\.. Ouestion TngsOue.vtion 7og merupakim sttaru slrtt[.tur )ertanlalrn tli ak'rir

irri tidak nrcntbutuhkaut iawabzut, .lal hitt'rri bcr(irilgsi utttr,k

Que,stion tag dibentuk dari sebuah kala kr'ria blntrr (,4rrxiliory') dart

positit, kita biasanya menggunakan tag negatit, sebalikrrya .lika

biasanya menggLinakan tag positiL Perhatikan label berikut:

seltrah kalimat Stnrkturnrcl akinllatt pendctrgar'-

Subjocr Jika kalimatnyakalinratn;-'a negatit, kita

Contoh soal:

(A)didn't she/n\ f : f .- ra Ll.D.' utull t Ilc

" (C) doesn't she

(D) doc>ri'i lic

Memilih jawaban (A), (C), dan (D) atlalah salah karena tida.k sesuai dengan flormLtla.

Jar.vaban tcrbaik adalah (B), karcna ciiitiliary )-ang icpai adalah ii;r? dan s.ibjcct /;a.

P A iiter is one of ihe metric measurements.. aren't the-v?

ABCD

Memiiih jawaban (A), (R), (C) salah karena ketiganya tidak salah secara stntknrr- -iarvaban(D) benar, karena seharusnya question tag yartg sesuai adalah isn't it?

- l--^t--^:,---^- ^T^t ^--r-- L--' ^r-.^ .l^- D-zr- ---)L. TllcruJrycJ; ttul urtlv ... uut rtrJu.

,"" ** sebelunurya telah dijelaskan rnengenai struktur parallel. Srrukturi-nlloirrn irr-o

-o-r-olro- }.o-io- Aoi nnunllnlio^. na.-lrn Ji o+nrl;:r- i-i 1^-.lo^o+ r'-.lilretor'LiiLLUiLVC jUi'6r:, iiiiriliPai\aii v(a6i(1ii '\;Aii itu; LiLt{LL:>iiit iiaii;ii, ui Jiiuiriui iiri !ur

ftrenghubung) untuk terjadinya paralelitas tersebut. Struktur yang terletak diantarapenghubung tersebut haruslah sama kelas katanya. Seperti terlihat pada iable berikut:

notonly

+ noun+ Adjective+ Adverb+ Yerb

butalsa

+ noun+ Adjective+ Adverb+ Yerb

* noun+ Adjective+ Ariverb+ l/erb

Statement Question Tag

Anne speaks Engiish, doesn't she? I

Snow is white, isn't it?

Statement Question Tag

(-)Negative slatemenl,

(+)Positive tag?

You don't like nrc. do y,.ru?

The boys haven't le(i have they?

T)^-L^r.ll-^ ^ ^^-+^L l-^-:l--.!.-l. El.Ll4tl\aul ut.rllLull ugrllur.

Not onlv... but also Both... andBeth plays not onlv soitar but also violin- Beth plays both gtitar and violin.Paul not only wdtes novel but also composes mlrslc. Ray is both talented and handsome.

(A) tbr both (ir:rmanv as r,vcll a.s Artstriit,I)\ .--- -.-l- / - I \ , :

\D.l llur ullr_Y \Jslrrldl.l_Y al1llu 1\LlSlrld

Austria

((') both (icrmanv or Attstria./r\\ - l. /\ I . I

\ r4 rlur l.rlil Y \_.,cr rlldll Y uuL .il>L)

Memilih jawaban (A), (B), dan (C) salah karena ketiganva salah secara stnrktttr Iawahan /l))benar, karena seharusnya yeLng dibLrtuhkan acialah struktttr yang parallel sesuai dengan tbrmula.

ABCI)

3. Affirmative Agreement

Strukfur ini merupakan strulchrr yang lazim diguna.kan dalam Bahasa Inggr-i-s. Frtngsi

dari struktur ini adalah efrsiensi bahasa. Apabila seseorang melaktrkan sesLlatu dan seorang

iainnya juga melakukan hal yang sarna, maka untuk menghindari pengulangan penggunaan

kaia yang sama dalam satu kalimat digiinakanlah kata so dan too. Berikut adalah fomrulayang digunakan:

a. Affirmative statement + and + [Subject + Verb (be/Auxiliary) + too]

i b. Aflirmative statement + and + fso + Verb (be/Auxiliary) + Subject] I

Perhatika:r contoh berikut:loo SO

I am happy, and you are too, I am happy, and so are you.

ivicrrriliir -yawabzur (A), (B), darr (D) sala'ir, karcrra kciigaurya iidak keiiru scuara sirukiur-

Jawaban (C) benar, kalena seharusnya yang dibutuhkan adalah penghubun g attd agar parallel-

wiil work iomorrow, anti i wiii tot-r.

