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TUGAS AKHIR
PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN DERMAGA PANGKALAN TNI
ANGKATAN LAUT TARAKAN - KALIMANTAN TIMUR
(Development Planning Pier of Naval Indonesian National Army Base
Tarakan - East Kalimantan)
Diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat
Dalam menyelesaikan Pendidikan Tingkat Sarjana ( Strata-I )
Reguler II Jurusan Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Diponegoro
Semarang
Disusun oleh :
OBO PULIH BUDILAKSONO L2A6 04 046
DENY SISMIYANTO L2A6 05 021
PROGRAM S1 REGULER II JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO
SEMARANG
2009
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
ii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
TUGAS AKHIR
PERENCANAAN PEMBANGUNAN DERMAGA PANGKALAN TNI ANGKATAN LAUT TARAKAN - KALIMANTAN TIMUR
(Development Planning Pier of Naval Indonesian National Army Base Tarakan - East Kalimantan)
Diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat akademis
Dalam menyelesaikan Pendidikan Tingkat Sarjana Strata-I Jurusan Teknik Sipil S1 Reguler II Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Diponegoro Semarang
Disusun oleh :
OBO PULIH BUDILAKSONO L2A6 04 046 DENY SISMIYANTO L2A6 05 021
Semarang, Desember 2009
Disetujui,
Mengetahui, Ketua Program Reguler II
Jurusan Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro
Ir. Moga Narayudha, SP1. NIP. 19520202 198003 1005
Dosen Pembimbing I
Ir. Muhrozi, MS. NIP. 19590714 198703 1001
Dosen Pembimbing II
Priyo Nugroho P, ST. MEng. NIP. : 19710429 199802 1001
KATA PENGANTAR
iii
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena kami dapat
menyelesaikan Laporan Tugas Akhir yang berjudul “Perencanaan Pembangunan Dermaga
Pangkalan TNI Angkatan Laut Tarakan - Kalimantan Timur”.
Tugas Akhir ini merupakan salah satu mata kuliah wajib yang berbobot 4 (empat) sks dan
juga merupakan syarat akademis dalam menyelesaikan pendidikan Strata 1 di Fakultas
Teknik Jurusan Sipil Universitas Diponegoro.
Dalam pembuatan Laporan Tugas Akhir ini data-data yang telah saya peroleh baik
melalui pengamatan secara langsung maupun wawancara menjadi acuan utama di samping
buku-buku literatur dan pengetahuan yang telah didapat selama mengikuti perkuliahan.
Atas selesainya Laporan Tugas Akhir ini, saya ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada :
1. Allah SWT, segala puji hanya bagi Engkau Tuhan semesta alam dan segala rahmat dan
hidayah-Nya & Nabi Muhammad SAW, atas segala suri tauladannya.
2. Kedua orang tua kami dan keluarga kami yang senantiasa telah memberikan kasih
sayang, pengertian dan perhatian, pengorbanan, kerelaan, kesabaran, doa, serta segala
sesuatu yang tidak pernah dapat dituliskan dan terpikirkan.
3. Ibu Ir. Sri Sangkawati, MS. selaku Ketua Jurusan Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Diponegoro.
4. Bapak Ir. Moga Narayudha, SP1 selaku Ketua Program Reguler II Jurusan Sipil Fakultas
Teknik Universitas Diponegoro.
5. Bapak Ir. Hardi Wibowo, MT. selaku Sekretaris Program Reguler II Jurusan Sipil
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro.
6. Bapak Ir. Muhrozi, MS. selaku dosen pembimbing I yang telah memberikan bimbingan
dan masukan berharga bagi penyusun.
7. Bapak Priyo Nugroho P., ST., MEng. selaku dosen pembimbing II yang telah
memberikan bimbingan dan masukan berharga bagi penyusun.
8. Bapak Dr. Ir. Nuroji, MT. selaku dosen wali sdr. Obo Pulih Budilaksono yang selalu
memberikan masukan-masukan demi kelancaran perkuliahan.
9. Bapak Ir. Slamet Hargono, Dipl. Ing. selaku dosen wali sdr. Deny Sismiyanto yang selalu
memberikan masukan-masukan demi kelancaran perkuliahan.
10. Seluruh dosen, staf dan karyawan Jurusan Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro
Semarang atas jasa-jasanya selama kami menuntut ilmu.
11. Rekan – rekan mahasiswa pada Jurusan Sipil Reguler II Fakultas Teknik Universitas
Diponegoro, yang telah memberikan dukungan dan saran-sarannya.
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12. Serta semua pihak yang telah banyak membantu yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu
hingga terselesainya penyusunan laporan ini.
Kami sadar bahwa laporan ini jauh dari sempurna, karena itu kritik dan saran yang
bersifat membangun sangat diharapkan.
Demikian laporan ini kami buat, semoga dapat bermanfaat bagi semua pihak yang
memerlukannya.
Semarang, Desember 2009
Penyusun
DAFTAR ISI
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................................. i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ...................................................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................................. iii
DAFTAR ISI.............................................................................................................................. v
DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................................................................ xvii
DAFTAR TABEL................................................................................................................ xxiv
BAB I - PENDAHULUAN .......................................................................................................1
1.1. TINJAUAN UMUM ..................................................................................................1
1.2. LATAR BELAKANG ...............................................................................................1
1.3. MAKSUD DAN TUJUAN ........................................................................................2
1.4. PETA LOKASI ..........................................................................................................2
1.5. TINJAUAN PERENCANAAN .................................................................................3
1.6. SISTEMATIKA PENULISAN LAPORAN ..............................................................4
BAB II - STUDI PUSTAKA .....................................................................................................6
2.1. TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................................6
2.2. MACAM-MACAM PELABUHAN ..........................................................................6
2.2.1. Ditinjau dari segi penyelengaraannya ....................................................................6
a. Pelabuhan umum .................................................................................................. 6
b. Pelabuhan khusus ................................................................................................. 6
2.2.2. Ditinjau dari segi pengusahaanya ..........................................................................7
a. Pelabuhan yang diusahakan ................................................................................. 7
b. Pelabuhan yang tidak diusahakan ........................................................................ 7
2.2.3. Ditinjau dari fungsinya dalam perdagangan nasional dan internasional ...............7
a. Pelabuhan laut ...................................................................................................... 7
b. Pelabuhan pantai .................................................................................................. 7
2.2.4. Ditinjau dari segi penggunaanya ............................................................................7
2.2.5. Ditinjau menurut letak geografis ...........................................................................7
a. Pelabuhan alam .................................................................................................... 7
b. Pelabuhan buatan ................................................................................................. 8
2.2.6. Pelabuhan semi alam..............................................................................................8
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2.3. PELABUHAN MILITER ..........................................................................................8
2.3.1. Definisi Pelabuhan Militer .....................................................................................8
2.3.2. Fungsi Pelabuhan Militer .......................................................................................8
2.3.3. Fasilitas Pelabuhan Militer ....................................................................................8
a. Fasilitas Pokok (Basic Facilities) ........................................................................ 8
b. Fasilitas Fungsional ............................................................................................. 8
2.4. HIDRO-OSEANOGRAFI .......................................................................................10
2.4.1. Angin....................................................................................................................10
a. Beberapa Tipe Pasang Surut .............................................................................. 13
b. Pasang Surut Purnama dan Perbani ................................................................... 16
c. Beberapa Definisi Elevasi Muka Air ................................................................. 17
d. Elevasi Muka Air Rencana ................................................................................ 18
2.4.3. Gelombang ...........................................................................................................20
a. Teori Gelombang Air ......................................................................................... 20
1) Profil muka air ...................................................................................................21
2) Cepat rambat dan panjang gelombang ...............................................................22
3) Klasifikasi gelombang menurut kedalaman relatif ............................................22
4) Kecepatan partikel air ........................................................................................23
5) Perpindahan partikel ..........................................................................................24
6) Tekanan gelombang ...........................................................................................25
7) Kecepatan kelompok gelombang .......................................................................26
8) Energy dan tenaga gelombang ...........................................................................26
b. Refraksi Gelombang .......................................................................................... 26
c. Difraksi Gelombang ........................................................................................... 30
d. Hitungan Difraksi Gelombang ........................................................................... 31
e. Gelombang Laut Dalam Ekivalen ...................................................................... 31
f. Refleksi Gelombang........................................................................................... 31
g. Gelombang Pecah .............................................................................................. 33
h. Gelombang Alam ............................................................................................... 38
i. Pembangkit Gelombang ..................................................................................... 38
1) Kecepatan angin .................................................................................................39
2) Fetch ...................................................................................................................40
3) Peramalan Gelombang di Laut Dalam ...............................................................41
j. Pemilihan Gelombang Rencana ......................................................................... 43
2.4.4. Transpor Sedimen Pantai .....................................................................................44
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2.5. DASAR-DASAR PERENCANAAN DERMAGA MILITER ................................45
2.5.1. Kapal ....................................................................................................................45
