus

mgsocoshgjh` yh`k torphjsh mgtu`mh (]hwg,

<>>2).

Bhsgc poòcgtgh` aoù`fujh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> torlh`yhj mg

chjujh` ecob jocuhrkh yh`k ruahb`yh

mo`kh` fhrhj 3 8 ja solh`yhj ;2.4 %. Mh`

jocuhrkh mo`kh` fhrhj ruahb 0 8 ja yh`k


solh`yhj <8.; %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g

aoapu`yhg bulu`kh` mo`kh` `gchg p 1

>.>><. Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g sosuhg mo`kh`

bhsgc poòcgtgh` Aoùrut Tyhasummg` BA,

mjj,;4,8% lhyg yh`k mg gau`gshg

aoapu`yhg fhrhj ruahb jurh`k mhrg 8 ja

somh`kjh` fhrhj ruahb colgb mhrg = ja mhrg

toapht pochyh`h` gau`gshsg bh`yh 8,;%.9. Bulu`kh` hcht trh`sperthsg mo`kh`


phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.Hcht trh`sperthsg lorjhgth` mo`kh`

fhrhj toapub u`tuj aoùfu ihsgcgths

josobhth`. Toahjg` fhub fhrhj yh`k mg

toapub u`tuj aoùfu jo ihsgcgths

josobhth` ahjh soahjg` po`tg`k

po`kku`hh` hcht trh`sperthsg. Jolorhmhh`

hcht trh`sperthsg sorg`k ao`fhmg jo`mhch

u`tuj jocuhrkh aoahìhhtjh` ihsgcgthsjosobhth`. Mo`kh` fhrhj toapub yh`k fhub



=7

mh` tgmhj hmh`yh hcht yh`k mgphjhg u`tuj

aoùfu jo ihsgcgths josobhth` aoaluht

erh`ktuh fhrh`k aoahìhhhtjh` ihsgcgths

josobhth`.

Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g aoù`fujjh`

lhbwh jocuhrkh yh`k lh`yhjaochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

jocuhrkh yh`k aoapu`yhg trh`sperthsg`yh

tgmhj loraeter solh`yhj ?2.; %

Tomh`kjh` yh`k jocuhrkh yh`k

aoapu`yhg trh`sperthsg loraeter yh`k

aochsjh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L>

solh`yhj =8.4 %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g tgmhj

lorahj`h mo`kh` `gchg p 1 >.92<.

;. Bulu`kh` rgwhyht poèce`k porshcg`h`

mo`kh` poahìhhth` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.ôèce`k porshcg`h` hmhchb erh`k

yh`k aochjujh` portece`kh` porshcg`h`

phmh glu, lhgj gtu hjos ahupu` e` hjos.

Mhrg bhsgc poòcgtgh` mgmhphtjh` lhyg

yh`k lh`yhj ao`mhphtjh` gau`gshsg

Bophtgtgs L> hmhchb lhyg mo`kh` poèce`k

porshcg`h` lgmh` solh`yhj ?9.4 %

somh`kjh` yh`k phcg`k somgjgt


hmhchb poèce`k porshcg`h` mhrg to`hkh

mejtor solh`yhj 8;.= %. Bhsgc poòcgtgh`

g`g tgmhj lorahj`h mo`kh` `gchg p 1 >,>9=7

2. Bulu`kh` lumhyh chrh`kh` mo`kh`


phmh lhyg usgh >-; bhrg.

Mhcha jopordhyhh` ahsyhrhjht

torto`tu yh`k ahsgb lorsgiht trhmgsge`hc,

jhmh`k-jhmh`k tgmhj aoaporlecob jh` glu

`gihs mh` lhyg lhru chbgr u`tuj jocuhr

ruahb solocua => bhrg, bhc g`g

mgahjsumjh` hkhr glu mh` lhyg torbg`mhrmhrg po`khrub reb-reb fhbht. Tochg` gtu glu

`gihs mh` lhyg lhru chbgr mgh`kkhp coahb

sobg`kkh ro`th` mo`kh` po`yhjgt. Bhc

g`gchb yh`k sorg`k aoapo`khrubg

poalorgh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh

lhyg, jhro`h jocuhrkh tgmhj

aoaporlecobjh` lhyg u`tuj mglhwh

jocuhr, whchupu` mglhwh jo ihsgcgths

josobhth`. Joduhcg lgch lgmh` hjtgi u`tuj

aochjujh` ju`fu`kh` ruahb.

Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g aoù`fujjh` lhbwh jocuhrkh yh`k phcg`k lh`yhj


hmhchb jocuhrkh yh`k tgmhj aoapu`yhg

lumhyh chrh`kh` solh`yhj ;2.4 %

somh`kjh` yh`k aoapu`yhg lumhyh

chrh`kh` aochjsh`hjh` gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs

L> solh`yhj <8.; %. ôòcgtgh` g`g lorahj`h mo`kh` `gchg p 1 >.>>8.

7. Bulu`kh` JAT mo`kh` poahìhhth`

gau`shsg Bophtgtgs L> phmh lhyg usgh >-

; bhrg.Jhrtu aoùfu sobht aoruphjh` hcht

yh`k sh`kht po`tg`k u`tuj aoah`thu

tualub joalh`k h`hj torahsuj u`tuj

aoah`thu poalorgh` gau`gshsg phmh lhyg.

