IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL KNO\,VLEDGE "TRI HITA KARANA'

, ON ECOTOURISMMANAGEMENT IN BALI

AGUNG SURYAWAN WIRANATHAI) RNo ANAK AGUNG GDE RAKA DALEM2)1) Facultg of Agicultural TEchnology, tJdayana Uniuersity, email: balitrulg@yahoo.com

2) Faculty of Mathematics and Science, IJdayana Uniuersity, email: &tstainablebali@yahoo.com

ABSTRAK

Pariwisata-meruPakan motor penggerak perekonomian Provinsi Bali. Sejak pariwisata berkembang denganpesat pada akhir tahun 1970-an, perekonomian Bali juga mengalami peningkitan yang tajam. Perkembanganpariwisata yang pesat ini memunculkan berbagai wacana dan debat terkait dengan bagaimana bentuk ideal daripengembangan- d1l pengelolaan pariwisata Bali kedepan. Namun demikian, masyarikat Bali yang kaya akanlerbagg unsur budaya dengan karakter yang unik memiliki kearifan lokal yang dikenal dengan sebutan "Tri HitaKarana" yang memberikan tuntunan agar menjaga keharmonisan dan keseimbangan berbigai aspek kehidupan

{d* masyarakat Bali. Tri Hita Karana menjadi sebuah filosofi kehidupan masyarakat Baliyang mungkin iugadapat diimplementasikan dalam pengembangan dan pengelolaa-n kepariwisataan & Bali.

- Artikel ini- bertujuan untuk menggali potensi penerapan kearifan lokal, Tli Hita Karana, dalam pengembangandan pengelolaan pariwisata menuju pariwisata Bali yang berkelanjutan. Pembahasan pada artikefini-difokus[an$Pa{a penerapan filosofi Tri Hita Karana dalam pengelolian ekowisata, khususnya pada beberapa hutan masyarakatfi Bali yang dikelola sebagai daya tarik ekowisata.

Kata h^tnci: kearifan lokal tri hita karana, ekowkata, Bali

ABSTRACT

Tourism has become a driving force in the economic development of Bali Province. As tourism developedSpidly h t"_ late-l97os, the Bali's_ec9nofy has risen shalply. The ideal forms of tourism development for balihave been debated publicly since the last few years. Howeve4 as a society known for its distinaive culture, BaliIf {::4 knowledgo called "Tri Hita Karand'which embraces the need of balance in every aspects of Balineselife. Tri Hita Karana becomes the fundamental philosophy that may be implemented into touri^sm developmentand management in Bali.

This paper explores the incolporation of the local knowledge of Balinese, Tli Hita Karana, into tourism de-velopment and management that may be usefi.rl in contributin[ to the realisation of sustainable tourism in Bali.Focus is given to the-implementation of Tri Hita Karana in thi management of ecotourisrn, pa,rticularly in thecommunity forests which have been managed as ecotourism attractioni in Bali.