a. Beberapa Definisi Kapal .................................................................................... 45
b. Jenis Kapal ......................................................................................................... 46
c. Karakteristik Kapal ............................................................................................ 47
d. Karakteristik Kapal TNI Angkatan Laut ............................................................ 49
2.5.2. Pemilihan Lokasi Dermaga ..................................................................................50
a. Topografi dan Geologi ....................................................................................... 50
b. Tinjauan Pelayaran............................................................................................. 51
c. Tinjauan Sedimentasi ......................................................................................... 51
d. Tinjauan Gelombang dan Arus .......................................................................... 52
e. Tinjauan Kedalaman Air .................................................................................... 52
2.5.3. Ukuran dan Bentuk Pelabuhan .............................................................................53
2.5.4. Pemecah Gelombang ...........................................................................................53
2.5.5. Lokasi dan Lebar Mulut Pelabuhan .....................................................................54
2.5.6. Perencanaan Fasilitas Dasar .................................................................................55
a. Alur Pelayaran ................................................................................................... 55
1) Pemilihan Karakteristik Alur .............................................................................56
2) Kedalaman Alur .................................................................................................57
a) Draft Kapal .....................................................................................................58
b) Squat ...............................................................................................................58
c) Gerak Kapal karena Pengaruh Gelombang ....................................................59
3) Lebar Alur ..........................................................................................................60
4) Layout Alur Pelayaran .......................................................................................61
5) Kolam Pelabuhan ...............................................................................................63
a) Kolam Putar....................................................................................................64
b) Kedalaman Kolam Pelabuhan ........................................................................64
c) Ketenangan di Pelabuhan ...............................................................................66
b. Dermaga ............................................................................................................. 66
1) Pemilihan Tipe Dermaga ...................................................................................67
a) Tinjauan Topografi Daerah Pantai .................................................................67
b) Jenis Kapal yang Dilayani ..............................................................................67
c) Daya Dukung Tanah.......................................................................................68
2) Wharf..................................................................................................................68
3) Pier atau Jetty ....................................................................................................72
4) Ukuran Dermaga ................................................................................................74
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5) Gaya-Gaya Yang Bekerja Pada Dermaga ..........................................................78
a) Gaya Benturan Kapal .....................................................................................78
b) Gaya Akibat Angin.........................................................................................81
c) Gaya Akibat Arus ...........................................................................................82
d) Gaya Tarikan Kapal pada Dermaga ...............................................................82
c. Fender dan Alat Penambat ................................................................................. 84
1) Fender ................................................................................................................84
a) Fender Kayu ...................................................................................................84
b) Fender Karet ...................................................................................................85
c) Fender Gravitasi .............................................................................................85
2) Perencanaan Fender ...........................................................................................85
3) Alat Penambat ....................................................................................................87
a) Boulder / Alat Pengikat ..................................................................................88
b) Pelampung Penambat (Mooring Buoy) ..........................................................89
c) Dolphin ...........................................................................................................91
2.6. SIFAT-SIFAT TANAH DAN BATUAN ................................................................92
2.6.1. Tanah....................................................................................................................92
a. Identifikasi Tanah .............................................................................................. 92
b. Kadar Air, Angka Pori, Porositas, dan Berat Volume Tanah ........................... 92
c. Analisis Ukuran Butiran .................................................................................... 94
d. Kuat Geser ......................................................................................................... 95
e. Permeabilitas ...................................................................................................... 97
f. Tegangan Efektif ................................................................................................ 98
g. Sifat-Sifat Teknis Tanah .................................................................................... 98
h. Klasifikasi Tanah ............................................................................................... 99
2.6.2. Batuan ................................................................................................................100
a. Sifat-sifat Teknis Batuan.................................................................................. 101
b. Kapasitas Dukung ............................................................................................ 101
2.6.3. Penyelidikan Tanah ............................................................................................101
a. Cara Penyelidikan Tanah ................................................................................. 101
b. Alat-alat Penyelidikan Tanah ........................................................................... 102
c. Penanganan Contoh Tanah .............................................................................. 105
d. Laporan Hasil Pengeboran ............................................................................... 105
e. Penyelidikan Tanah di Lapangan ..................................................................... 106
1) Uji sondir .........................................................................................................107
2) Uji penetrasi standar (SPT) ..............................................................................115
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3) Uji penetrasi kerucut statis ...............................................................................117
4) Uji beban plat ...................................................................................................117
5) Uji geser kipas di Lapangan .............................................................................118
f. Pengujian Tanah di Laboratorium ................................................................... 120
g. Denah Titik-titik Penyelidikan ......................................................................... 121
h. Kedalaman Lubang Bor ................................................................................... 122
i. Informasi yang Dibutuhkan untuk Penyelidikan Tanah .................................. 123
j. Laporan Penyelidikan Tanah untuk Perancangan Pondasi .............................. 123
2.6.4. Penurunan Tanah Akibat Timbunan di Atasnya ................................................124
2.6.5. Pondasi Tiang.....................................................................................................126
a. Tiang Ujung Ujung dan Tiang Gesek .............................................................. 126
b. Kelakuan Tiang Selama Pembebanan .............................................................. 126
c. Pengaruh Pekerjaan Pemasangan Tiang .......................................................... 127
d. Hitungan Kapasitas Tiang ................................................................................ 129
1) Kapasitas ultimit cara statis .............................................................................129
2) Kapasitas tiang dalam tanah granuler ..............................................................131
3) Kapasitas tiang dalam tanah kohesif ................................................................134
e. Faktor Alam ..................................................................................................... 136
f. Kapasitas Tiang dari Rumus Dinamis.............................................................. 137
1) Alat Pancang Tiang ..........................................................................................137
2) Rumus Pancang ................................................................................................139
3) Pemilihan Pemukul Tiang ................................................................................141
4) Catatan Pemancangan Tiang (Pile Driving Record) ........................................141
5) Penyemprotan Air (Water Jetting) ...................................................................142
g. Kapasitas Kelompok Tiang .............................................................................. 143
h. Gesek Dinding Negatif .................................................................................... 143
1) Tiang Tunggal ..................................................................................................144
2) Kelompok Tiang ..............................................................................................145
i. Penurunan Tiang .............................................................................................. 146
1) Penurunan Tiang Tunggal ................................................................................146
2) Penurunan Kelompok Tiang ............................................................................147
j. Jarak Tiang ....................................................................................................... 147
k. Perancangan Pelat Penutup Tiap (Pile Cap) .................................................... 148
l. Tiang Penahan Gaya Tarik ke Atas ................................................................. 149
1) Tiang Tunggal ..................................................................................................149
2) Kelompok Tiang ..............................................................................................150