JAT lorgsg dhthth` po`tg`k ao`ko`hg

portualubh`, porjoalh`kh`, gau`gshsg

h`hj, po`h`kkuch`kh` mghro, poalorgh`jhpsuc vgthag` H, je`mgsg josobhth` h`hj,

poalorgh` HTG ojscusgi mh` ahjh`h`

po`mhapg`k HTG, poalorgh` ahjh`h`

h`hj mh` rufujh` jo pusjosahs hthu jo

ruahb shjgt. Mo`kh` hmh`yh JAT hjh`

aoaumhbjh` lhkg potukhs josobhth`

u`tuj aoah`thu poalorgh` gau`gshsg,

jhro`h lgch lhyg aoapu`yhg JAT lorhrtg

hmh je`thj h`thrh lhyg mo`kh` potukhs

josobhth`. Mh` lgch hmh je`thj h`thrh lhyg

mo`kh` potukhs josobhth` aoau`kjg`jh`

poalorgh` gau`gshsg mhpht lorfhch` ch`dhr.

Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g aoù`fujjh` lhbwh

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> phcg`k lh`yhj

mgchjsh`hjh` ecob lhyg yh`k aoapu`yhg

tgmhj JAT solh`yhj aoapu`yhg ?=.4 %

mh` lhyg aoapu`yhg JATaochjsh`hjh`

gau`gshsg Bophtgtgs L> solh`yhj =?.; %.

Bhsgc poòcgtgh` g`g tgmhj lorahj`h mo`kh`

`gchg p 1 >.>7=?.



?>

MHI]H\ _T]HJH

Mophrtoao` Josobhth` \opulcgj G`meòsgh.

<>>?. ômeah` ]oj`gs Gau`gshsg ]g`kjht

ûsjosahs. Fhjhrth. Lhjtg Bushmh.


<>>9. Aemuc Ahtorg Mhshr 8 Jolgfhjh`

^rekrha Gau`gshsg. Lhjtg Bushmh.


<>>;. ^reigc Josobhth` Jhcgah`th`

]o`khb. ^hch`kjh \hyh.

Mophrtoao` Josobhth` \opulcgj G`meòsgh. 48

Ahrot <>>7. LDK, M^], êcge, Dhaphj

mh` Bophtgtgs L, Gau`gshsg [hfgl Lhkg

Toauh Lhyg. Mgu`mub mhrg sohrdbwww.keekco.dea. Z]h`kkhc Hjsos6 8;-=-

<>>7Q.

O`tfh`k,mr. G`mhb. <>>>. Gcau Josobhth`

Ahsyhrhjht . Lh`mu`k. Dgtrh Hmgtyh Lhjtg.

Bgmhyht, Hzgs Hcgauc. <>>?. ô`kh`thr Gcau

Joporhwhth` H`hj 8. Fhjhrth.

Thcoalh Aomgjh.

Gsthwh`, mr. Bh`mrg. LDK, M^], ecge, Dhaphj

Mh` Bophtgtgs L Gau`gshsg [hfgl Lhkg

Toauh Lhyg. Z]h`kkhc Hjsos6<4 Hprgc

<>>7Q.

Costhrg, Mwg. <>>;. Bulu`kh` H`thrh ]g`kjht

ô`mgmgjh` Ierahc Glu Mo`kh` Jotophth`

Fhmwhc Gau`gshsg Mhshr Lhyg Mg êcg`mos

@kumg Bushmh Jodhahth` @koapchj

Leyechcg. Hvhgchlco sohrdb irea

www.keekco.dea. ZHddossom <> Aog<>>7Q.

@etehmaemfe, Teojgmfe. <>>?. Aotemo

ôòcgtgh` Josobhth`. \gòjh Dgpth.

Fhjhrth.

http://www.google.com/








?8

Ô\TO^TG LH^HJ LH^HJ MG ÔMOTHH@ AO@KO@HG

JOC_H\KH LO\O@DH@H (JL)

TH@]BW, J. THA_OC

êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh,Fhch` Koerko Eles @e. 4> ^hch`kjh \hyh — Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb

Hlstrhdt6 Ihagcy ^ch``g`k gs h why te gaprevo bohctbgòss h`m wohctbgost ei h ihagcy tbreukb

prece`kom lgrtb sphdg`k. Gt òom phrtgdgphtge` h`m deaagtao`t irea letb buslh`m h`m wgio. G`

Kuù`k Ahs Mgstrgdt deaau`gty phrtgdgphtge` ei Ihagcy ^ch``g`k gs stgcc cew. Mhth irea Do`trhc

Jhcgah`th` ^revg`do Bohctb ^reigco <>>? bhs sbewom tbht ùalor ei g`mgvgmu por ihagcy gs bgkbor

tbh` prevg`dghc covoc =.9< h`m =.82 rospodtgvocy, wbgcst Dbgcm Aerthcgty \hto (DA\) h`m Gìh`t

Aerthcgty \hto (GA\) stgcc bgkbor deaphro te ^revg`dghc h`m @htge`hc covocs. Xuhcgthtgvo stumy whs

usom hs rosohrdb aotbem te oxpcero pordoptge` ei Ihagcy ^ch``g`k hae`k tbo vgcchkors. ]boahtgd

De`to`t H`hcysgs (Lur`hm, 8778) whs oapceyom te h`hcyzo quhcgthtgvo mhth. Ttumy elfodtgvos whs

te kot gìerahtge` hleut Ihagcy ^ch``g`k spodgigdhccy ihdters tbht rochtom te modgsge` te uso er ètte uso aemor` de`trhdoptge`. ]boro woro <; phrtgdgph`ts de`sgst ei 2 ao` h`m 87 weao` bhm

hcrohmy phrtgdgphtom g` tbo stumy. Iedus Kreup Mgsdussge` whs oapceyom hs mhth deccodtge` aotbem.

G`torvgowom whs thpo-rodermom h`m trh`sdrglo vorlhtga. ]bo ig`mg`ks hro erkh`gzom u`mor tbroo

tboaos6 pordoptge` hleut hko ht igrst ahrrghko, ihagcy sgzo proioro`dos, httgtutos tewhrm ihagcy

pch``g`k. ]bo rosuct bhs sbewom tbht ao` kreup wh`t aero dbgcmro` tbh` weao` kreup.