Keywords: local knowledge, tri hita karana, ecotourism, Bali

SOCA. o 10 (l) :94 - 99 ISSN:1411-7177

INTRODUCTION Issues of Tourism Development in Bali

h.S, paper w-e examine the recent issues orsus- .,J:fr'fr-*J"f"h:H:l*";:1"*#U:tm:Jiil;tainable tourism developme-nt i-n Bali, and propose a numbeis of direct arrivals of foreign visitors in Baliframework for ecotourism development and .rran"g"- increased from 24,340 n lgTO to i,4l1,B3g intema--,":lqr! incolp__orates Balinese traditional knowledge, tional tourists in 2000 (nfS ndi various issues), andcalled Tri Hita Karana. Firstly, the paper outlines the then decreased afterward to reach 993,029 intemaiionalnature of Bali's tourism-development an{ the concepts tourists in 2003 due to the impact of terrorism attacksofsustainabletourismdevelopment.Andthen,thispa- in Kuta and Legian on 12e 6ctober 2002. However,per outlines a tourism development and management it took only onJ year to bring back tourists to BaIi tothat incolporates concept of Tri Hita Karana. fi"Ary, reach 1,458,309 international"tourists in2OO4.Due tothis paper describes how the local knowledge, Tri Hiia other terrorism attacks in Kuta and Jimbaran on 1stKalana, is implemented into ecotourism development October 2005, the number of internaiional tourists toan! managem,ent irt Bali. Examples are given to the de- Bali decreas ed to L,260,317 tourists, but the numbervelopyent and management ofthree eco[ourism objects, of international tourists increased to reach 1,664,854namelyHutanWisataAlamsangeh,HutanWisataAlas tourists n2OO7 (OmAnOeBab 2008). ThenumberKedatory and Hutan Wisata Wenara Wana Ubud. ofintemationaltouristsvisitedBalistillincreasedinyear

2008 to reach 1,968,892 tourists, the highest number

94

lmplementation of Local Knowledge "Tri Hita Karana" on Ecotourism Management in Bali . Agung Suryawan Wiranatha and Anak Agung Gde Raka Dalem

in Balit tourism history, Most foreign tourists (SS.IU")visiting Bali were interested in people and culture, andabout29.4o/o were interested in natural amenity of Bali(onenoe Ba[, 1998).

Tourism has become the leading sector in Baliteconomy. As Bali's economy has been developed mostlythrough tourism and other economic sectors related totourism, therefore tourism competes with agricultureon the use of natural resources, particularly water andland resources (these two resources are considered tobe the two most significant development constraintsin Bali) (Wiranatha, 2001). Moreover, many believethat the'booming'in tourism development has raisedseveral concerns, including:. An increasing impact of development (tourism)

on Balinese socio-culture, particularly in terms ofchanging lifestyles towards more consumerismand individualism (i.e. less time for socio-culturalactivities) due to the influence of foreign touristsandf or their involvement in economic activities(tourism);

. Conflict of interests over the use of public spaces(especially beaches) between cultural-religiousactivities of Balinese society and tourist activitiesin some areas;

. Limitations of natural resources (particularly landand water) and the competitions over the use ofthe resources between economic and residentialactivities.

. Issues ofbeach erosioq reef destruction, wastewaterpollutiory and solid waste disposal; and

. Disparity distribution of economic benefits fromtourism.Regarding the above facts, uncontrolled tourism de-

velopment and other development related to tourismmay inhibit tourism itself It is because uncontrolleddevelopment may lead to deterioration of natural ame-nity and socio-culture cohesiveness. Therefore, conceptsof sustainable development should also be applied intourism development and management in Bali.

Concept of Sustainable TourismThe concept of sustainable tourism was formulated in

order to follow up the concept of sustainable develop-ment. The issues of sustainable development have beenwidelyacknowledged since its appearance in'Our Com-mon Future' (WCEO, 1987). Sustainable developmenthas been expressed as an adaptive process of changein which the exploitation of resources, the direction ofinvestments, and the orientation of technological de-velopment and institutional changes are made to meetthe needs of present and future generations for a betterlife. Moffat (tqq3) summarizes components of sustain-ability as maintaining ecological integrity and diversity,meeting basic human needs, keeping options open forfuture generations, reducing injustice, and increasingself-determination.

In term of tourism development, the concept of

sustainable development so called sustainable tourismcould include three main aspects, namely: sustainability,educatior5 and local participation. The aspect of sustain-ability should cover four areas, namely environmentallyfriendly, socially responsible, culturally acceptable, andeconomicallv viable.. Environinehtaily friendly means to avoid or

minimize the environmental impact of touristactivities. Calculation of physical carrying capacityis important to assess environmental impacts andits sustainability.