(A)the students also.(B) The students was as weil.

((l) so did the students.(D) the students too.

Sesuai dengan formula yang diberikan, memilih jawaban (A), (B), dan (C) adalah salahkarena kita harus mengeluarkan Auxiliary Verb yang sesuai dengan statement pertama. Jadi,jawaban terbaik adalah (C).

Catherine is studying law at the university, and John does too.ABCD

Memilih jawaban (A), (B), dan (C) salah, karena ketiganya tidak kelinr secara struktur.Jawaban (D) benar, karena seharusnya yang dibutuhkan adalah John is too.

4. Nepalive ApreemenlPada prinsipnya stmktur ini berfungsi sama ,lengan alfirntative ogreemr:nt. Yane

nrenrbedakarxlya adalah stluktur ini ditujukan untuk urenerangkan statenleltt yixtg ttegatil,dan juga menggunakan either dan neither. Rerikut adalah formula vang digunakan:

a.

b.

negative statement + and + [Subjcct * negative Auxiliary/be + either)negative statement + and + lneither + positive Auxtliary/be + SubjecU

Perl-ra ti-kan conf oh berikr rt :

iltc husn t s..n ii," -Ji",'ond I l-,ur.n'r .ith"r I t t" k,'osn'l scin il',c rrio';ic, aiid i,cli'icr i',a'vc II didn't see Mary yesterda , and neither did John.I didn't see lvlary yesterday, and John didn't either.

(A) so does he(B) neither does he

lviemilih jawaban (A), (C),Jar.l,atran tcrbaik adalah (B).

A

1C) either does he

(D) he does too

dan (D) adalah sa)ah Karena tirlak dengan formula.

ro support a television, and that one probably isn't neither-

BCDMemiiih jawaban (A), (B), dan (C) salah, karena ketiganya tidal< l<eiiru secara struktur.iawaban (D) benar. karena seharusnya yang dibutuhkan adalah either.

5. Penggunaan Would rather Vs Would like

Struktur yang menggunakan kl'ould rather biasanya digunakan ketika kita inginmengungkapkan iebrh menyukai sesualu hai dibanding suatu yang iain. Seoangkan, struklurwould like biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan keinginan dan juga mengundangseseorang. Walaupun fungsinya berbeda, namun yang acap kali menjadi persoalan adalahstruktur gramatika yang mengikutinya. Struktur would rather harus diikuti kata kerja dasar(V1) setelahnya, sedangkan would like harus diikuti to + V1. Perhatikan formula berikut:

a.

b.Subject + would rather * Vr ...Subject + woukl like + [ro + Vl]...

Perhatikan contoh berikut:llould rather lYould like

John would rather drink tea than iuice. I would like to visit Janan.

Would vou like to dance with me?

Cortoh soal:

(A)to travel on train

[B)traveied by train

through the mountains than go by bus.(C) travel by train

[D) navelingby train

Memilih jawaban (A), (C), dan [D) adalah salah karena tidak sesuai dengan formula.Jawaban ter-baik adatah (B).

the university.L)

lriends u,ould Iike study at(l

Nlemrirh jawaban (A), (ts), dan 1D) saiah, karena ketigani,.r irdakJawaban (C) benar, karena seharusnya yang dibutuhkan adalah to .study.

6. P engulanean Kata y an g T idak P erlu (R e d u n d a n cv )Persoalan redundancy sering muncul di soal tes, terut{rr-na untuk Purt B.