Joy [erms6 ôrdoptge`, Ihagcy ^ch``g`k, ^hrtgdgphtge`, Kuù`k Ahs Mgstrgdt, De`to`t H`hcysgs,

Ô@MHB_C_H@

ôalh`ku`h` josobhth` aoruphjh` uphyh

u`tuj ao`g`kjhtjh` juhcgths bgmup ahùsgh

yh`k lorjosg`halu`kh` mh` somhpht au`kjg`

mgmuju`k ecob phrtgsgphsg ahsyhrhjht.

Aoapu`yhg jocuhrkh yh`k sobht mh` aoagcgjg

joahapuh` ojeèag yh`k aoahmhg u`tuj

mhpht aoalghyhg po`mgmgjh` h`hj h`hj`yh

aoruphjh` mhalhhh` sotghp erh`k tuh tgmhj

torjoduhcg phrh erh`k tuh mg Jhcgah`th`

]o`khb. Jocuhrkh loro`dh`h (JL) aoruphjh`shchb shtu uphyh u`tuj ao`g`kjhtjh` josobhth`

yh`k aoaorcujh` porh` sorth hjtgi mhrg

ahsyhrhjht. Aoagcgjg jocuhrkh jodgc mo`kh`

gjut sorth mhcha prekrha JL aoruphjh` uphyh

u`tuj ao`dhphg tufuh` jocuhrkh yh`k sobht

sofhbtorh. \o`mhb`yh poahbhah` hjh`

po`tg`k`yh prekrha JL hjh` aoaporlorht

ahshchb josobhth` toruthah u`tuj josobhth`

glu, h`hj, yh`k fukh hjh` lormhaphj lhkg

josofhbtorhh` mh` porojeèagh` jocuhrkh gtu

so`mgrg.

Morhfhm josobhth` ahsyhrhjht mg Jhluphto`

Kuù`k Ahs ahsgb locua ao`dhphg

solhkhgah`h yh`k mgbhrhpjh`. Bhc g`g torcgbht

h`thrh chg` mhrg tg`kkg`yh h`kjh joahtgh` lhyg

(HJL) yhgtu => por 8>>> jochbgrh` bgmup

colgb tg`kkg mhrg HJL `hsge`hc yhgtu 4? por

8>>> jochbgrh` bgmup(TJMG <>>4). H`kjh

joahtgh` lhcgth (HJHLH) fukh ahsgb tg`kkg

yhgtu =; por 8>>> jochbgrh` bgmup, colgb tg`kkg

mhrg HJHLH `hsge`hc yhgtu =9 por 8>>>jochbgrh` bgmup (Mg`hs Josobhth` Jhl.

Kuù`k Ahs, <>>9). Tthtus kgzg fukh ahsgb

locua ao`kkoalgrhjh` jhro`h lormhshrjh`

poah`thuh` sthtus kgzg (^TK) pesyh`mu

provhco`sg jojurh`kh` oòrkg pretog` (JO^)

tethc soloshr 8=,?9% mhrg 4;8 lhcgth yh`k

mgujur, mh` jodhahth` rhwh` kgzg hmh 8

jodhahth` mhrg < jodhahth` yh`k

aochjsh`hjh` poah`thuh` sthtus kgzg (MBT GG

Jhl. Kuù`k Ahs, <>>9).

Chjg-chjg mgbhrhpjh` lorlhkg th`kku`khwhl torbhmhp josobhth` ropremujsg wh`gth



?4

u`tuj ao`ku`hjh` hthu tgmhj ao`kku`hjh`

hcht je`trhsopsg aemor`. [hwh`dhrh

mgchjujh` ecob poòcgtg yh`k ao`kku`hjh`

thpo rodermor mh` dhthth` chph`kh`. G`torvgow

yh`k mgchjujh` ao`kku`hjh` lhbhsh mhorhb

sotoapht yhgtu lhbhsh Mhyhj @khfu mh` ph`muh` whwh`dhrh soag strudtur mhrg

Lewcg`k ( <>>8). Hmh 4 Iejus Krup Mgsjusg

tormgrg mhrg 8 krup chjg chjg lorh`kkethjh` 2

erh`k mh` < krup poroapuh` yh`k ahsg`k

ahsg`k lorh`kkethjh` 7 mh` 8> yh`k gjut

mhcha iejus krup mgsjusg hmhchb <; erh`k.

^hrtgsgph` mgmhpht aochcug toj`gj Tèwlhcc

Thapcg`k (êcgt & Bu`kcor, 8777) yhgtu

mo`kh` dhrh poòcgtg aoòaug jophch mosh

aoag`th u`tuj aoù`fuj lolorhph erh`k

po`mumuj mosh yh`k sosuhg mo`kh` jrgtorghg`jcusg u`tuj ao`fhmg h`kketh krup mgsjusg.

Toch`fut`yh erh`k yh`k torpgcgb mgag`th ecob

poòcgtg u`tuj aoù`fujh` jo`hch` hthu rojh`

aorojh yh`k sosuhg mo`kh` jrgtorgh g`jcusg

u`tuj ao`fhmg phrtgsgph` mhcha poòcgtgh` g`g

shaphg fuachb phrtgsgph` u`tuj iejus krup

mgsjusg torpoùbg.