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m. Tiang Mendukung Beban Lateral .................................................................... 150
1) Tiang Ujung Tepi dan Tiang Ujung Bebas ......................................................150
2) Gaya Lateral Ijin ..............................................................................................151
3) Hitungan Tahanan Beban Lateral Ultimit ........................................................151
4) Defleksi Tiang Vertikal....................................................................................153
5) Tiang Miring ....................................................................................................154
n. Kekuatan Bahan Tiang ..................................................................................... 155
o. Ikatan Tiang-tiang dengan Pelat Penutup Tiang .............................................. 156
BAB III - METODOLOGI ....................................................................................................157
3.1. SKEMA (FLOWCHART) PERENCANAAN........................................................157
3.2. PENGUMPULAN DATA .....................................................................................159
3.3. PENGOLAHAN DATA ........................................................................................160
BAB IV - ANALISA DATA .................................................................................................162
4.1. TINJAUNAN UMUM ...........................................................................................162
4.2. ANALISA HYDRO-OCEANOGRAPHY ...............................................................162
4.2.1. Mawar Angin (Windrose) ..................................................................................162
4.2.2. Analisa Pasang Surut .........................................................................................164
4.2.3. Analisa Gelombang ............................................................................................166
a. Panjang Fetch ...................................................................................................... 166
b. Peramalan Gelombang dengan Fetch .................................................................. 176
1. Estimasi Angin Permukaan Laut .....................................................................176
2. Tegangan Angin ...............................................................................................178
3. Peramalan Gelombang Perairan Dalam ...........................................................180
c. Mawar Gelombang (Waverose) ........................................................................... 182
d. Statistik Gelombang ............................................................................................ 182
e. Kala Gelombang .................................................................................................. 183
1) Metode Fisher-Tippet Tipe I ............................................................................184
2) Metode Weibull ...............................................................................................187
4.3. LAYOUT RENCANA ...........................................................................................194
4.3.1. Pelabuhan ...........................................................................................................194
a. Data Kapal ........................................................................................................... 194
b. Kedalaman Alur ................................................................................................... 194
c. Lebar Alur Pelayaran ........................................................................................... 195
d. Kolam Pelabuhan ................................................................................................. 196
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4.3.2. Layout Pelabuhan...............................................................................................196
a. Layout Breakwater .............................................................................................. 199
b. Layout Dermaga .................................................................................................. 199
4.4. ANALISA HASIL PENGUJIAN TANAH ...........................................................200
4.4.1. Sondir .................................................................................................................201
4.4.2. Boring & SPT ....................................................................................................207
4.4.3. Hasil Analisa Properti Tanah .............................................................................209
BAB V - PERENCANAAN ..............................................................................................211
5.1. DERMAGA ...........................................................................................................211
5.1.1. Penentuan Elevasi Dermaga ..............................................................................211
5.1.2. Panjang Dermaga ...............................................................................................214
5.1.3. Lebar Dermaga...................................................................................................214
5.1.4. Pembebanan Struktur Dermaga .........................................................................217
a. Gaya Vertikal ................................................................................................... 217
1) Beban mati (dead load) ....................................................................................217
2) Beban hidup (live load) ....................................................................................217
a) Beban “T” .....................................................................................................217
b) Beban “D” ....................................................................................................218
3) Beban kejut ......................................................................................................220
4) Beban air hujan (R) ..........................................................................................220
b. Beban horizontal (lateral) ................................................................................ 220
1) Gaya benturan kapal ........................................................................................220
2) Gaya tarikan kapal ...........................................................................................224
3) Gaya akibat angin ............................................................................................224
4) Gaya akibat arus ...............................................................................................226
5) Gaya akibat gelombang....................................................................................227
6) Gaya akibat gempa ...........................................................................................232
c. Kombinasi Pembebanan Dermaga ................................................................... 235
5.1.5. Perhitungan Pelat Lantai Dermaga ....................................................................236
a. Penentuan Tebal Pelat Lantai (h) ..................................................................... 237
b. Perhitungan Tulangan Pelat Lantai .................................................................. 238
5.1.6. Perhitungan Balok Beton Dermaga ...................................................................246
a. Penentuan dimensi balok ................................................................................. 246
Batas bidang longsor
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b. Perhitungan Tulangan Balok Dermaga ............................................................ 250
1) Balok Memanjang 250 x 500 (B1)...................................................................255
a) Tulangan lapangan bawah (tulangan tarik) ..................................................255
b) Tulangan lapangan atas (tulangan tekan) .....................................................255
c) Tulangan tumpuan atas (tulangan tarik) .......................................................256
d) Tulangan tumpuan bawah (tulangan tekan) .................................................256
e) Tulangan geser (sengkang) tumpuan............................................................256
f) Tulangan geser (sengkang) lapangan ...........................................................257
2) Balok Melintang 200 x 400 (B2) .....................................................................259
a) Tulangan lapangan bawah (tulangan tarik) ..................................................259
b) Tulangan lapangan atas (tulangan tekan) .....................................................259
c) Tulangan tumpuan atas (tulangan tarik) .......................................................260
d) Tulangan lapangan atas (tulangan tekan) .....................................................260
e) Tulangan geser (sengkang) tumpuan............................................................260
f) Tulangan geser (sengkang) lapangan ...........................................................261
3) Balok Listplank 300 x 1000 (B3).....................................................................263
a) Tulangan lapangan bawah (tulangan tarik) ..................................................263
b) Tulangan lapangan atas (tulangan tekan) .....................................................263
c) Tulangan tumpuan atas (tulangan tarik) .......................................................264
d) Tulangan tumpuan bawah (tulangan tekan) .................................................264
e) Tulangan geser (sengkang) tumpuan............................................................264
f) Tulangan geser (sengkang) lapangan ...........................................................265
5.1.7. Perhitungan Poer (Pile Cap)...............................................................................267
a. Poer Tipe 1 (single pile ”850x850”) ............................................................... 267
b. Poer Tipe 2 (double pile ”1500x1000”) .......................................................... 267
5.1.8. Perhitungan Tiang Pancang Dermaga ................................................................270
a. Tiang Pancang Tegak ....................................................................................... 271
b. Tiang Pancang Miring...................................................................................... 273
5.1.9. Fender ................................................................................................................276
a. Fender sisi depan dermaga ............................................................................... 276
b. Fender sisi belakang dermaga .......................................................................... 280
5.1.10. Alat Penambat ....................................................................................................285
a. Alat penambat untuk sisi depan demaga .......................................................... 285
b. Alat penambat untuk sisi belakang demaga ..................................................... 286
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5.1.11. Perhitungan Pondasi Dermaga ...........................................................................288
a. Data Teknis pondasi ......................................................................................... 288
b. Perhitungan Daya Dukung Tiang Pancang ...................................................... 289
1) Tahanan gesek ultimit ......................................................................................289
2) Tahanan ujung ..................................................................................................289