. Socially responsible refers to the ability ofa communityto absorb irpott, such as extra people, for short orlong periods of time, and to continue functioningeither without the creation of social disharmony asa result of these inputs or by adapting its functionsand relationships, so that the disharmony created canbe alleviated or mitigated. There is a suggestion tocalculate social carrying capacity, although it seemsto be harder than calculating physical carryingcapacity.

. Culturallyacceptable refers to the abfityofpeople ora people to retain or adapt elements of their culturewhich distinguish them from other people. Culturalimpacts are more easily seen over the long term andare therefore more difficult to measure, although thecultural subversion of many local communities hasbeen well documented.

. Economicdlyviable refers to a level of economic gainfrom the activity sufficient either to cover the costany special measures taken to cater for the tourist andto mitigate the effects of tourist's presence or to offeran income appropriate to the inconvenience causedto the local community visited - without violatingany of the other conditions - or both.

Moreover, sustainable tourism includes education forboth tourists and hosts. Education for tourists meansto provide enlightenment to the tourists in the culturalways and norrns of those they are visiting. On the otherhand, education for hosts means to give training to the'hosts' so they are better able to cater for the whises ofthe tourists who visit them. Finally, sustainable tourismcould be more comprehensive with local participation.Therefore the hosts can obtain direct benefits from tour-ists who visit their area.

The general concept of sustainability maybe used asa guide to Bali's tourism development. However, moreattention should be given to natural resources, tradi-tional resource uses and conservation practices, and thesocio-culture aspect. In this respect, the Bali SustainableDevelopment Project (nSOn) has come to the conclu-sion that sustainable development for Bali should reflectthe balancing of economy, environment and culture, anddevelopment as a process that enhances the quality oflife (Martopo and Mitchell, 1995).

95

SOCA. . V6LUME 10 NOMOR l TAHUN 2010

INCORPORATING TRI HITA KARANA INTOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Balinese people #., that development could leadto an increasing both standard of living (economic well-being) and quality of Iife (combination of environmentaland socio-culturalwell-being). It is hoped that Balinesepeople could maintain and develop thtir socio-culturaltraditions with economic development without harmingthe environment. It is also sugglsted that the BalinesIpeople do have a concept of how Bali should be devel-oped including what should and what should not bedeveloped around the island. One of traditional valuessystery amongst many local knowledge that have beenconsidered as an ideal concept for sustainable develop-ment in Bali is known as Tri Hita Karana (Three sourcesfor a harmonyi" Uf.) (see Martopo and Mitchell, l99S).This value rystem emphasises ttie harmonious relation-ship between human and God (parlryangan), betweenpeople and society (pawongan), and beiween humanand environm ent (p alem ahan). The above formulationof Tri Hita Karana announced by I Gusti Ketut Kalerdyl"g a seminar on customary village at the Facultyof Law and Social Studies Udayana University in 1969.The fundamental concept of Tri Hita Karaia actuallyhas been found in Bhagavad-Gita (IIL10) sayrng that'?1ina-(holy sacrifice) is the basis of relation

"moig th"

{imighty God (Pra1a Pafi), human (praia) and ni'ture(kamadhuk)" (see THK Awards, ZOOS).

The implementation of. Tri Hita Karana (ffff) fortourism in Bali is suggested to be given more attentionson pawongan aspect since community plays a centralrole in Bali tourism as most tourists visiting Bali areinterested in people and culture. The main issues onpawongan aspect are the empowerment of local com-munity particularly through their involvement on plan-yng, devllopment and operation of tourist objecti andfacfities. For example, thi local community sfiodd begiven priority in managing tourist objects and taking uplhe.gmplgylent opportunities in thi tourist object"s &facilities (such as hotels and restaurants). Moreover, themanagement is encouraged to facilitate a harmoniousrelationship between and within employees and manage-ment.through the establishment of internal emploieeassociations with various activities in which they cancommunicate openly and regularly.