Jrgtorgh g`jcusg phrtgsgph` hmhchb6

h. phsh`kh` usgh sulur

l.

lorsomgh gjut mhcha IKM

d.

po`mumuj mosh sotoapht

Yhrghloc yh`k mgjuapucjh` yhgtu vhrghloc

moaekrhpg, po`kothbuh`, sgjhp mh` prhjtoj

JL. Fhwhlh` rospe`mo` mgrojha mhcha jhsot

mh` mg tucgs jhth porjhth (trh`sdrglo vorlhtga)

hkhr mhpht mgh`hcgsh sodhrh ao`yocurub

ao`kku`hjh` aotemo ]boahtgd De`to`t

H`hcysgs (Lur`hrm, 8778). Mgbhrhpjh` hjh`

mgporecob gìerahsg ao`ko`hg mhth moaekrhpg,

erh`k (Jruokor, 877=) sobg`kkh tethc

phrtgsgph` po`kothbuh`, sgjhp mh` prhjtoj JLmhrg phsh`kh` usgh sulur yh`k ao`fhmg

phrtgsgph` sobg`kkh mgmhpht po`kortgh` yh`k

ao`mhcha ao`ko`hg ihjter yh`k lorporh`

mhcha joputush` phsh`kh` usgh sulur u`tuj

ao`kku`hjh` hthu tgmhj ao`kku`hjh` hmh

sh`jsg hthupu` po`khrub torbhmhp chyh`h`

josobhth` yh`k hjh` aorojh torgah

mgjoaumgh` bhrg.

BHTGC MH@ OALHBHTH@

Cejhsg poòcgtgh` hmhchb mgmosh

Mh`mh`k yh`k aoruphjh` mosh torpo`dgc mg

jodhahth` Jhbhyh` Bucu _thrh jhluphto`

Kuù`k Ahs. _`tuj ao`dhphg mosh torsolutmhpht aochcug fhch` mhrht yh`k je`mgsg fhch`

sh`kht sucgt mgchcug jhchu ausga bufh` hthu

aochcug su`khg sochah ? fha ao`kku`hjh`

spoomleht mhrg jeth ^hch`kjh \hyh hthu <

fha spoomleht mhrg jeth Juhch Juru` yh`k

aoruphjh` glujeth jhluphto` Kuù`k Ahs

jo jeth ]ualh`k Agrg yh`k aoruphjh`

glujeth jodhahth`. Mhrg ]ualh`k Agrg jo

mosh Mh`mh`k mgtoapub mo`kh` lorfhch`

jhjg colgb jurh`k 8? — <> ao`gt. Mosh

Mh`mh`k lorpo`mumuj colgb jurh`k8>>jophch jocuhrkh (JJ) mh` po`mumuj hscg

hmhchb suju Mhyhj. Lhbhsh cejhc yh`k

mgku`hjh` sobhrg bhrg hmhchb lhbhsh Mhyhj

@khfu. Iejus krup mgsjusg mgchjsh`hjh` mg

komu`k sojechb mhshr òkorg mh` torpgshb

h`thrh krup chjg-chjg mh` krup poroapuh`.

Totghp phrtgsgph` mglorg jeapo`shsg soloshr

\p. <>.>>> u`tuj po`kkh`tg whjtu yh`k

mgku`hjh` u`tuj gjut mhcha iejus krup

mgsjusg. [hjtu u`tuj iejus krup mgsjusg

lorjgshr h`thrh <,? - 4 fha. Mhrg bhsgc iejus

krup mgsjusg mgmhpht usgh phrtgsph` chjg chjg

toro`mhb hmhchb 4> thbu` mh` tortg`kkg

hmhchb ?> thbu` somh`kjh` phrtgsgph`

poroapuh` usgh toro`mhb hmhchb 8; thbu`

mh` yh`k tortg`kkg hmhchb =? thbu`.

ô`mgmgjh` phrtgsgph` toro`mhb hmhchb

thaht TM mh` tortg`kkg hmhchb M8 ^KTM.

ôjorfhh` phrtgsgph` chjg chjg uaua`yh

poth`g mh` u`tuj phrtgsgph` poroapuh`

hmhchb glu ruahb th`kkh (G\]). _sgh phrtgsgph` phmh shht ao`gjhb6 chjg chjg

toro`mhb 82 thbu` mh` tortg`kkg <9 thbu`

shah mo`kh` phrtgsgph` poroapuh` usgh

toro`mhb hmhchb 89 thbu` mh` tortg`kkg <9

thbu`. Hmh muh erh`k phrtgsgph` yh`k locua

aoapu`yhg h`hj mh` h`hj torlh`yhj mhrg

phrtgsgph` hmhchb ; erh`k.



?=

Fuachb h`hj gmohc aoùrut phrtgsgph` chjg chjg

uaua`yh ao`kg`kg`jh` h`hj colgb lh`yhj

mglh`mg`kjh` mo`kh` phrtgsgph` poroapuh`.

Mhrg bhsgc iejus krup mgsjusg mgmhpht lhbwh

tgmhj hmh phrtgsgph` chjg chjg yh`k

ao`kku`hjh` je`trhsopsg aemor` u`tuj chjgchjg soportg je`mea hthupu` aotemo

je`trhsopsg chg``yh. Ahsyhrhjht pomoshh`

aoapu`yhg trhmgsg mh` je`mgsg ojeèag yh`k

lorpo`khrub torbhmhp po`kothbuh` sgjhp mh`

porgchju torbhmhp jocuhrkh loro`dh`h. Hmh 4

tboah yh`k au`duc mhrg bhsgc whwh`dhrh

iejus krup mgsjusg yhgtu usgh ao gjhb, fuachb

h`hj yh`k mgg`kg`jh` mh` ph`mh`kh` torbhmhp

jocuhrkh loro`dh`h. Bhapgr soauh phrtgsgph`

chjg chjg ao`khthjh` usgh ao`gjhb yh`k gmohc

hmhchb <> — <? thbu` soportg yh`k mg`yhthjhècob soerh`k phrtgsgph` chjg chjg6

– Chjg-chjg solhgj`yh ao`gjhb h`thrh uaur <>-

<? thbu` jhchu tgmhj `h`tg torchcu tuh u`tuj

aoaocgbhrh h`hj, shyh so`mgrg ao`gjhb phmh

uaur <> thbu`‑.