3) Kapasitas ultimit netto tiang ............................................................................290
4) Efisiensi kelompok tiang pancang ...................................................................290
c. Perhitungan Tiang Menahan Gaya Tarik ke Atas ............................................ 291
5.2. TRESTLE................................................................................................................262
5.2.1. Penentuan Elevasi Trestle ..................................................................................262
5.2.2. Panjang Trestle...................................................................................................293
5.2.3. Lebar Trestle ......................................................................................................293
5.2.4. Pembebanan Struktur Trestle .............................................................................296
a. Gaya Vertikal ................................................................................................... 296
1) Beban mati (dead load) ....................................................................................296
2) Beban hidup (live load) ....................................................................................296
a) Beban “T” .....................................................................................................296
b) Beban “D” ....................................................................................................297
3) Beban kejut ......................................................................................................299
4) Beban air hujan (R) ..........................................................................................299
b. Beban horizontal (lateral) ................................................................................ 299
a. Gaya akibat gempa ...........................................................................................299
c. Kombinasi Pembebanan Trestle ...................................................................... 302
5.2.5. Perhitungan Pelant Lantai Trestle ......................................................................302
a. Penentuan Tebal Pelat Lantai (h) ..................................................................... 304
b. Perhitungan Tulangan Pelat Lantai .................................................................. 304
5.2.6. Perhitungan Balok Beton Trestle .......................................................................313
a. Penentuan dimensi balok ................................................................................. 313
b. Perhitungan Tulangan Balok Trestle ............................................................... 317
1) Balok Memanjang 250 x 500 (BT1) ................................................................323
2) Balok Memanjang 150 x 300 (BT2) ................................................................325
5.2.7. Perhitungan Poer (Pile Cap) 700x700 cm ..........................................................327
5.2.8. Perhitungan Tiang Pancang Trestle ...................................................................328
5.2.9. Perhitungan Pondasi...........................................................................................330
a. Data Teknis pondasi ......................................................................................... 330
xiv
b. Perhitungan Daya Dukung Tiang Pancang ...................................................... 331
1) Tahanan gesek ultimit ......................................................................................331
2) Tahanan ujung ..................................................................................................331
3) Kapasitas ultimit netto tiang ............................................................................332
4) Efisiensi kelompok tiang pancang ...................................................................332
c. Perhitungan Tiang Menahan Gaya Tarik ke Atas ............................................ 332
5.3. CAUSEWAY ...........................................................................................................334
5.3.1. Dimensi Causeway.............................................................................................334
a. Elevasi Puncak Causeway ................................................................................ 336
b. Berat Butir Lapis Pelindung Causeway ........................................................... 336
c. Tebal Lapis Pelindung Causeway .................................................................... 337
d. Jumlah Batu Pelindung Causeway ................................................................... 337
5.3.2. Analisa Daya Dukung Tanah Causeway ............................................................338
a. Kapasitas Daya dunkung tanah ........................................................................ 341
b. Kapasitas Ultimit Daya Dunkung Tanah ......................................................... 342
c. Penurunan Total Konstruksi Causeway ........................................................... 344
d. Stabilitas Lereng (Slope Stability) ................................................................... 345
5.4. AREA REKLAMASI ............................................................................................351
5.4.1. Pendimensian Konstruksi Penahan Tanah Area Reklamasi ..............................351
5.4.2. Analisa Daya Dukung Tanah .............................................................................352
5.4.3. Prediksi Penurunan Total Konstruksi ................................................................355
5.4.4. Stabilitas Lereng (Slope Stability) .....................................................................356
BAB VI - SPESIFIKASI TEKNIK........................................................................................360
PASAL 1 : PERATURAN UMUM ..................................................................................360
PASAL 2 : LINGKUP PEKERJAAN ...............................................................................361
PASAL 3 : PEKERJAAN PERSIAPAN ...........................................................................362
PASAL 4 : SETTING OUT / UITZET................................................................................362
PASAL 5 : PATOK-PATOK REFERENSI DAN BOUWPLANK ..................................363
PASAL 6 : MATERIAL ....................................................................................................363
PASAL 7 : KODE, STANDARD, SERTIFIKASI DAN LITERATUR PABRIK ...........363
PASAL 8 : PENJELASAN SYARAT-SYARAT KERJA DANADMINISTRASI ..........364
PASAL 9 : LALU LINTAS ...............................................................................................364
PASAL 10 : CUACA .........................................................................................................364
PASAL 11 : FASILITAS SEMENTARA .........................................................................365
PASAL 12 : PERALATAN ...............................................................................................365
xv
PASAL 13 : JADWAL PELAKSANAAN ........................................................................365
PASAL 14 : KESELAMATAN KERJA ...........................................................................366
PASAL 15 : PEMERIKSAAN PEKERJAAN ..................................................................366
PASAL 16 : BAHAN AGREGAT BETON ......................................................................367
PASAL 17 : BAJA TULANGAN......................................................................................368
PASAL 18 : SEMEN .........................................................................................................368
PASAL 19 : AIR KERJA ..................................................................................................369
PASAL 20 : BEKISTING ..................................................................................................369
PASAL 21 : GEOTEXTILE ..............................................................................................370
PASAL 22 : TIANG PANCANG BAJA ...........................................................................371
PASAL 23 : MOBILISASI DAN DEMOBILISASI .........................................................371
PASAL 24 : PEKERJAAN TANAH .................................................................................373
PASAL 25 : PEKERJAAN PENGECORAN BETON ......................................................374
Pasal 26 : PERCOBAAN CAMPURAN (MIX DESIGN) .................................................375
Pasal 27 : PEKERJAAN CAUSEWAY ............................................................................375
Pasal 28 : PEMANCANGAN TIANG ..............................................................................376
Pasal 29 : SISTEM FENDER ............................................................................................379
Pasal 30 : ALAT PENAMBAT (BITT & BOLLARD) .......................................................380
Pasal 31 : PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN .........................................................................381
Pasal 32 : PENUTUP .........................................................................................................381
BAB VII – RENCANA ANGGARAN BIAYA ....................................................................382
7.1. REKAPITULASI RENCANA ANGGRAN BIAYA ............................................383
7.2. DAFTAR KUANTITAS DAN HARGA ...............................................................384
7.3. ANALISA HARGA SATUAN PEKERJAAN ......................................................386
7.4. DAFTAR HARGA SATUAN UPAH ...................................................................400
7.5. DAFTAR HARGA SATUAN ALAT ...................................................................400
7.6. DAFTAR HARGA SATUAN BAHAN ................................................................401
7.7. NETWORK PLANNING (NWP)..........................................................................403
7.8. GANTT CHART ...................................................................................................404
7.9. JADWAL PELAKSANAAN ”KURVA S”...........................................................405
BAB VIII – PENUTUP .........................................................................................................406
8.1. KESIMPULAN ......................................................................................................406
8.2. SARAN ..................................................................................................................409
xvi
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................................ 410
LAMPIRAN
GAMBAR RENCANA....................................................................................... LAMPIRAN A
LEMBAR ASISTENSI....................................................................................... LAMPIRAN B
SURAT-SURAT ADMINISTRASI TUGAS AKHIR ....................................... LAMPIRAN C
LAPORAN SURVEY......................................................................................... LAMPIRAN D
DATA ANGIN.................................................................................................... LAMPIRAN E
DATA PASANG SUSUT................................................................................... LAMPIRAN F
DATA TANAH .................................................................................................. LAMPIRAN G
DAFTAR HARGA SATUAN ............................................................................ LAMPIRAN H
TABEL-TABEL PERHITUNGAN..................................................................... LAMPIRAN I
BROSUR-BROSUR ............................................................................................ LAMPIRAN J
PETA LAUT NO. 259 ........................................................................................
