sumber daya listrik di rumah sakit

PERSYARATAN TEKNIS SUMBER DAYA LISTRIK

di RUMAH SAKIT

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Pemanfaatan Energi Listrik di Rumah Sakit.

SUMBER LISTRIK DISTRIBUSI BEBAN

PLNGeneratorUPS

Kabel/Penghantar Lampu-LampuPeralata-Peralatan

Ampermeter

Voltmeter

Frekuensimeter

kWmeter

kWhmeter

Cos phimeter

Persyaratan Teknis• Persyaratan sistem kelistrikan harus memenuhi :

(1) SNI 04-0227-1994 atau edisi terbaru; Tegangan standard.(2) SNI 04-0225-2011 atau edisi terbaru; Persyaratan Umum Instalasi Listrik (PUIL edisi terakhir).(3) SNI 04-7018-2004 atau edisi terbaru; Sistem pasokan daya listrik darurat dan siaga.(4) SNI 04-7019-2004 atau edisi terbaru; Sistem pasokan daya listrik darurat menggunakan energi tersimpan.(5) Untuk persyaratan lainnya atau yang belum memiliki SNI, dapat digunakan standar baku atau pedoman teknis yang diberlakukan oleh instansi yang berwenang

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Daerah Pelayanan di Rumah Sakit

a) Daerah pelayanan pasien. Setiap bagian dari fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan yang mana pasien

diperiksa dan diobati (Poliklinik).

b) Daerah pelayanan umum. Kamar tidur pasien, kamar periksa, kamar tindakan, klinik, dan

daerah serupa yang mana pasien akan bersentuhan dengan peralatan umum seperti sistem panggil perawat, tempat tidur listrik, lampu periksa, telepon dan alat hiburan. (Ruang rawat inap).

c) Daerah pelayanan kritis. Unit rawat khusus, unit rawat intensif, unit rawat jantung,

laboratorium angiography, laboratorium kateter jantung, ruang bersalin, ruang operasi,ruang pemulihan pasca anestesi, unit gawat darurat, dan daerah serupa yang mana pasien dimaksudkan untuk dikenai prosedur invasive dan disambungkan ke peralatan medik listrik yang berhubungan dengan perawatan pasien.

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Jumlah Stop Kontak untuk Layanan PasienKotak kontak untuk lokasi tempat tidur pasien di daerah

pelayanan umum.Setiap lokasi tempat tidur pasien harus disediakan minimal empat

kotak kontak.

Kotak kontak untuk lokasi tempat tidur pasien di daerah pelayanan kritis (ICU).Setiap lokasi tempat tidur pasien harus disediakan minimal enam

kotak kontak.

Kotal kontak untuk kamar mandi atau toilet. Kotak kontak tidak wajib di kamar mandi atau toilet.

Kotak kontak untuk daerah khusus.Kotak kontak tidak disyaratkan dalam daerah-daerah secara medik

tidak diperbolehkan (seperti psychiatry, pediatry, atau daerah hydrotherapy).

Kotak Kontak sebaiknya diberi warna; hijau = normal, kuning = normal+genset; merah; normal, genset, UPS

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Sistem Kelistrikan Esensial RS

AC

M

M

M

UPS

Transformator

Generator Set

Panel Utama Listrik

Panel Tenaga (N)

Panel Pencahayaan (N)

Panel Tenaga (N/S)

Panel Pencahayaan (N/S)

Panel Emergency (N/S/E)

Panel Emergency Pencahayaan(N/S/E)

Panel Emergency Tenaga (N/S/E)

Sumber Daya Listrik

• Sumber daya listrik pada Rumah Sakit umumnya dibagi menjadi 3, antara lain sebagai berikut.

• (A) Sumber Daya Listrik Normal• Sumber daya listrik normal adalah sumber

daya listrik utama gedung yang harus diusahakan menggunakan tenaga listrik dari PLN.

(B) Sumber Daya Listrik Siaga

• Sumber daya listrik siaga adalah berupa diesel generator (Genset) dan harus disediakan 2 (dua) unit dengan kapasitas minimal 40% dari jumlah daya terpasang pada masing-masing unit. Genset dilengkapi dengan sistem AMF dan ATS.

Sumber Daya Listrik Darurat• Sistem instalasi pada rumah sakit harus memiliki sumber daya listrik

darurat yang mampu melayani kelangsungan pelayanan seluruh atau sebagian beban pada bangunan rumah sakit apabila terjadi gangguan pada sumber listrik utama. Sumber daya listrik darurat tersebut harus mampu melayani semua beban penting termasuk untuk perlengkapan pengendali kebakaran, secara otomatis.