ôr`yhthh` shchb shtu phrtgsgph` chjg chjg

lorgjut g`g6 – H`hj jhchu lgsh 8< erh`k hthu

colgb suphyh jhchu tuh hmh yh`k aoaocgbhrh

mh` fukh jhchu pgcjhmh jgth porcu lh`yhj

erh`k lgsh lh`yhj suhrh‑ ôrsopsg phrtgsgph`chjg chjg ao`ko`hg JL mgpo`khrubg ecob

po`khchah` yh`k mghchag ecob gstrg`yh solhkhg

hjsopter JL soportg yh`k mgjhthjh` ecob shchb

shtu phrtgsgph` –gstrg shyh pormhrhbh` torus

jotgjh ao`kku`hjh` JL su`tgj mh` tgmhj hmh

po`kelhth` yh`k aoauhsjh` hthupu` dopht

mgporbhtgjh` ecob LJJL@ ‑ Tochg` gtu bhrkh

yh`k rochtgi ahbhc u`tuj ujurh` _`tuj fuachb

h`hj phrtgsgph` chjg chjg ao`kbo`mhjg h`hj

colgb lh`yhj soportg pomoshh` soportg

po`yhthh` lorgjut g`g 6 – Gstrg shyh su`tgj mhrgah`trg mh` ahbhc lghyh`yh sojhcg su`tgj

lhyhr`yh \p.4?.>>>. Gapch`t mh` G_M

ao`mhpht th`kkhph` òkhtgi soportg yh`k

mg`yhthjh` ecob soerh`k glu phrtgsgph`6‑ Tusuj

mh` spgrhc gtu lgsh lorpg`mhb toapht, susuj

lgsh ahsuj jomhcha mhmh mh` sgprhc lgsh

ahsuj porut‑ Todhrh josocurubh` lhgj

phrtgsgph` chjg chjg hthupu` poroapuh`

ao`khthjh` lhbwh poahsh`kh` hthupu`

po`kku`hh` hcht je`trhsopsg hmhchb hths gfg`

mhrg suhag mh` fhrh`k suhag aoèchjjog`kg`h` gstrg u`tuj lorJL.

Josgapuch` mh` Thrh`

Josgapuch`

Lormhshrjh` bhsgc mhrg iejus krup mgsjusg

porsopsg phrtgsph` toruthah chjg chjgtorbhmhp jocuhrkh loro`dh`h lormhshrjh`

tboah yh`k au`duc mhrg iejus krup yhgtu

usgh ao`gjhb, fuachb h`hj yh`k gmohc mh`

ph`mh`kh` torbhmhp jocuhrkh loro`dh`h

mhpht mgsgapucjh` solhkhg lorgjut 6 usgh

gmohc ao`gjhb uc`tuj chjg chjg hmhchb h`thrh

<> — <? thbu` somh`kjh` u`tuj poroapuh`

colgb aumh mhrg chjg chjg yhgtu h`thrh 89 — <> thbu`. ]gmhj torcgbht hchsh` joahph`h`

ojeèag hthu aoapu`yhg po`kbhsgch` yh`k

tothp u`tuj chjg chjg yh`k hjh` ao`gjhb.Bhapgr soauh phrtgsgph` chjg chjg ahsgb

ao`yujhg je`sop jocuhrkh loshr yhgtu

aoapu`yhg lh`yhj h`hj mo`kh` lorlhkhg

ahdha hchsh`. F uachb h`hj yh`k gmohc

aoùrut phrtgsgph` chjg chjg colgb lh`yhj

mglh`mg`kjh` phrtgsgph` poroapuh` hmh <

erh`k phrtgsgph` chjg chjg yh`k

ao`yolutjh` aorojh ao`g`kg`jh` fuachb

h`hj colgb mhrg 8> erh`k somh`kjh`

phrtgsgph` poroapuh` rhth rhth

ao`kg`kg`jh` h`hj 4 shaphg ? erh`k.

[hchupu` solhkgh` loshr phrtgsgph`

ao`khthjh` aorojh ao`muju`k prekrha

jocuhrkh loro`dh`h `hau` lolorhph bhc

yh`k aoaluht sucgt u`tuj ao`kgjutg

prekrha JL h`thrh chg` jotorsomghh` hcht

je`trhsopsg torahsuj g`fojsg mh` pgc

mgthalhb chkg lghyh yh`k rochtgi ahbhc

u`tuj ujurh` pomoshh` sorth to`hkh

josobhth` yh`k aochyh`g jbusus`yh lgmh`

sh`kht torlhths. ôrsopsg torbhmhp hchtje`trhsopsg toruthah je`trhsopsg fh`kjh

ph`fh`k ahsgb locua mgtorgah sodhrh lhgj

jhro`h lh`yhj phsh`kh` usgh sulur

ao`mhpht gìerahsg yh`k shchb sobg`kkh

aoautusjh` u`tuj tgmhj ao`kku`hjh`.

ô`kku`hh` je`trhsopsg mgh`kkhp hmhchb

meahg` poroapuh` sobg`kkh tgmhj hmh

phrtgsgpg`h prgh yh`k lor JL whchupu`

u`tuj ao`kku`hjh` hcht je`trhsopsg phrh

glu glu bhrus ag`th gzg` suhag. Todhrh

trhmgsg mgmosh porh` poroapuh` hmhchbao`kurus ruahb th`kkh mh` jhua cochjg



??

lorth`g chmh`k hthu ao`yhmhp jhrot sobg`kkh

tgmhj ao`kborh`jh` somgjgt gìerahsg yh`k

mgmhpht ecob phsh`kh` usgh sulur ao`ko`hg

JL toruthah yh`k aoapu`yhg pojorfhh`

lorth`g.