LAMPIRAN K
Batas bidang longsor
DAFTAR GAMBAR
xvii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 : Lokasi Dermaga Lanal Tarakan – Kaltim ............................................................3
Gambar 2.1 : Mawar angin ......................................................................................................13
Gambar 2.2 : Tipe pasang surut ...............................................................................................15
Gambar 2.3 : Kedudukan bumi-bulan-matahari saat pasang ...................................................16
Gambar 2.4 : Variasi pasang surut karena perubahan tata letak ..............................................17
Gambar 2.5 : Kurva pasang surut dan beberapa elevasi muka air ...........................................19
Gambar 2.6 : Definisi gelombang ............................................................................................21
Gambar 2.7 : Profil muka air karena adanya gelombang .........................................................22
Gambar 2.8 : Distribusi kecepatan partikel pada kedalaman ...................................................24
Gambar 2.9 : gerak orbit partikel air di laut dangkal, transisi dan dalam ................................25
Gambar 2.10 : Tekanan gelombang .........................................................................................25
Gambar 2.11 : Refraksi gelombang .........................................................................................27
Gambar 2.12 : Refraksi gelombang pada kontur lurus dan sejajar ..........................................28
Gambar 2.13 : Difraksi gelombang di belakang rintangan ......................................................30
Gambar 2.14 : Profil muka air di depan bangunan vertical .....................................................32
Gambar 2.15 : Grafik tinggi gelobang pecah ...........................................................................36
Gambar 2.16 : Grafik kedalaman gelombang pecah ................................................................37
Gambar 2.17 : Pencatatan gelombang di suatu tempat ............................................................38
Gambar 2.18 : Grafik hubungan antara kecepatan angin di laut dan darat ..............................40
Gambar 2.19 : Fetch .................................................................................................................41
Gambar 2.20 : Grafik peramalan gelombang ...........................................................................42
Gambar 2.21 : Dimensi Kapal .................................................................................................45
Gambar 2.22 : Penjelasan rumus 2.34 .....................................................................................55
Gambar 2.23 : Kedalaman Alur Pelayaran ..............................................................................57
Gambar 2.24 : Pengaruh Gelombang pada Gerak Kapal .........................................................59
Gambar 2.25 : Lebar Alur ........................................................................................................60
Gambar 2.26 : Alur Pada Belokan ...........................................................................................62
Gambar 2.27 : Wharf Kontruksi Terbuka ................................................................................69
Gambar 2.28 : Wharf Penahan Tanah dari Turap Berbentuk Sel ............................................70
Gambar 2.29 : Turap Penahan Tanah dengan Angker .............................................................70
Gambar 2.30 : Turap Penahan Tanah dengan Tang Miring.....................................................71
Gambar 2.31 : Wharf dari Kaison ............................................................................................71
Gambar 2.32 : Metode Pemasangan Kaison ............................................................................72
Gambar 2.33 : Pier Berbentuk T dan L ....................................................................................73
xviii
Gambar 2.34 : Pier Berbentuk Jari ..........................................................................................73
Gambar 2.35 : Jetty Kapal Tanker ...........................................................................................74
Gambar 2.36 : Dimensi Wharf .................................................................................................74
Gambar 2.37 : Lebar Apron .....................................................................................................76
Gambar 2.38 : Pier berbentuk jari untuk dua tambatan ...........................................................77
Gambar 2.39 : Pier berbentuk jari untuk empat tambatan .......................................................77
Gambar 2.40 : Posisi Kapal saat Merapat ................................................................................80
Gambar 2.41 : Koefisien Blok .................................................................................................81
Gambar 2.42 : Benturan Kapal pada Dermaga ........................................................................86
Gambar 2.43 : Bentuk Alat Pengikat .......................................................................................89
Gambar 2.44 : Diagram Fase Tanah ........................................................................................92
Gambar 2.45 : Distribusi Ukuran Butiran Tanah ....................................................................95
Gambar 2.46 : Kuat Geser Tanah Granuler .............................................................................96
Gambar 2.47 : Kuat Geser Tanah Kohesif untuk Kondisi .......................................................96
Gambar 2.48 : Metode Uji Kuat Geser Tanah ........................................................................97
Gambar 2.49 : Rembesan di dalam Tanah ...............................................................................98
Gambar 2.50 : Pemeriksaan Tanah dengan Cara Lubang Uji ................................................102
Gambar 2.51 : Bor Tangan .....................................................................................................103
Gambar 2.52 : Pengujian dengan cara Bor Cuci ....................................................................103
Gambar 2.53 : Pengujian dengan cara Pencucian Tanah .......................................................104
Gambar 2.54 : Bor Putar ........................................................................................................105
Gambar 2.55 : Contoh Penggambaran Simbol-simbol Jenis Tanah ......................................106
Gambar 2.56 : a) Konus Keadaan Tertekan, b) Konus Keadaan Terbentang ........................108
Gambar 2.57 : Rangkaian Alat Penetrasi Konus (Sondir Belanda) .......................................109
Gambar 2.58 : Rincian Penekan Hidraulik ............................................................................109
Gambar 2.59 : Kedudukan Pergerakan Konus Pada Waktu Pengujian Sondir ......................110
Gambar 2.60 : Sistem Gaya Waktu Pengujian Sondir ...........................................................112
Gambar 2.61 : Contoh Grafik Hasil Uji Sondir .....................................................................114
Gambar 2.62 : Uji Penetrasi Standar (SPT) ...........................................................................116
Gambar 2.63 : Uji Beban Plat ................................................................................................118
Gambar 2.64 : Uji Gesr Kipas................................................................................................119