. lofurny?n aspect can be outlined in some principals,including: the appropriate location, placemeit

".rd th.

actMties at the holy/sacred place (particularlyBalinesetemple known as pura) within the tourist objed or fa-cilities; the appropriate use and placement of statuesand qnnbols of Balinese Hindu; and the contributionofthe management for religious activities and Balineseculture within the tourist obyect or facilities and thesurrounding area.

Aspect of palemahan focuses on protection of en-vironmental q"+ry conservation of biodiversity, andmanagement of sewage and waste. palemahan aspect

Akreditasi: No. 108/Dikri/Kep/2007, Tanggal 23 Agustus 2007

is also related to the attractiveness of Bali tourismdestination as many tourists are interested in naturalamenity of Bali. Moreover, the future trend of tour-ism will be 'back to nature' tourist activities, and moretourists concern with environrrient (environmentallyfriendly tourists). Implementation of palemahan aspectcould also han&-in-hind with internaiional criteria-andstandard on Environmental Management System, andInternational Certification on Tourism lndustry (suchas Green Globe).

In Bali it has been attemptgd to promote the imple-mentation of TriHita Karana (fHl

lmplementation of Local Knowledge "Tri Hita Karana" on Ecotourism Management in Bali . Agung Suryawan Wiranatha and Anak Agung Gde Raka Dalem

ecotourism. The principles of ecotourism were enlighrening the three aspects of THK as follows:(a) Pawongar (harmonious relationship between hu-

man and social environment):(i) development of ecotourism based on commu-

nity consultation and approval;(iil

(m)

(t")

to involve and empower the local community,such as recruit them as employees;benefiting local commu"ity by providing con-tinuous economic contribution to the localcommunity;to provide appropriate and accurate interpreta-tion by the local guides;

(") to preserve the socio-culture of the local com-munity;

(vi) contributing to preservation of socio-cultureof the local community;

(vii) to meet consumer expectations / consumersatisfaction; and

(viii)honest and accurate marketing and promotion(responsible marketing).

(b) Palemahar (harmonious relationship between hu-man and the natural environment):(il natural area focus: concem, commit, and re-

sponsible to environmental conservation;(ii) ecological sustainabilitypractices;(iii) contribute to conservation of natural environ-

ment;(r") to provide an inteqpretation which make visi-

tors possible to enjoy nature and foster theirinterest on environmental conservation; and

(") comply to the law or regulations related to en-vironment, land zoning, etc.

(c) earhyangan (harmonious relationship between hu-man and culture-spiritual environment) :(i) sensitive and respect to the local culture, tradi-

tion and religion (culture-spiritual); and(ii) concerry commit, and responsible to preser-

vation of the local religious values (culture-spiritual).

A Case Study: Implementation of THK at Ecotour-ismAttractions in Bali

In orderthe leam about the implementation ofTHKin ecotourism management in Bali, this paper outlinesa case study on three community forests which havebeen managed by the local community organisationcalled Desa Adat (atstomary village) based upon theTHK concept. The three ecotourism attractions arenamely llutan Wisata Alam Sangeh, Hutan Wisata AlasKedaton, ard Hutan Wisata Wenara Wana Ubud. Thesethree communityforests have beenwell-known as ecot-ourism attractions, in which the attractions relied uponthe forests and the animals occupying the forests.

l. Hutan Wkata Alam S angehHutan Wisata Alam Sangeh is a 10.8 hectare of Dyptero-

carpus forest, which is going to be expanded wlth an

additional 3.169 ha of mixed forest. The governmentclassifies this forest formally as "Tlman Wisata ,\lam"or Nature Tourism Park. Sangeh forest is located about20 km to the north of capital city of Denpasar, whichcan be reached in 30 minutes by public transport.