Adapun beberapa permasalahannya adalah:

a. Permasalahan Subiek Ganda /DazDle Szliecl)

Secara stmktur gramatika" sebuah kalimat harus mempunyai satu subjek utama, dantidak boleh menggunalian subjck (umumnya proitaun) '.intuk r,cnjclaskan subjck ;-a:',gsania. Perhatikan contoh soal beriki;t:

ABCD

b. Pengulenqan Kata vang Bermakna Sama

Di dalam menulis kalimat dalam Bahasa Ingoris, terkadang kita terjebak denganpenambahal kat-a yang mengaldurtg makna sama./sempa dengan kata sebeiurrrnya.Hal ini dikategorikan dengan redundancy" Berikut adalah daftar kata redundancy

iadisenng tenaolNo Redundancy \Yords

advance forward2_ rettrn back? I orrF[i-i ant n-no,nLI rwrrvrvrr! vr.o6i tL

4. compete topether

No. Redundancy Words5. ioin together6. reDeat apoin1 azrrr innnrratin-or uLrvrrr

8. same identical

Perlatik^an ccltoh scal b'erikut:

Memilih jawaban (A), (B), (C) salah, karena ketiganya tidak salah secara struktur.iarvaban @) benar, karena ada penguiangan Subjecr dengan pronoun ir.

Memilih jawaban (A), (C), (D) salah, karena ketiganya tidak salah secara struktur.Jawaban (B) benar, karena ada pengulangan kata together setelah Y erb joinecl..

Ker,akarlah latihan-latihan soal berikut.

Pert Al. Califbrnia relies heavilv on in.u*"- L,.,ii-l 6. Woult-l vou like

crops, imd

')

(A) take the medicine fbr me

tB) the meoicjne taxen by you

1C) to take the n.redicine l'or n're

(D) to takes the medicine for me

7- John than worked last night.

(A) Slept (C)..vould rather slePt(B) rvould like sleep (D) r','ould rather sleep

8. You won't be leaving for another hour.I

(A) will you (C) you tvill(B) 'uvon't you (D) don't yott

9. Water pressure cracks open smallrocks but also breaL-s gre:.t slabs cf sr-,:ne

fi'om the faces ofcliffs.

(A) either (C) and so

(B) not only (D) both

1n V^,, ,^ ^^+ lll,^ L^- ^-JIV. r UU UV tlvt trNV rrvt. eru

(A) I am not like either(B) -neitheram I(C) I do not either(D) either do I

(A) Florida also (C) Florida is as well(u) Ftorida too (D) so docs Florida

2. You arrd I talked with the pnrlessor yesterday.

(A) didn't we? (C) didn't he?

(B) didn't they? (D) didn't tlienr?

3, Fionda has not yet ratifieci the amendmenl,antl

(A) Sc.,'eral other states hasn". e;,'.her

(B) Neither has some of the others states(C) Some other states also have not either(D) i.r'eirher have some ofihe orher siates

4. _ and a flnal exarn are cftenrequired for a coi)ege class-

(A) There is both a term papertR\ Rnth A lPrrn n2ner\-, ' -(C) Either a term paper(D) Not only a term paper

5. The man is not only working in his office

(A) but also working in his father's office.(B) but also is working in his father's office.(C) is but also ',,vcrking in his fatho-r's ofll,ce.(D) but also in his father's office.

Part B

I l. Some people finish a bachelor's degree in four years, and another people take fiveyears.

ABCD

l'2. All ofthe students should come up with a new innovation for doing this job.ABCD

13. The students of the fa*orite private sthool thev like play''ng {ottball inthelard.ABCD

14. I don't want these books. Please give me the others ones-

ABCD

15. Would you rather to have tea or coffee?A B CI)

16. He isn't driving to the convention in March, and neititer tiie-v are.

ABCD

17. Mary repeated all of the questions again so that Jim would understand-

ABCI)

18. The people in the small town would like nreet the president.

ABCD

19. All of the students should come up with a new innovation for doing this job.

ABCI)

20. He never gg with his dog, doesn't he?ABCD

RIjADiNG COIVI PRITIIENSION (2)

2. Pronoun Reference

Pronoun ReterensrR^ qaimana mensidentili kasi Pertanvaan l. '['he Pronoun "..." in

..i,hich of the followins.?. . rel'ers to

-) \l/t ar a^-" litlhp/she,I

' r.E! $vvv \.e.re

r/otc \ ret-er tn'), -.r) \

Kita mencari pronoun reference pada baris i'a;:gdisebutkan. Pronoun itu biasanyameruluK kaia benda