Gambar 2.65 : Koreksi Kuat Geser Tak Terdrainasi Dari Uji Geser Kipas di Lapangan .....120
Gambar 2.66 : Denah Titik-titik Penyelidikan .......................................................................122
Gambar 2.67 : Kedalaman Lubang Bor .................................................................................123
Gambar 2.68 : Tiang Ditinjau dari cara Mendukung Bebannya ............................................126
Gambar 2.69 : Kelakuan Tiang Selama Pembebanan ............................................................127
xix
Gambar 2.70 : Pengaruh Pemancangan Tiang Pada Sudut Gesek Dalam Φ ........................128
Gambar 2.71 : Pengaruh pemancangan pada tekanan air pori Pengaruh tiang bor ...............128
Gambar 2.72 : Tahanan ujung dan tahanan gesek dan model bidang keruntuhan .................130
Gambar 2.73 : Hubungan zc/d dan Kd tg δ untuk tiang pada tanah pasir dan factor Fw .....133
Gambar 2.74 : Skema Pemukul Tiang ...................................................................................138
Gambar 2.75 : Alat Pancang Tiang ........................................................................................139
Gambar 2.76 : Notasi Dalam Rumus Dinamis Tiang Pancang. .............................................141
Gambar 2.77 : Tiang Dengan Lubang Untuk Semprotan Air ................................................142
Gambar 2.78 : Perbandingan Zone Tertekan Pada Tiang Tunggal Dan Kelompok Tiang ....143
Gambar 2.79 : Tiang Dipengaruhi Gaya Gesek Dinding .......................................................144
Gambar 3.1 : Bagan Alir Penyusunan Tugas Akhir ..............................................................158
Gambar 4.1 : Kurva Pasang Surut Bulan Maret 2009 ...........................................................165
Gambar 4.2 : Gambar Topografi Rencana Lokasi Dermaga .................................................167
Gambar 4.3 : Gambar Fetch Arah Selatan .............................................................................168
Gambar 4.4 : Gambar Fetch Arah Barat Daya ......................................................................170
Gambar 4.5 : Gambar Fetch Arah Barat ................................................................................172
Gambar 4.5 : Gambar Fetch Arah Barat Laut ........................................................................174
Gambar 4.6 : Gambar Contoh Pemakaian Grafik Untuk Konversi Kecepatan Angin ..........176
Gambar 4.7 : Grafik Perkiraan Tinggi Gelombang dengan Kala Ulang ................................187
Gambar 4.8 : Grafik Perkiraan Tinggi Gelombang dengan Kala Ulang ................................191
Gambar 4.9 : Grafik Perkiraan Tinggi Gelombang dengan Kala Ulang ................................192
Gambar 4.10 : Grafik Perkiraan Tinggi Gelombang dengan Kala Ulang ..............................192
Gambar 4.11 : Grafik Perkiraan Tinggi Gelombang dengan Kala Ulang ..............................193
Gambar 4.12 : Kedalaman Alur Pelayaran ............................................................................195
Gambar 4.13 : Lebar Alur Pelayaran Untuk Dua Arah .........................................................196
Gambar 4.14 : Rencana Layout Pelabuhan ............................................................................197
Gambar 4.15 : Tipikal Penampang Memanjang Pelabuhan...................................................198
Gambar 4.16 : Denah Lokasi Sondir (S) dan Bor (B) ............................................................200
Gambar 4.17 : Hasil Sondir Titik S1 .....................................................................................201
Gambar 4.18 : Grafik Penestrasi Sondir Titik S1 ..................................................................202
Gambar 4.19 : Grafik Friction Resistence Sondir Titik S1 ...................................................203
Gambar 4.20 : Hasil Sondir Titik S2 .....................................................................................204
Gambar 4.21 : Grafik Penestrasi Sondir Titik S2 ..................................................................205
Gambar 4.22 : Grafik Friction Resistence Sondir Titik S2 ...................................................206
Gambar 4.23 : Bor Log B1 .....................................................................................................207
Gambar 4.24 : Bor Log B2 .....................................................................................................208
xx
Gambar 4.25 : Hasil Test Laboratorium Sifat Mekanik Tanah B1 ........................................209
Gambar 4.26 : Hasil Test Laboratorium Sifat Mekanik Tanah B2 ........................................210
Gambar 5.1 : grafik untuk mencari nilai 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻′0 ....................................................................212
Gambar 5.2 : Grafik penentuan nilai Sea Water Rise (∆h) ....................................................213
Gambar 5.3 : Penentuan Elevasi Lantai Dermaga .................................................................214
Gambar 5.4 : Dimensi Panjang & Lebar Dermaga ................................................................215
Gambar 5.5 : Penampang Melintang Dermaga 1 Jalur ..........................................................216
Gambar 5.6 : Penampang Melintang Dermaga 2 Jalur (Manuver) ........................................216
Gambar 5.7 : Pembebanan Beban “T” pada Dermaga ...........................................................217
Gambar 5.8 : Penyaluran Beban “T” pada Dermaga .............................................................218
Gambar 5.9 : Beban “D’ & “P” pada Dermaga .....................................................................219
Gambar 5.10 : Grafik penentuan nilai r/l ...............................................................................221
Gambar 5.11 : Luas Penampang Kapal (KRI ARUN) yang Terkena Angin .........................225
Gambar 5.12 : Luas Penampang Kapal Patroli (KRI Boa) yang Terkena Angin ..................226
Gambar 5.13 : karakteristik gelombang (Airy Wave Theory) ................................................228
Gambar 5.14 : Kontur Kecepatan Gelombang (Airy Wave Theory) ......................................228
Gambar 5.15: Resultan Kecepatan & Arah Gelombang (Airy Wave Theory) .......................229
Gambar 5.16 : Diagram Kecepatan Horisontal Gelombang (Airy Wave Theory) .................229
Gambar 5.17 : Diagram Kecepatan Vertikal Gelombang (Airy Wave Theory) .....................230
Gambar 5.18 : Kontur Tekanan Gelombang (Airy Wave Theory) .........................................230
Gambar 5.19 : Diagram Tekanan Horisontal Gelombang (Airy Wave Theory) ....................231
Gambar 5.20 : Diagram Tekanan Vertikal Gelombang (Airy Wave Theory) ........................231
Gambar 5.21 : Peta Pembagian Wilayah Gempa di Indonesia ..............................................233
Gambar 5.22 : Grafik Koefisien Gempa Wilayah 2 ..............................................................234
Gambar 5.23 : Denah Pelat Lantai Dermaga 2 Jalur (Maneuver) ..........................................237
Gambar 5.24 : Pembebanan Pelat Kondisi 1 Roda di Tengah Pelat ......................................238
Gambar 5.25 : Denah Pembebanan Pelat Kondisi 1 Roda di Tengah Pelat ..........................239
Gambar 5.26 : Pembebanan Pelat Kondisi 2 Roda di Tengah Pelat ......................................239
Gambar 5.27 : Denah Pembebanan Pelat Kondisi 2 Roda di Tengah Pelat ..........................240
Gambar 5.28 : Kontur Momen Arah X (Mxx) Kondisi 1 ......................................................241