• Sumber listrik darurat yang umum digunakan adalah genset diesel dengan sistem ATS dan AMF (sama dengan sumber listrik siaga). Adapun pengelompokkan beban antara beban normal dan beban darurat dirancang pada panel utama tegangan rendah (LVMDP). Pada saat kebakaran, sistem ATS dan AMF secara otomatis akan :(1) memutuskan sumber listrik dari PLN;(2) memutuskan listrik untuk beban-beban normal; dan(3) menggantikan sumber listrik dari PLN menjadi Genset.

• Adapun untuk ruangan-ruangan dengan fungsi tertentu, pasokan daya listrik darurat berasal dari UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply). Ruangan-ruangan yang harus dipasangi UPS antara lain : ruang operasi, ruang perawatan intensif (ICU, NICU, PICU), dan ruang perawatan intensif khusus jantung (ICCU).

• Persyaratan untuk pengadaan UPS antara lain sebagai berikut.(1) Harus tersedia ruang UPS minimal 2 x 3 m2 (sesuai kebutuhan), terletak di ruang operasi rumah sakit, ruang perawatan intensif dan diberi pendingin ruangan.(2) Kapasitas UPS minimal 5 (lima) kVA atau sesuai kebutuhan menurut perhitungan dan perancangan.

• Instalasi beban darurat seperti pompa kebakaran, lift kebakaran, peralatan pengendali asap, sistem deteksi dan alarm kebakaran, sistem komunikasi darurat, dan beban darurat lainnya harus terpisah dari instalasi beban normal; dan harus dilindungi dari resiko terbakar saat terjadi kebakaran. Jenis perlindungan yang bisa dijadikan alternatif pilihan adalah dengan menggunakan kabel instalasi tahan api sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku.

Prasyarat Sumber dayalistrik RS

• Kapasitas• Kualitas

• Kontinyuitas

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Panel Utama Listrik (Main switchgear)

Generators

UPSs and a generator in a network design

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BACK UP GANSETAGANSET

BGANSET

CGANSET

DGANSET

ATS

Jenis gangguan Listrik

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POWER DISTURBANCES

• CAUSES• TYPES• DURATION• RESULTING PROBLEMS• COMMENTS• WHAT THE POWER UTILITY CAN DO• WHAT THE ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER (OEM) CAN DO• WHAT YOU CAN DO• PROTECTIVE DEVICES

Disturbance Sources: Electric Utility

• Accidents– Operational– Vehicles– Contractors– Explosion & Fire

• Natural Causes– Weather– Wear and Tear

• Normal Systems Operation– Load Switching– Fault Clearing– Load Management

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Power Disturbances

50/80 HertzPure Sinewave

With NoiseWith High-Speed Spike

With Ringing Transient With SAG/DIG With Surge/Swell

With Frequency ChangeInteruption in Service20

The Problem Categories

Sags

OutageSp

ike

NoiseWav

efront

Variati

onsFrequency

VariationsSurges

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Number 1 Reason for Loss of Power on the Critical Bus Is Due to

HUMAN ERROR

Human Error60%

Distribution15%

Site Infrastructure

12%

Battery13%

Where Errors Accumulate

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The Effects of Power Disturbances

Electrical Noise & Transients62.6/Month

48.79%Spikes

Transients50.7/Month

39.52%Mains

Failures0.6/Month

0.47%

Sags, Surges & Brownouts14.4/Month

11.22%

A typical mains supply is quite polluted.

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Disturbance Sources: Facility• Inadequate

Supply– Steady State– Dynamic– Emergencies

• Inadequate Distribution– Capacity– Coordination

• Normal Facility Operation– Load Switching– Fault Clearing– Operator Error

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CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• STORM ACTIVITY – LIGHTNING, WIND• OBJECTS COMING IN CONTACT WITH POWER LINE AND TRIPPING

BREAKER – TREE BRANCHES, ANIMALS, OTHER• UTILITY FAULT CLEARING• CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY• ACCIDENTS – MOTOR VEHICLE, OTHER• EQUIPMENT FAILURE• OVERLOADING• LOAD SWITCHING• NON-LINEAR LOADS• POOR GROUNDING

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TYPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• INTERRUPTION• SAG, UNDER VOLTAGE• SURGE, OVER VOLTAGE• VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION• FREQUENCY VARIATION• SPIKES / TRANSIENTS

IMPULSIVE OSCILLATORY

• WAVEFORM DISTORTION DC OFFSET HARMONICS NOTCHING NOISE

• VOLTAGE IMBALANCE

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DURATION OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• INSTANTANEOUS - ½ CYCLE (8 1/3 ms) OR LESS• MOMENTARY - ½ CYCLE TO 3 SEC• TEMPORARY - 3 SEC TO 1 MIN• SUSTAINED - GREATER THAN 1 MINUTE

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CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS RESULTING FROMPOWER DISTURBANCES