1. Temnkan baris dimana pronoul) tersebut.2. Lihat kata benda yang ntuncul sebelum

Dimanajawabannya

Bagaimana menjawabpronoun reference

menemukan

pefianyaan

pronoun.3. Baca kalimat yang tcrdapat pronoun

reference itu dengan seksama.4. Eliminasi jawaban yang sudah pasti salah

dan pilih jawaban yang paling tepatdranla-ra !a waba::'ya-ng !er--ci-sa-

Contoh Soal:

For Cenfuy, Sky watcirer have reporteci seeing mysterious ilashes of iight orr tlie

surlace of the moon. Modern astronomers have observed the same phenomenon, but no

one has been able to satisfactorily explain hcw and why the moon sporadically sparks.

However, researchers now believe they have found the cause.

Researchers have examined the chemical content of Moon retrieved by astronautsdrrrino the Annlln rnissions hawe forrnd that thev cnntain wolarile qa-se-s sr.-ch as belir-rrn-

Hydrogen and argon. The researchers suggest that stray electrons, freed when the rockcrack, may ignite these gases. Indeed, lunar rock samples, when fractured in the lab,rL-^--- ^CC^-^-r.^Lrr.l rJ w tjlr JP6uAD.

What causes these rocks to crack on the lunar surface? The flashes are most oftenseen at the borders between sunlight and shade on the moon, where the surface is beingeither intenseiy heated or cooied. a surioen change in temperature may cause thermaicracking. Another possibility is that meteors may strike the rocks and cause them tocrack.Finally, Lunar rocks may be fractured by seismic events- in other wolds by tinymoonquakes-

1. What does one in line 3 refer to?a- Sky watcherb. Astronomerc. Astronautd. Lights

10

l5

2. In line 4 , ihe word 'they' relers toa. Helium- hydrogen and agron

b. Researchersc. Moond. Astronomer

3. 'They' in line 6 refersa. HeliLrm, hydrogen, and argonb. Researcherc, Rocksd- Astronaut

4. What does "finally" in line l4 refer to?

a. Causes the rock to crackb. Meteorc. Sunlightd" Flashes

1. Vocabulary Questions

Daiam basian tes readins iuea terdapat Dertanyaan mengenai arti kata. Pertanyaan ini akanmudah dijawab jika kita mengetahui arti kata dan persamaannya. Tetapi. sebenamva kitatidak selaiu harus mengetahui kata tersebut untuk mengetahui artinya. Ada 3 skil readingvano danal dimrnaken rrnlrrk rneniawah rrerranv2An lerqchrr-f/ .--_o *-r*' '---'-J" '-'- r------J -""'

l. Finding definitions from structural clues1 n^+.--,-:-:-^. --^^.-:-.-- A,-^,_ ...--J ..^*-L- L/grgl llltllrrrB rrrgdlrltBJ r r urrr wur u Pcu t5

3. Ijsing context clues to determine meaning

Mari kita iihat skil tersebut satu persatu

a) Find definition from structural CluesVocabulary (kata) yang ditanyakan terkadang juga dijelaskan dalam textnya dan ataudalam text tersebut ada structural clue (dapat diindikasikan dari struktumya)

Structural Clue

Tipe -tipe petunjuk yangdigunalcan

Punctuation Comma, parentheses, dashes

Restete:nent f)r thet ic in nrher rvnrdc i e

Example Such as, for example, e.gBagaimana menjawabperianyaan men g gunakanstructural clue

1. Cari kata yang ditanyakan dalam text2. Cari apaxan ada siructurai clues Qtunctuation,

r estat ement, exampl e clu e)

3. Baca bagian yang terdapat structural clue denganseksama-

4- Eliminasi jawaban yang pasti salah dan pilihiawaban yang paling tepat diantara jawaban yangtersisa

Contoh soal:

I The leddy bezr is a child's toy. a :rice soft stulfud anirnal suitable lbrcrrddling- It is. hora,ever. a tov with an intcrestrnc history brchind it.

l hcudurc l{ot-rscvcii- or I cddy as lts rvas ,;ornnronly callcd. was presidcritof the United State fiom l90l to 1909. FIe was unrlsuallv active man with variecl

