TGF-TGF- disintesis sebagai prekursor inaktif dan membutuhkan aktivasi sebelum menunjukkan efek nya.79 Molekul aktifnya adalah homodimer 25-kd dari dua 12,5-kd disulfide terkait monomer. TGF- adalah anggota super-family dari > 20 protein dimer berbeda yang berbagi struktur yang sama.80 Ada tiga isoform dari TGF- (ditunjukkan dengan TGF-1-3) yang diekspresikan dalam spesies mamalia.TGF- adalah suatu regulator penting dari proliferasi sel, diferensiasi, dan pembentukan matriks ekstraseluler.81 Secara In vitro, TGF- menghambat pertumbuhan sel yang berasal dari ektodermal.82 TGF- menginduksi diferensiasi sel skuamos dari sel epitel bronkhus manusia.83 TGF- telah ditunjukkan dapat menghambat proliferasi sel alveolus tipe II dan untuk menurunkan ekspresi protein A surfaktan dalam kultur eksplantasi paru-paru manusia dan dalam cell line adenocarcinoma paru-paru manusia..84 TGF- tampaknya berkontribusi pada fase fibroproliferative dari Acute Lung Injury dari berbagai agen injuri.85 Hal ini memainkan peran dalam mengatur matriks ekstraseluler dengan menurunkan degradasi dari protein matriks melalui pengurangan dalam sintesis protease dan peningkatan sintesis protease inhibitor.86Seperti banyak sitokin, TGF- memiliki efek baik proinflamasi, maupun efek anti-inflamasi. Sitokin ini berfungsi sebagai biological switching, antagonis, ataumodifikasi aktivitas dari sitokin dan faktor pertumbuhan lainnya. Kehadiran sitokin lain dapat memodulasi respon seluler terhadap TGF-, dan efeknya mungkin berbeda tergantung pada keadaan aktivasi sel.80 TGF- mampu mengubah sebuah tempat aktif dari inflamasi menjadi satu dominasi oleh resolusi dan repair.81 TGF- sering menunjukkan efek berbeda dengan aktivitas peningkatan imun di jaringan lokal dan aktivitas penekanan imun dalam sirkulasi sistemik.TGF-1 menekan proliferasi dan diferensiasi sel T dan sel B dan membatasi IL-2, IFN-, dan produksi TNF. TGF-1 bertindak sebagai deaktivator monosit/makrofag dengan cara yang sama untuk IL-10. 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