Fauna which have been identified in Sangeh consistof 22 species 3f birds, 5 species of mammals, 3 speciesof reptiles, 2 species of amphibians and 5 species of ar-thropods (BKSDA, Ministry of Forestry). Monkeys arethe major attractions in this forest. Species of monkeyfound in this forest is the macaque (Macacafasciatlaris).The population of the macaque is about 190 individu-als (based on the direct countr Nov 16, 2003). Basedon information from BKSD& plants occuPy the forestwere classified into 28 species of trees artd 22 speciesof shrubs. Meanwhile in the new additional forest wasplanted by Manilkara sp., Psidium sp., mahagoni, etc.which are expected to provide food for the monkeys.

Sdn$eh forest is managed by a local managementwhichls formed by the Customary Village of Sangeh(Desa Adat S*g"h).There are 21 persons of staffs whowere recruited from 6 Banjar Adats (NeighborhoodCommunities) existed within Daa Adat Sangeh. TheSangeh Nature Tourism Forest is a popular tourists at-traction in Bali, which has been visited by 150,000 -200,000 visitors annually. For example: in year 2001,it was visited by 64,343 domestic tourists and 16L,256foreign tourists, and then the number was slightly de-creasing in year 2002,i.e.48,353 domestic tourists and98,125-foreign tourists (Orcanoe Bah, 2003). Thenumber of foreign tourists visiting Sangeh had been ina decreasing trend until year 2005, i.e. 67,340 fgrergntourists (zooe), 45,724 foreign tourists (zoo+), and47,3l9foreign tourists (ZOO5). However, the number offoreign tourists visiting Sangeh then jumped up to thehighest number ever, that was 166,478 forergn touristsin year 2006 (DIPARDA Bali 200s).

THK concept has been implemented in tourism de-velopment and management at Sangeh forest. It can beseen that Sangeh Nature Tourism Forest is managed bylocal traditional authority (Desa Adat) of Sangeh, andthe staffs have been totally recruited from local people.Ntforeover, visitor satisfaction has been maintained. Itcan be seen from the number of tourists visiting thisforest annudly. The economic benefits of these tourismactivities surely are taken by Dua Adat Sangeh and thelocal people.It means that the ParaonganaspectofTHKhas been implemented.

ln term of Palemaha,, aspect, the successful of theDesa Adat Sangeh in managing the forest can bee seenfrom the way of the staffs to handle the monkeys andlook after the forest. Some years agq there was a prob-lem with the offensive behaviour of the monkeys inthe Sangeh forest. This might happened because themonkeys have been often given incentives (food) toallow tourists taken photos with them. However, whenfew visitors coming and monkeys got less food theybecame aggressive. They stole visitort belonging, and

97

SOCZ. . VOIUME IO NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2O1O

would only be returned when food is provided. Thisproblem has b,een able to overcome by the manage-ment, byproviding appropriate food and planting sometrees that can provide food for the monkeys. Now theSangeh Nature Tourism Forest is fighting back to getits better image, so it is expected thit more touristJtovisit Sangeh forest. The Sangeh tourist object has alsobeen facilitated with parking area, clean toilets, souvenirshops, and food stalls.

The Parhyangan aspect of the Sangeh forest alsocgrefully looks after by the local management. Eventhough Sangeh forest has been publicly opened as atourist object, it is still considered to be holly or sa-cred by the local community, so it is conserved. Sometemples were also located in this forest. One of themis Pira Bukit Sari which was built in thel76 Centuryby the Mengwi Kingdom ruled by I Gusti Agung KetutKarangasem. The management takes responsibfity formaintenance of the temples, and also to provide offer-ings required for the temples both daily and during thetemples' ceremonies.

2. Hutan Wis at a Alas Reil ato nHutanWkata Alas Kedaton is located in Thbanan re-

gencyr,south westem of Bali. It can be reached by onehour drive from the capital city of Denpasar. The siteis approximately 12 hectares, and the forest is abouthalf of the area (Ado, 2000). The major ecotourismattraction in this place are hundreds of monkep livein a forest ecosystem, and temples (pura) as well as acolony of bats as supporting attractions (Oalem andAstarini, 2000; Dalen; 2002).