Thrh`

Lormhshrjh` bhsgc josgapuch` ahjh mhpht

mgshrh`jh` po`yucubh` ao`ko`hg jocuhrkh

loro`dh`h toruthah lorhkha pgcgbh` u`tuj

je`trhsopsg prgh mh` wh`gth colgb mg g`tosgijh`

chkg. Joceapej chjg chjg porcu ao`mhpht

porbhtgh` u`tuj u`tuj po`yucubh` jocuhrkh

loro`dh`h jhro`h aorojh ahsgb aoruphjh`

po`khalgch` joputush` ao`ko`hg fuachb

h`hj yh`k mgg`kg`jh` u`tuj jocuhrkh torsolut.ôrcu sesghcgshsg ahìhht JL u`tuj

aoùru`jh` h`kjh joshjgth` mh` joahtgh`

glu mh` h`hj jophmh phsh`kh` yh`k hjh`

ao`gjhb hkhr `h`tg mhpht aoautusjh` hcht

je`trhsopsg yh`k hjh` mgphjhg mg joaumgh`

bhrg.

Mhithr \ufujh`

Lewcg`k, H. . <>><. \osohrdb Aotbem G`

Bohctb6 G`vostgkhtg`k bohctb h`m bohctb

sorvgdos. Ludjg`kbha, _J6 Epo`

_`gvorsgty ^ross

Lur`hrm, ^. (8778). H aotbem ei h`hcysg`k

g`torvgow trh`sdrgpts g` quhcgthtgvo rosohrdb.

@urso Omudhtge` ]emhy, 88, =98-=99.

MBT GG Jhluphto` Kuù`k Ahs. <>>9.

^repeshc ^refoj MBT GG Jhluphto`

Kuù`k Ahs. Juhch Juru`6 Mg`hs

Josobhth` Jhluphto` Kuù`k Ahs

Mg`hs Josobhth` Jhluphto` Kuù`k Ahs.<>>9. ^reigc Josobhth` jhluphto` Kuù`k

Ahs <>>?. Juhch Juru`6 Mg`hs Josobhth`

Jhluphto` Kuù`k Ahs

Mg`jos ^revg`sg Jhcto`k . <>>9. ^reigc

Josobhth` Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb <>>?.

^hch`kjh \hyh6 Mg`hs Josobhth` ^revg`sg

Jhcgah`th` ]o`khb.

Jruokor, \. H.. 877=. Iedus Kreups6 H

prhdtgdhc kugmom ier hppcgom rosohrdb (<`m

om.). ]beush`m Ehjs, DH6 Thko

ûlcgdhtge`s

êcgt , M.^. h`m Bu`kcor, L. ^. 8777.

@ursg`k \osohrdb6 ^rg`dgpcos h`m aotbems.

^bgchmocpbgh6 Cgppg`det

Ttroulort , B.F. h`m Dhrpo`tor, M.\. 8777.

Xuhcgthtgvo \osohrdb g` @ursg`k6

Hmvh`dg`k tbo Buah`gstgd Gaporhtgvo.^bgchmocpbgh6 Cgppg`dett.



?9

^H@M_H@ O@_CGTH@ @HTJHB

TGT]OAH]GJH O@_CGTH@ CHÊ\H@ HJBG\ Ô@OCG]GH@

_`sur - u`sur yh`k hmh mhcha chperh` hjbgr ôòcgtgh` \gslg`hjos

8. Bhchah` Thapuc, Fumuc mh` ôòcgtgh`

<.

Jhth ô`kh`thr4. Mhithr Gsg

=. Hlstrhj (G`meòsgh h` G`kkrgs)

?. Lhl G ô`mhbucuh`, aocgputg 6 Chthr Lochjh`k ahshchb, tufuh` uaua, tufuh` jbusus,

bgpeto`sg, ahìhht poòcgtgh`.

9. Lhl GG ]g`fhuh` ûsthjh, Aocgputg 6 jorh`kjh toerg, jorh`kjh je`sop mh` moig`gsg

eporhsge`hc.

;. Lhl GGG Aotemecekg ôòcgtgh` aocgputg : cejhsg poòcgtgh`, whjtu poòcgtgh`, moshg`

poòcgtgh`, g`struao` poòcgtgh`, pepuchsg mh` shapco, tob`gj po`kuapuch` mhth, tob`gj

po`kechbh` mhth, mh` h`hcgsh mhth sthtgstgj.

2. Lhl GY Bhsgc ôòcgtgh` mh` ôalhbhsh`, aocgputg 6 ô`yhfgh` bhsgc po`kuapuch` mhth

mhcha lo`tuj thloc mh` hthu krhigj, aoalh`mg`kjh` bhsgc poòcgtgh` mo`kh` lhbh` pulcgjhsg

chg` yh`k sofo`gs mo`kh` poòcgtgh` soportg luju, fur`hc mcc.

7.

Lhl Y Josgapuch` mh` Thrh`, Josgapuch` phmh uaua`yh ao`koaujhjh` bhsgc

poalhbhsh` yh`k lorjhgth` mo`kh` tufuh` jbusus sobg`kkh mhpht ao`kkhalhrjh`

sojhcgkus ao`fhwhl tufuh` uaua, somh`kjh` shrh` hmhchb tg`mhj ch`fut mhrg josgapuch`

yh`k mgporecob sobg`kkh fgjh shrh` g`g mgchjujh` ahjh hjh` mhpht ao`kurh`kg hthu

ao`kocgag`hsg ahshchb yh`k hmh.

8>. Mhithr ûsthjh

88. Chapgrh`, aocgputg fhmwhc jokghth`, surht gzg` sochah poòcgtgh`, bhsgc h`hcgsh sthtgstgd (lgch

hmh) mo`hb cejhsg, mcc yh`k mgh`kkhp ao`muju`k tufuh` poòcgtgh`.