5 pastimes, one of which was hunting. One day the presidcnt was invired to takc partin a bea: hr-tnt: a-ncl, inasmuch a tecl"cly was presirlent, his hr:sts wa.nted to ens,-rre lha-the caught a bear. A bear was captured, clanked over the heacl to knock it out, ancltied to a tree: however. Teddy, who really wanted to hunt a bear. relused to shoot+l-- L^^- -.J :,- f^^. -l^---^--J^-! t!..t +1.- t,---. 1_ - ___r_1 .--]__t t-.-_._-,L- _---_-_ -L-. :_trlc uca aIiu, rIi ;ciL'4. Liciiiar'itJdLl aricii iir-C Oeai'OC C^aiiadied iiaiii ifie ii;pc:. trrar i>-

10 he demandcd that the bcar bc sct frcc.The incident attracted a lot of attention among journalists. First a cartoon-drawn

by ciiflorci K- iierryman to make fun of this situation-appeareci in rhe WashrngtonPost, atrd the cartoon was widely distributed and reprinted throughout the country.Then toy manufacturers began producing a toy bear which they called a "tedcly bear"

15 became the most widely recognized symbol of Roosevelt's presidency.

l. According to line 1 of the passage, what is a "teddy bear',a. A ferocious animalb. The president of the United Statesc. -A &mou_s hunterd. A plaything

2. Look at the word "pastimes" in line 5- This word could be best replaced by- D^ -ra. I aJt \Jr-uull c_tl\,g

b. Previous jobc. Hunting tripj i ^.'^-(i. Leisure activrf),

3- Look at the word "extricated" in line 9. This word could be best replaced bya. Set freeb. Capturedc. Beard. Demand

4. In line I 1, "a cartoon" could best be described asa- A newspaperb. A rype ofteddy bearc. A drawing with a messaged. A newspaper article.

b) Determine meaning from context clue

Bagaimana mengidentifi kasi pe.tarry2. "Which of the following is closest

rnpanino fn I

1. Temukan kata yang ditanyakan dalampzuagrapn.

2. baca kalimat yang terdapat kata yangditanyakan dengan seksama.

3. perhatikan "context clue" atau petrurjukbisa kita lihat dari kata-kata

Bagaimana cara menj awab pertanyaan

disekitarnya.4 pilih iawaban vang sesuai dengan context

('ontoh soal:Why Are Amcricans Getting Older'l

I Persons sixty-five years and over already represent l3 percent ol the totalpopulation in America, and by 2A25, there will be 59 milion elderly Americansrepresenting 2l percent of the population ot'the United States. Furlhermc.re, thc

Pa-rfe,rlfage r"'f lhe PoPulaIjo::r o\/ar 2gt- eighf,.'-fl.'e r1'jll jn6112-et- lion-' lL'orl! I perrrlt5 currently to 5 percent in 2050. This population trencl has been referred to as graying of

America.'r^ ^--.-l^:-- rLl- J-.^-^.--^-r-:^ ^l-^-- ^--'--r l^-l-.- al---^ l'--r^.-- F--J:I:r-r t_, u .pl4rlt LtttJ uurtr\rBraprrru LrtarB(-, wu rlluJL l\JU\ ru rrucL lauLUls, r ur rrrrt))

mortality An<i imigration in largc part influcnce all dcmographic trcnds and thc grayingof America is no exception. The large number of children bom after World War II will

l0 increase the pool of eicieriy between 2utu anci luJU. t he '-baby boom" wiii have

become the "senior boom" sixty-fir,e years later as this large segment of the populationages.

l. The word "trends" in line 8 is closest in nreaning toa. Mary questionsb. Small mistakesc- F;nal conclusionsd, General directions

2. The word "pool" in line l0 is closest in meaning toa. A group ofpeopleb. A piace for swimmingt. A-tr i:rcrea-.e i:: ilfllelced. A negative attitude

6.Transitional uestions

Bagaimana meneidentifikasiWhat is most likelv in the h followins the

Dimanai^..raLo-. ra.lg''qvl^r, *

Bagaimanpenanyaan

menemukan Jawaban untuk preceding question dapat ditemukan pada!.o-ic nertoo^ ,l^; +-L- T)^n rr-trrL {^ll^.,,;-- atooli^n J^-at

ditemukan di baris palins akhir dari teks.

menjawab 1. Baca baris pertama untuk preceding question2. Baca baris rerakirir uniukfoiiowing quesrion3- Buat kesimpulan tentang apa dibicarakan sebelumnya

atau sesudah teks tersebut.4. Pilih jawaban yang mereflesikan baris pertama dan

baris terakhir dari teks.