HutanWisata Alas Kedatonbecomes more popular asa tourist attraction in Bali than Sangeh forest. Visitationsof tourists to Alas Kedaton forest-were about 275,000

T!""lly.Ior example, in year 2001 it was visited byL27,584 domestic tourists and 15Q133 forergn tourists(OmanO,t Bali 2003). The number of foreiln touristsvisiting AIas Kedaton increased in year 2004 to reach228,253 forergn tourists. However, this figure then dd-creased gardually in the next two years, i.e. 169,486foreign tourists in.year 2005, and 120,335 foreign tour-ists in year 2006 (OnenOA BaU, 2008).

- The implementation of THK concept in ecotourism

g!-"_.t ofAlas Kedaton can bee seen in three aspects ofTHK. Pawongan aspect is showed in the way of manag-rng {as -Ke{aton Forest by the customary village (Des-aAdaf) of Kukuh. DesaadT fukuh establisheja com-mittee to manage the Alas Kedaton Tourism Forest,including the management of forest area, personnel,income, and tax. Staffg are appointed.from'l2BanjarAdats (Neighborhood Comriunities) existed withinD-esa Adat (Customary Village) of Kukuh. They are incharge-for cleaning of the area, looking after parking,a1d cglleaing entrance fees (eaq ZOOO). Mary toorr"rritshops' keepers (almost all of them are women) alsoact as local tourist guides who has been determinedby the committee previously. There are about 200 local

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tourist guides, and a half number of them have beengiven a guiding training in2004 which was organizedbythe Bali Government Tourism Office, so theyhave aspecial license as a local guide for tourists only in AlasKedaton. As the shop keeper actively participates as atourist guide, therefore there is a chance to persuadevisitors to see liandicrafts and souvenirs in her shopbefore lerying the site. If visitors buy something, theirthis will bring income for the local community.

In term of Palemahar aspect, the management com-mittee and staffs, and the shopb owners together haveresponsibilities to look after the forest, keep the areaclean, and develop public facilities, as well as to providefood for monkeys. As economic benefits of ecotour-ism activities in Alas Kedaton brings a better incomefor the local community and Desa Adat, rhercfore thecommunityt sense of belonging to the forest is gettingbetter. It leads to a better awareness and commitrnentto fordst .conservation.

Incomes generated from Alas Kedaton also becomefu"di"g soruces for temple rehabilitation, and templefestivals in the Daa Adat Kukuh. Recently, more thanone billion rupiahs of its revenue was allocated to reha-bilitation of Pura Kaltyangan Trga (village temples) atDaa Adat Kukuh (Oalem and Astarini,iOOO). fhis isan example ofthe implementation of Parhyangan aspectin the THK concept.

The successful management ofAlas Kedaton Forestby Daa Adat has made this tourist object as a model fortourism training. For example, in 1998 it was choosenas a field study of ecotourism management during anational training of lndonesian Association of Ecotour-ism (Masyarakat Ekowisata Indonesia), and during aBali regional training on ecotourism in 2002.

3. Hutan Wk at a Wen ar a Wan a IJb u dIlutan Wisata Wenara Wana (Monkey Forest) is lo-

cated at Padangtegal Village, Ubud. It is about 25 kmfrom Denpasar and it can Ee reached in one hour drivefrom Denpasar. The forest area ofWenaraWana is about8.7 hectares (Harmini, 2005) occupied by more than200 monkeys (macaques). There are threl temples inthis forest area, namely PuraDalemAgung, piaBejiandPura Prajapati, which were built at t{re 1-46 century.Local community believes that the monkeys belong tothe God in Pura Dalem Agor& so they are protected.As the site is considered to beiacred by tocal corlmu-yty,,everyvisitorvisiting the temples should respect thelocal custom. The visitors should wear selendareg whenentering the temple. The above descriptions canbe theexamples of the implementation of. Parlryangan aspectof THK at Wenara Wana.