Gambar 5.29 : Kontur Momen Arah y (Myy) Kondisi 1 .......................................................242
Gambar 5.30 : Kontur Momen Arah X (Mxx) Kondisi 2 ......................................................242
Gambar 5.31 : Kontur Momen Arah Y (Myy) Kondisi 2 ......................................................243
Gambar 5.32 : Tulangan Arah X (Output Program SAFE) ...................................................243
Gambar 5.33 : Tulangan Arah Y (Output Program SAFE) ..................................................244
Gambar 5.34 : Denah Penulangan Pelat Lantai Dermaga......................................................245
xxi
Gambar 5.35 : Denah Balok Dermaga ...................................................................................246
Gambar 5.36 : Tipikal Penampang Melintang Dermaga .......................................................250
Gambar 5.37 : 3D Model Dermaga ........................................................................................251
Gambar 5.38 : Model Penampang Memanjang Dermaga ......................................................251
Gambar 5.39 : Model Penampang Melintang Dermaga ........................................................252
Gambar 5.40 : Model Diagram Gaya Dalam Akibat Gaya Vertikal ......................................253
Gambar 5.41 : Model Diagram Gaya Dalam Akibat Gaya Horisontal (Lateral) ...................254
Gambar 5.42 : Penampang Memanjang Tulangan Balok B1 ................................................258
Gambar 5.43 : Penampang Melintang Tulangan Balok B1 ...................................................258
Gambar 5.44 : Penampang Memanjang Tulangan Balok B2 ................................................262
Gambar 5.45 : Penampang Melintang Tulangan Balok B2 ...................................................262
Gambar 5.46 : Penampang Memanjang Tulangan Balok B3 ................................................266
Gambar 5.47 : Penampang Melintang Tulangan Balok B3 ...................................................266
Gambar 5.48 : Penulangan Pilecap Tipe 1 ............................................................................268
Gambar 5.49 : Penulangan Pilecap Tipe 2 ............................................................................269
Gambar 5.50 : Penampang Tiang Pancang Tegak .................................................................270
Gambar 5.51 : Pemasangan Pelindung Korosi Tiang Pancang ..............................................275
Gambar 5.52 : Detail Isian Beton Tiang Pancang..................................................................275
Gambar 5.53 : Pemasangan Fender Dermaga Sisi Depan .....................................................277
Gambar 5.54 : Pembebanan Plank Fender Sisi Depan Dermaga ...........................................278
Gambar 5.55 : Diagram Gaya Dalam Plank Fender Sisi Depan Dermaga ............................278
Gambar 5.56 : Penulangan Plank Fender Sisi Depan Dermaga .............................................280
Gambar 5.57 : Pemasangan Fender Dermaga Sisi Belakang Dermaga .................................282
Gambar 5.58 : Pembebanan Plank Fender Sisi Belakang Dermaga ......................................282
Gambar 5.59 : Diagram Gaya Dalam Plank Fender Sisi Belakang Dermaga .......................283
Gambar 5.60 : Penulangan Plank Fender Sisi Belakang Dermaga ........................................284
Gambar 5.61 : Pembebanan Bitt Sisi Depan Dermaga ..........................................................285
Gambar 5.62 : Pembebanan Bitt Sisi Belakang Dermaga .....................................................287
Gambar 5.63 : Elevasi Lantai Trestle ....................................................................................292
Gambar 5.64 : Dimensi Panjang dan Lebar Trestle ...............................................................294
Gambar 5.65 : Penampang Melintang Trestle 1 jalur ............................................................295
Gambar 5.66 : Penampang Melintang Trestle 2 jalur ............................................................295
Gambar 5.67 : Pembebanan Beban “T” pada Trestle ............................................................296
Gambar 5.68 : Penyaluran Beban “T” pada Trestle ..............................................................297
Gambar 5.69 : Beban “D’ & “P” pada Trestle .......................................................................298
Gambar 5.70 : Peta Pembagian Wilayah Gempa di Indonesia ..............................................300
xxii
Gambar 5.71 : Grafik Koefisien Gempa Wilayah 2 ..............................................................301
Gambar 5.72 : Denah Pelat Lantai Trestle 2 Jalur .................................................................303
Gambar 5.73 : Pembebanan Pelat Kondisi 1 Roda di Tengah Pelat ......................................304
Gambar 5.74 : Denah Pembebanan Pelat Kondisi 1 Roda di Tengah Pelat ..........................305
Gambar 5.75 : Pembebanan Pelat Kondisi 2 Roda di Tengah Pelat ......................................306
Gambar 5.76 : Denah Pembebanan Pelat Kondisi 2 Roda di Tengah Pelat ..........................307
Gambar 5.77 : Kontur Momen Arah X (Mxx) Kondisi 1 ......................................................308
Gambar 5.78 : Kontur Momen Arah y (Myy) Kondisi 1 .......................................................308
Gambar 5.79 : Kontur Momen Arah X (Mxx) Kondisi 2 ......................................................309
Gambar 5.80 : Kontur Momen Arah Y (Myy) Kondisi 2 ......................................................309
Gambar 5.81 : Tulangan Arah X (Output Program SAFE) ...................................................310
Gambar 5.82 : Tulangan Arah Y (Output Program SAFE) ...................................................310
Gambar 5.83 : Denah Penulangan Pelat Lantai Trestle .........................................................312
Gambar 5.84 : Denah Balok Trestle ......................................................................................313
Gambar 5.85 : Tipikal Penampang Melintang Trestle ...........................................................317
Gambar 5.86 : 3D Model Trestle ...........................................................................................318
Gambar 5.87 : Model Penampang Melintang Trestle ............................................................319
Gambar 5.88 : Model Diagram Moment (bidang M) Trestle Akibat Gaya Vertikal .............320
Gambar 5.89 : Model Diagram Gaya Geser (bidang D) Trestle Akibat Gaya Vertikal ........321
Gambar 5.90 : Model Diagram Gaya Normal (bidang N) Trestle Akibat Gaya Vertikal .....322
Gambar 5.91 : Penampang Memanjang Tulangan Balok BT1 ..............................................324
Gambar 5.92 : Penampang Melintang Tulangan Balok BT1 .................................................324
Gambar 5.93 : Penampang Memanjang Tulangan Balok BT2 ..............................................326
Gambar 5.94 : Penampang Tulangan Pilecap Trestle ...........................................................327
Gambar 5.95 : Rencana Tipikal Causeway ............................................................................335
Gambar 5.96 : Tipikal Penampang Melintang Causeway .....................................................337
Gambar 5.97 : Stratifikasi Lapisan Tanah .............................................................................338
Gambar 5.98 : Pemodelan Konstruksi Causeway pada Plaxis ..............................................340
Gambar 5.99 : Grafik Nilai Faktor Reduksi Terhadap Beban Timbunan ..............................342