Contoh soal:I Another myth of the ocean concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is mean-

spirited sovereipgr of the ocean's depths. The name "Jones" is thought by someetymologists to have been derived from the name "Jonah" the Hebrew Prophet who spentthree days in a whale's belly.

-5 Accordrns to tradition anv ol'iect that ooe-s overboud a-od -sild<.c to lhe boltom_---_--_o o--- -'-_-

Transition tions

o1'the ocear'l is said lo lrave gone to Davy.lorles's locker, the oceatl-sized, nrythical

receptaclc tbr anything that lirlls into thc walcr. Necdless to say, any sailor on tht' scrt is

noI sr,r cager to talic a tour ol-Davv Joncs's locker. although iL mieht be a rather

interesting trip considerine all the lreasures located there-

2.

The Paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses:

a. The youth olDavy Jones

b. Davy Jones's career as a sailorc. A different traditional storv liom the sea

d. Preparing to travel on the ocean

The topic of the paragraph following the passage nrost likely isa. Valuable items located at the bottom of the ocean

b. Where Davv Jones is found todaY

c. Jonah and the Whaled- Preventing objects liom falling overboard

PracticeSkill 4*6

Prison Relorm

In the United States today there are more than half a million criminals serving time

in jails or prisons. Most prisoners are male high school drcpouts bet'.veen the age of' 18

- r.n n--^- -^-^

^L^^l-:-^ l^ +L^ f^^r +L^t +l-- .^..-l--- o-,1 -or- ^f ;-^;.^--ont hrq ml)raall.J L> - _DVtrIl IIiUItr SiiiJui(ir.lP, rJ Lti(, raL[ arial rr-is rruirrLrLr 6rru r oLU ua rrrryr rrvr

than doubled over the past twenty years, and the recidivism-that is. the rate for rearrests-is

more than 60 percent.

-A]tlougl thr -state.l otyecti.e rf the trtmital jt-t-s!i1e -c;,-sJ3p, on L'rilr ftdrrzl z:dstate levels, is to rehabilitate the inmates a.nd reintegrate them into society, the system

itself does not support such a goal- Although most jails are located within the

coriii-ir-oli!,,-, prisons a.-e usrally geographricai',y or psycliologi;all; is-late,i ar-id ierilblyovcrcrowded. Even in the more enlightened prisons, only one-third of the inmates have

vocational training opportunities or work release options. Even fewer have access toquaiiiieci counseiors, psychoiogists, or sociai workers

if prisons are indeed to achieve the goal of rehabilitating offenders, then theprisons themselves will have to change. First, they will have to be smaller, housing nomore than five hundred prisoners. It has been shown that crowding in large facilitiesis not conducive to behavior modification. Second, they will have to be built in or nearpopulation centers with community resources available for gradual reintegration intosociety. This must include social and psychological services. Finally, prison programsmust be restructured to provide work release and vocational and academic training for allinrnale-.s r-o prepare th.em .rryith skills &a-t, carry over ioto their live-* after relea.se.

In addition to parole terms and community supervised work release, successful modelsfor such collaborative efforts between the criminal justice system and the community-l---l-. -.-:-t:- ----^-I L---J--l r-^rf -----.t-^----- .L---.--l----r tL- -----+- ---I----.. l'-"t--ail-eao]- exisi iii Se!'€iai fiiiirorcC iiail--Wal iiL)riscs ai-il-\rri6lruut Ltrg u\rulrarJ/ vvrrcrs rturratc)

complete their sentences while beginning to reestablish their live as productive member

of society. Studies suggest that imprisonment it is currenfly administered m,.rst be

vieweci as punishment rather than reiorm. Until we approach the probiem in terms ofchangrng behaviors rather than segregating offenders, prisoners who are released will

l.

10

i5

20

25

)

probably return to a iife of crime.