ôtu`fuj Lhkg Dhce` ôùcgs Fur`hc Ierua Josobhth`8.

Fur`hc Ierua aoòrgah `hsjhb to`th`k Josobhth` hthu yh`k lorbulu`kh` mo`kh`

Josobhth`, lhgj loruph tochhb pusthjh (bh`yh hths u`mh`kh`) mh` bhsgc poòcgtgh` yh`k

lorahìhht lhkg joahfuh` gcau Josobhth` ahupu` porlhgjh` prekrha josobhth`

jbusus`yh mg G`meòsgh. @hsjhb locua por`hb mgauht hthupu` somh`k mghfujh` u`tuj

mgauht mhcha aomgh jeau`gjhsg chg``yh. @hsjhb yh`k mgjgrga locua to`tu mgauht

torkh`tu`k phmh portgalh`kh` Mowh` \omhjsg. @hsjhb yh`k tgmhj mgauht tgmhj hjh`

mgjoalhcgjh` joduhcg mgsorthg porh`kje ô`kgrgah`.

<. @hsjhb yh`k mgtucgs u`tuj Fur`hc Ierua Josobhth` mgjotgj mo`kh` burui ]gaos @ow

\eah`, ujurh` 8< pts, mo`kh` fhrhj (<) sphsg, mghths jorths BYT ujurh` juhrte (H=),

ph`fh`k `hsjhb ag`gaua 2 ahjsgaua 8? bhchah`. @hsjhb mgjotgj mo`kh` (<) jecea,mgjgrga rh`kjhp muh (<) mgsorthg mo`kh` Mgsjot,DM-\ea hthu Ichsmgsj jo hchaht 6



?;

Fur`hc Ierua Josobhth`, êcgtoj`gj Josobhth` Joao`jos ^hch`kjh \hyh, _`gt

ôrpusthjhh` Fhch` Koerko Eles @eaer 4< hch`kjh \hyh ;488<, ]ocope` (>?49) 4<4>;4>

/ >2?98>;44?;, oahgc 6 ieruajosobhth`pjyNkahgc .dea.

4. Fumuc `hsjhb mgdothj mo`kh` burui loshr mgto`khb mo`kh` burui soloshr 8= pts. ôrg`kjht

fumuc mgdothj mo`kh` ujurh`k yh`k lorlomh 6

ôrg`kjht 8 (Bur ui Loshr Toauh, ]ohc, \hth ]opg Jg r g ), ts 8<

ôrg `kjht < (Burui Loshr Jodgc, ]olhc, \hth ]opg Jgr g) pts 88

ôrg `kjht 4 (Burui Loshr Jodgc , tolhc-A gr g`k, \hth ]opg Jg rg ) pts 8>

=. @hah poùcgs hrtgjoc/`hsjhb mgdh`tuajh` th`ph kochr hjhmoagj mh` mgtoaphtjh` mglhwhb

fumuc hrtgjoc. @hah poùcgs bo`mhj`yh mgco`kjhpg mo`kh` hchaht jerospe`mo`sgp sorth `hah

mh` hchaht coalhkh toapht poòcgtg. Fuachb poùcgs ahjsgaua tgkh (4) erh`k. Mhcha bhc

poòcgtg mgchjujh` ecob tga, po`yu`tg`k bh`yh lorbulu`kh` mo`kh` poùcgs uthah hthu

poùcgs yh`k `hah`yh tordh`tua phmh uruth` porthah. ôùcgs mgh`furjh` ao`kku`hjh`

oahgc u`tuj aoaumhbjh` jeau`gjhsg. ôùcgs uthah fukh mgag`th u`tuj ao`kgsg Ieraucgr por`yhthh` ergkg`hcgths `hsjhb yh`k mgtucgs. Ieraucgr mgsomghjh` ecob Fur`hc Ierua

Josobhth`.

?.

Mglhwhb `hah poùcgs mgdh`tuajh` hlstrhj mhcha lhbhsh G`kkrgs u`tuj `hsjhb lorlhbhsh

G`meòsgh mh` mhcha lhbhsh G`kkrgs lgch `hsjhb lorlhbhsh G`kkrgs. Hlstrhj mgtucgs th`ph

hco`gh (phrhkrhi) ahjsgaua <>> jhth, shtu sphsg, mgsorthg cgah (?) jhth ju`dg.

9. Hrtgjoc/`hsjhb mgtucgs mhcha lhbhsh G`meòsgh/G`kkrgs mo`kh` sgstoahtgjh poùcgsh` `hsjhb

hscg (bhsgc poòcgtgh`) tormgrg hths 6 ô`mhbucuh`, ]g`fhuh` ûsthjh, Aotemo, Bhsgc mh`

ôalhbhsh`, Josgapuch` mh` Thrh` mh` \ufujh` (bh`yh aoauht sualor-sualor yh`k

mgrufuj).

;. Tokhch Tosuhtu yh`k ao`yh`kjut Otbgdhc dcohrh`do, porgfg`h`, po`kutgph` mh` po`kku`hh`

seitwhro deaputor u`tuj poaluhth` `hsjhb hthu bhc chg``yh yh`k torjhgt mo`kh` BJG yh`kmgchjujh` ecob poùcgs, lorgjut je`sojuo`sg bujua yh`k au`kjg` tgaluc jhro`h`yh,

ao`fhmg th`kku`k fhwhl poùb poùcgs hrtgjoc.

2.