As Hutan Wkata Wenara Wana is located within adeveloped tourist resort of I-Ibud therefore this forestarea has become popular as an ecotourism attraction.The Monkey Forest is a locally managed by Dua AdatPadangtegal. Th"y have 18 staffs whb were recruitedfrom the local community. Their responsibilities are

98

lmplementation of Local Knowledge "Tri Hita Karana" on Ecotourism Management in Bali . Agung Surl,awan Wiranatha and Anak Agung Gde Raka Dalem

mostly to look after this ecotourism object, and somestaffs as forest rangers (pecalang). Visitation of tourist(domestic and foreigntourists) to Monkey Forest dur-ing year 2001 was 143,081 visitors (DIPARDA Bali,2003), and in year 2004 increased to become 279,035visitors (Harmini, 2005). Income generated from theWenara Wana collected by the Desa AdatPadarrgteg4and allocated20o/o for operation costs,70o/o deposited atVillage Banking Institution (Lemb aga P erkreditan D es a)of Desa Adat Padangeg{ ana 10% given to the gov-emment of Gianyar Regenry. Operation costs includethe cost for daily monkeys' food staffs' salaries, visitors'insurance, etc (Harmiru,2005). The above explanationsare examples of the implementati on of Pawongarc aspectof THK at Wenara Wana.

WenaraWana is not only considered as a sacred placeby local community, and as an ecotourism object, butthe forest was also involved in research and conservationprogrammes. In 1990 and 1991, a monkey behaviourresearch project was carried out at this monkey forest bythe University ofAlabama, USA and Udayana University,Bali. In 1998, a five year prorect was begun betweenCentral Washington University USA and Udayana Uni-versrty. These research projects were looking into thedaily life and ecology of the monkeys, the interactionsbetween human and monkeys, as well as the conser-vation and management of this sacred place. Anotherresearch project from Udayana University (Departmentof Biology) was also carried out in 2003 on populationstructure of macaques and interaction between touristsand the macaques (Suputra, et a1.,2003). The aspectof Palemaharc of THK has been also implemented asoutlined above.

Problem encountered in the management ofWenaraWana was the population size of macaques in WenaraWana increased significantly. It was about 125 macaquesin 1998, and it was estimated 160 macaques in 2000,and204 macaques :r;.2002 (Suputra, et a1.,2003). Asa result, the population size increased about 35-40 in-dividuals within 2years, or about 15-20 individuals (orabout 5-10o/o) annually. The increasing number ofpopu-lation of macaques in Wenara Wana might because ofthe adequate food available either naturally within themacaques habitat or supplied by the forest managemenlTo accomodate the higher number of populatiory itrequires a bigger habitat. However, it will be very dif-ficult to provide a bigger habitat in Ubud as the priceof land in Ubud is very expensive.

CONCLUSION

To achieve sustainable tourism, a balance betweeneconomy, natural resources, social, and culture is impor-tant. Considering the small size of the Bali island withits' limited natural resources available, and the unique-ness of its culture and tradition, it is suggested that anydevelopment should limit socio-culture degradation andresoluces depletior5 but should increase the economic

benefits to the communities.The paper has considered that there has been a grow-

ing awareness among the Balinese and Bali governmentto adopt Balinese Hindu philosophy - such as Tri HitaKarana - as a basic consideration for sustainable tour-isrn, including in managing ecotourism objects in Bali.Bali has several examples of local traditional manage-ment of community forests occupied by monkeys whichhave been managed as ecotourism attractions, such asin Sangeh, AIas Kedaton, and Wenara Wana Ubud.These ecotourism attractions have been managed byDaa Adats (Customary Vill"g", based upon Tri HitaKarana concept in which hand-in-hand with ecotorrrismmanagement. To manage forest as ecotourism attrac-tions, it needs carefully consider socio-economy, envi-ronmental, and culture-spiritual aspect of the area.

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