Gambar 5.100 : Grafik Nilai Faktor Reduksi Terhadap Beban Permukaan causeway ..........343
Gambar 5.101 : Penurunan Total Maksimum Konstruksi Causeway ....................................344
Gambar 5.102 : Peningkatan Tekanan Air Pori Berlebih Konstruksi Causeway ..................344
Gambar 5.103 : Total Displacement Timbunan Tahap 1, dengan H = 1 meter ....................345
Gambar 5.104 : Total Displacement Timbunan Tahap 2, dengan H = 2 meter ...................346
Gambar 5.105 : Total Displacement Timbunan Tahap 3, dengan H = 3,3 meter .................346
xxiii
Gambar 5.106 : Total Displacement Saat Menerima Beban Q = 8 kN/m² ............................347
Gambar 5.107 : Total Displacement Saat Menerima Beban Ultimit (Qultimit
Gambar 5.108 : Evaluasi Faktor Keamanan (SF) Untuk Beberapa Tahap Penimbunan .......348
) .......................347
Gambar 5.109 : Tipikal Penampang Melintang Causeway Hasil Perhitungan ......................350
Gambar 5.110 : Penampang Melintang Konstruksi Penahan Tanah Area Reklamasi ...........351
Gambar 5.111 : Pembebanan & Stratifikasi Lapisan Tanah ..................................................352
Gambar 5.112 : Pemodelan Konstruksi Penahan Tanah Area Reklamasi pada Plaxix .........353
Gambar 5.113 : Penurunan Total Maksimum ........................................................................355
Gambar 5.114 : Evaluasi Faktor Keamanan (SF) ..................................................................356
Gambar 5.115 : Letak Bidang Longsong Lereng...................................................................357
Gambar 5.116 : Tipikal Penampang Konstruksi Penahan Tanah Area Reklamasi ................358
xxiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 : Skala Beaufort .......................................................................................................11
Tabel 2.2 : Data Prosentase Kejadian Angin tahun 1996 – 2008 ............................................12
Tabel 2.3 : Koefisien Refleksi .................................................................................................32
Tabel 2.4 : Karakteristik Kapal ................................................................................................48
Tabel 2.5 : Lebar Alur Menurut OCDI ....................................................................................61
Tabel 2.6 : Luas Kolam untuk Tambatan.................................................................................63
Tabel 2.7 : Luas Kolam untuk Tambatan Pelampung..............................................................64
Tabel 2.8 : Kedalaman Kolam Pelabuhan................................................................................65
Tabel 2.9 : Tinggi Gelombang Kritis di Pelabuhan .................................................................66
Tabel 2.10 : Kecepatan Merapat Kapal pada Dermaga ...........................................................79
Tabel 2.11 : Gaya Tarikan Kapal .............................................................................................83
Tabel 2.12 : Jarak Antara Fender .............................................................................................87
Tabel 2.13 : Penempatan Bitt ...................................................................................................89
Tabel 2.14 : Sistem Klasifikasi Tanah Unified ......................................................................100
Tabel 2.15 : Contoh Hasil Uji Penetrasi Konus Static ..........................................................113
Tabel 2.16 : Hubungan N dengan kerapatan relatif (Dr) tanah pasir .....................................116
Tabel 2.17 : Nilai Kd untuk tiang pada tanah granuler ..........................................................132
Tabel 2.18 : Faktor Aman yang Disarankan (Reese dan O’Neill, 1989) ..............................137
Tabel 2.19 : Koefisien Kd tg δ’ (Brom, 1976) ......................................................................145
Tabel 2.20 : Jarak tiang minimum Teng (1962) ....................................................................148
Tabel 2.21 : Beban lateral ijin pada tiang vertikal .................................................................151
Tabel 2.22 : Hubungan modulus subgrade (k1
Tabel 2.23 : Nilai n
) dengan kuat geser undrained ......................153
h
Tabel 2.24 : Cara pengangkatan tiang dan momen lentur statis maksimum .........................156
(Paulos dan Davis 1980) ......................................................................153
Tabel 3.1 : Data yang Diperlukan dalam Penyusunan Tugas Akhir .....................................160
Tabel 4.1 : Data Angin Maksimum Bulanan Tahun 1996 – Mei 2009 ..................................163
Tabel 4.2 : Tabel Perhitungan Fetch Efektif Arah Selatan ....................................................169
Tabel 4.3 : Tabel Perhitungan Fetch Efektif Arah Barat Daya..............................................171
Tabel 4.4 : Tabel Perhitungan Fetch Efektif Arah Barat .......................................................173
Tabel 4.5 : Tabel Perhitungan Fetch Efektif Arah Barat Laut ...............................................175
Tabel 4.6 : Data Angin Maksimum Bulanan Di Atas Permukaan Laut .................................177
Tabel 4.7 : Tabel Perhitungan Nilai Faktor Tegangan Angin (UA
Tabel 4.8 : Tabel Perhitungan Tinggi Gelombang Signifikan dan Periode Gelombang .......181
) .......................................179
Tabel 4.9 : Tabel Pencatatan Tinggi dan Periode Gelombang ...............................................182
xxv
Tabel 4.10 : Tabel Hitungan Gelombang Dengan Periode Ulang (Metode FT-I) .................184
Tabel 4.11 : Tabel Hitungan Gelombang dengan Periode Ulang Tertentu............................186
Tabel 4.12 : Tabel Koefisien untuk Menghitung Deviasi Standar (Metode FT-1) ................186
Tabel 4.13 : Tabel Hitungan Gelombang Dengan Periode Ulang (Metode Weibull) ...........188
Tabel 4.14 : Tabel Gelombang dengan Periode Ulang Tertentu k = 0,75) ............................189
Tabel 4.15 :Tabel Gelombang dengan Periode Ulang Tertentu (k = 1.0)..............................189
Tabel 4.16 :Tabel Gelombang dengan Periode Ulang Tertentu (k = 1.4)..............................190
Tabel 4.17 :Tabel Gelombang dengan Periode Ulang Tertentu (k = 2.0)..............................190
Tabel 4.18 :Tabel Koefisien untuk Menghitung Deviasi Standar (Metode Weibull) ............191
Tabel 4.18 :Tabel Perbandingan Gelombang Dengan Periode Ulang Tertentu ....................193
Tabel 5.1 : Perhitungan Subgrade Reaksi Tiang Pancang Dermaga .....................................249
Tabel 5.2 : Gaya Dalam yang Bekerja Pada Tiang Pancang Tegak ......................................271
Tabel 5.3 : Karakteristik Penampang Tiang Pancang Tegak .................................................271
Tabel 5.4 : Gaya Dalam yang Bekerja Pada Tiang Pancang Miring .....................................273
Tabel 5.5 : Karakteristik Penampang Tiang Pancang Miring ................................................273
Tabel 5.6 : Identifikasi lapisan tanah berdasarkan hasil pengeboran (B2) ............................289
Tabel 5.7 : Perhitungan Subgrade Reaksi Tiang Pancang Trestle .........................................316
Tabel 5.8 : Gaya Dalam yang Bekerja Pada Tiang Pancang Trestle .....................................328
Tabel 5.9 : Karakteristik Penampang Tiang Pancang Trestle ................................................328
Tabel 5.10 : Identifikasi lapisan tanah berdasarkan hasil pengeboran (B2) ..........................331
Tabel 5.11 : Sifat-sifat tanah dan antarmuka .........................................................................339