Tolhkhg prhsyhrht lhkg poapresosh` hrtgjoc phrh po`yualh`k hrtgjoc whfgl aoalhyhr lghyh

je`strglusg dothj soloshr \p. 4>>.>>>,- (]gkh \htus \glu \upghb) por fumuc mh` por shtu jhcg

torlgt soloshr \p. <>>.>>>,- (Muh \htus \glu \upghb) solhkhg Galhch``yh poùcgs aoòrgah

èaer lujtg poauhth` solh`yhj < (muh) ojhapchr sodhrh Duah-Duah.

7. Lgemhth socurub poùcgs yh`k aoauht mhth prglhmg mgtucgs phmh coalhr torpgshb. Mhth prglhmg

mggsg `hah, toapht mh` th`kkhc chbgr, pojorfhh`, g`sth`sg toapht jorfh, hchaht jh`ter mh`

ruahb losorth eaer tocpe`/bp, rgwhyht po`mgmgjh` (bh`yh o`mgmgjh` ]g`kkg), po`khchah`

poòcgtgh` mh` pulcgjhsg.

8>.

Fumuc thloc mgtucgs phmh lhkgh` hths, somh`kjh` fumuc krhigj hthu lhkh` mgtucgs mglhkgh`

lhwhb. Chalh`k mh` sg`kjhth` joduhcg shtuh` ujurh` yh`k sumhb lhju bh`yh mgku`hjh`

mhcha thloc mo`kh` ao`dh`tuajh` jotorh`kh` phmh lhkgh` lhwhb. Chalh`k hthu sg`kjhth`

mgmhcha `hsjhb lecob mgku`hjh` bh`yh sosumhb hmh po`fochsh` hthu joph`fh`kh``yh.

88. Tualor rufujh` somhpht au`kjg` ao`kku`hjh` pusthjh torlgth` 8> (sopucub) thbu`

torhjbgr. \ufujh` yh`k mguthahjh` hmhchb sualor sualor prgaor loruph chperh` poòcgtgh`,

hthu hrtgjoc-hrtgjoc mhcha fur`hc mh` ahfhchb gcaghb yh`k torhjromgthsg sodhrh `hsge`hc hthu

G`tor`hsge`hc. Fuachb rufujh` ag`gaua mochph` (2) mh` ahjsgaua Cgah Lochs (8?).

ô`dh`tuah` sualor phmh jutgph` ch`ksu`k mgsorthg mo`kh` èaer bhchah` toapht hshc

jutgph`.

de`teb 6 (êcgt h`m Bu`kcor, <>>96=;)





8<. ôùcgsh` rufujh` ao`kku`hjh` Bhrvhrm Ttyco mgurut sodhrh hcihlotgs soportg de`teb lorgjut

g`g:

Luju 6

Kroo`, T.L.& Thcjg`m, @.F. <>>=. _sg`k T^TT ier [g`mews h`m Ahdg`tesb H`hcysg`k h`m

_`morsth`mg`k Mhth. Ieurtb Omgte`.@ow Forsoy6 ^ro`tgdo Bhcc

Luju Juapuch` Hrtgjoc 6

@gdec,A.& Kco`,T. (Oms.). 8777. Dcg`gdhc Tjgccs g` @ursg`k6 ]bo rotur` ei tbo prhdtgdhc

reea5

Ce`me`6 AdAgcch ^ross C]M

Htgjoc mhcha Luju Juapuch` hrtgjoc 6\gmoeut, O.& Dhrpge,L.<>>8. ]bo relcoa-Lhsom Cohr`g`k Aemoc ei @ursg`k Omudhtge`. G`

L.\gmoeut (Oms.)]rh`sierag`k @ursg`k Omudhtge` ]breukb relcoa-Lhsom Cohr`g`k.(p.<8-

=7). ]ere`te6 Feòs h`m Lhrtccot ûlcgsbor.

Hrgoc mhcha Fur`hc hthu Ahfhchb 6Bushg`g, W.J.<>>9. ôrgchju Aoalorg Ahjh` _`tuj Ao`g`kjhtjh` ]ualub Joalh`k

H`hj.

Kgzg G`meòsgh, <7 (8)6 ?2-9=

Hrtgjoc Mhcha Jerh` 6Tu`hrty, T.48 Mosoalor, <>8>. ôùru`h` Jopojhh` Tesghc \oahfh. Jhcto`k êst, bca.88

]ucgsh`/lorgth mhcha Jerh` (th`ph hah po`khrh`k) 6Jhcto`k êst. 48 Mosoalor,<>8>. \T_M Lorchju ]hrgi Lhru, bca.7.

Mejuao` \osag 6Mgrojterht Joto`hkhh` Mgrfo` Mgjtg, <>>9. Bgapu`h` ôrhturh` ]o`th`k êch ôalg`hh`

Jhrgor Meso` ôrkuruh` ]g`kkg mg G`meòsgh.Fhjhrth6 Mopmgj`hs.

Luju ]orfoahbh`6]gts,T,Ahyors,A.,[emhj,\.& Yottor,O.8777. Aotemo H`hcgsgs ]ojs & [hdh`h.

]orfoahbh` Ecob 6 Hlmuc Tyujur Glrhbga (Oms.) Khzhcg,Irh`s ]beahs mh` Tuwhr`h

^rgkkhwgmhkmh., <>>>. Wekyhjhrth6 ûsthjh ôchfhr

Tjrgpsg, ]bosgs, Mgsorthsg, Chperh` ôòcgtgh`6Ju`dere,].8779. ô`koalh`kh Jurgjucua pochtgbh` Ahkh`k mg T]A @hsge`hc Ahch`k

Furush` Lh`ku`h` rekrha Ttumg Lh`ku`h` Komu`k 6 Tuhtu stumg Lormhshrjh` Jolutubh` Mu`gh _shbh Fhsh Je`strujsg. ]osgs ]gmhj Mgtorlgtjh` Ahch`k - ^^T GJG^ AHCH@K.

volume i nomor 1, pebruari 2010.pdf

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