I he word "rccidivism" in line 4 relers Ltr

a. All people rvho are imprisonedb. People who return to prion after release

c. People who drooout hiuh sshoold People who have been in prison for a long time

The word "options" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

:] !xcePlro'-t-"b. Challengesc. Alternatives,l n,--- --C+..U. DUIIUIILJ

Thc word "them" ;n line 7 refcrs toa. Prison systemsb" -trunates

c. Goalsd. Levels

The paragraph following this passage most probably discusses

a. The goal of most state and federal prisons

b. The cost of prison refr-rrm

c. Examples of models for communit-v- collaborationd. Problems with the current criminal justice system

Biolumtnescence

Lisht from a living plant or iinimal is called bioluminescence. or cold lieht. todistinguish it from incandescence, or heat-generating light. Life forms could not produce

incandescent light without being burned. Their light is produced by chemicals combiningin s,-..ch a- \rr?-y that- littlt or 10 qle?-s,-,ra-t'1e heat is prod'-r,:td, a-nd r-h.e !it-t tlrns geu:'rz1-i-r-g

it are unharmed. Although bioluminescence is a relatively complicated process, it can be

reduced to simple terms. Living light occurs when luciferin and oxygen combine in the-- -a!---:f...---- I-- - f---- ----- C---fr,. -- ^1"- --- -- -JJir:----rpr€Seirtu ut luLtlt;lciJ\r. rri a lEw ua,)CJ, rrlullr\;J Lrrg lll\,rJL uutltrllurt, arl auurtlullal

compound called ATP is required.The earliest recorded experiments with bioluminescence in the late 1800s are

attributeci to Raphaei l-nrbois, who extracted a luminous iiuici tlom a ciam, observrngthat it continued to glow in the test tube for several minutes. He named the substance

Luciferin,which means "the bearer of light." In the further research, Dubois discoverecithat several chemicals were required for bioluminescence to occur. In his notes, it wasrecorded that a second important substance, which he called luciJbrase, was alwayspresent- ln later studies of small, luminous sea creafures, Newtown Harvey concludedthat luciferin was composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which are the buildingblocks of all living cells- He also proved that there are a variety of Luciferins artdf rtnifornqoc cnenifin to the rlalt,s a-nd a:rima-!-s thal rrrodlct fhen:._.-_!_- _,_.__>,r -_- r--_-__ _ _-_.- r-

Much remains unknown, but many scientists who are sfudying bioluminescencenow believe that the origtn of the phenomenon may be traced to a time when tlere was no

-- :-- rl-- n--rlr- -r----.-L-.-- ItrL-,- J---!r-= l-+--J----J l--r- rL-u,r.,tcrr rrr rrrc ,jd^rut ) .iurrusPrrcrE. yy rrtrlr u.\)BEu w.rJ tsra\rucrrr) Irrut Lru\,Eu .tlrtu [lrE

atmosphere, it was actually poisonous to life forrns. Plants and animals produced light totlse up the oxygen in a gradual but necessary adaptation. It is speculated that millions ofyears ago, aii iir-b may have prociuced iignt to survive. As the miiiennia passecl, IiI-e

J.

IU

15

2A

l5 lbrms on Earth became tolerant o1. and ilnatly depenilent on oxygu:r, a.id the ldapt.ttionthal pro,ltrced hioluminescence was no lon$er necessarv. but somc prirnitive plants end

iuirnals continued to use the liqht lbr new l-unctions such as maLins or attrae ting pruv.

5. The word "it" in line 2 rel'ers to?.. A- pla.nt

b. An animalc. Bioluminescence.'- iriua,iuSuurruu

6. 'fhe word "relatively" in linc 5 is oppositc in rticatting toa. Comparativell,b. Moderatetyc. Exclusivelyd. partially

7. The word "primitive" in line 26 is closest in rneaning toa. Very oldb. Very laruec. Very importantd. Very common

8 Tbe pa:zgrzp)-. 1olllu,ug lhe pa-.-"Rge ::ra-ef prot'al');, fj-c111-c-.3-c

a, Incandescence in prehistoric plants and animalsb- Incandescence in modern plants and anima,ls

a. Sioiut-irrt SLsiiac iri yiciris^ru'rir lriot,ts arrl arirrraisd. Bioluminescence in modern plants and animals