• DISRUPTIVE EQUIPMENT DOES NOT OPERATE AS INTENDED

• DISSIPATIVE EQUIPMENT EXPERIENCES REPEATED STRESSES THAT LEAD TO FAILURE LATER FOR NO

APPARENT REASON

• DESTRUCTIVE EQUIPMENT FAILS AT THE INSTANT THE DISTURBANCE OCCURS

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WHAT THE POWER UTILITY CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• INSTALL STORM RESISTANT WIRING• USE INFRA RED SCANNING TO DETECT WEAK SPOTS IN POWER LINES• INSTALL REMOTE CONTROLLED RADIO SWITCHES TO RESTORE POWER

QUICKLY• CLEAR TREE LIMBS AWAY FROM POWER LINES

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WHAT YOU CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• BUY EQUIPMENT THAT HAS INTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES FOR EXAMPLE, BATTERY BACK UP FOR ANY APPLIANCE THAT CONTAINS A CLOCK

• USE ONE OR MORE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES SURGE PROTECTORS LINE FILTERS ISOLATION TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONER UPS

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PROTECTIVE DEVICES OTHER THAN UPS

• SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES – SPD’SPROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES OF LIMITED ENERGY

METAL OXIDE VARISTORS – MOV DIODES GAS TUBES LCR FILTERS HYBRIDS

• LINE FILTERSFILTERS OUT HARMONICS, TRANSIENTS AND NOISE

• ISOLATION TRANSFORMERELIMINATES DC OFFSET AND NOISE

• VOLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONERAUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS FOR UNDER AND OVER VOLTAGES

CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER - CVT MOTORIZED VARIAC

Power Solutions

PowerProblem

Standby PowerSystem

Generator

Power Conditioner

CVT

TVSS AutomaticVoltage

Stabiliser (AVS)

UPS(online) Dual Conversion

Mains Failures Sags /Brownouts Surges Spikes / Transients High Frequency Noise Frequency Variation

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WHY USE A UPS?

• PROTECTS AGAINST MULTIPLE TYPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES• ONLY DEVICE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST AN OUTAGE• OFFERS PROTECTION AGAINST

EQUIPMENT NOT OPERATING PROPERLYCOMPUTER AND EQUIPMENT DAMAGEDATA LOSSTIME AND EXPENSE TO RECOVER BACK TO WHERE YOU WERE, IF

EVEN POSSIBLE

UPS TechnologiesPower Problem Off-Line Line Interactive On-Line

Double Conversion

Mains Failures Sags / Brownouts Surges Spikes / Transients High Frequency Noise Harmonic Distortion Frequency Variation No Break Change-over

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POWER DISTURBANCESAND

PROTECTIVE DEVICES

SURGE PROTECTOR

LINE FILTER ISOLATION TRANSFORMER

VOLTAGE REGULATING

LINE CONDITIONER

ON-LINE UPS

INTERRUPTION YESSAG, UNDER VOLTAGE YES YES

SURGE, OVER VOLTAGE YES YESVOLTAGE FLUCTUATION YES YESFREQUENCY VARIATION YES

IMPULSIVE YES YES YESOSCILLATORY YES YES YES

DC OFFSET YES YESHARMONICS YES YES

INTERHARMONICS YESNOTCHING YES YES

NOISE YES YES YESVOLTAGE IMBALANCE YES

PROTECTIVE DEVICE OFFER PROTECTION?

WAVEFORM DISTORTION

SPIKES / TRANSIENTS

POWER DISTURBANCE

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UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)• Protects against sags, brownouts, and blackouts.• What devices should be supported by UPS?

– Factors to consider: cost, importance of service, quality of ac line power.

– Every network file server should have power backup.– Any critical devices (hubs, bridges, switches, routers)

should be backed up.• UPS is for outages of short duration (on average, < 15 min).

– For extended periods of time, a generator is needed.

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UPS Components

• Batteries - storage of electrical energy (DC).– Larger batteries (greater storage capacity) mean

UPS can supply backup power longer.• Battery Charger - keeps batteries fully charged

when ac line power is available.• Power Inverter - converts DC voltage from

batteries into AC line voltage.

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UPS Operation• Basic UPS (also called line-interactive UPS or switched UPS):

– Monitors power line.– When line power is interrupted, UPS switches to inverter

powered by batteries.– Transfer time - time UPS takes to switch over to inverter power -

typically a few milli-secs.• More expensive on-line UPS:

– Operates continuously on-line, supplying AC power from inverter.– Batteries are charged from AC line voltage.– Transfer time is zero.

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Basic UPS Block Diagram• S1 & S2 normally closed, S3 & S4 normally

open. When AC voltage is lost, the inverter switches on, S1 & S2 open, and S3 & S4 close.

Uninterruptible power supply• An uninterruptible power supply (UPS)-is a device

that contains surge protection circuits and one or more batteries that can provide power during a temporary or permanent loss of power– A UPS connects between your computer and a power

source– UPS software can shut down computers cleanly if power is

out for a pre-specified number of minutes

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On-line UPS Block Diagram

• Operates continuously on-line.• Transfer time is zero.

Two types of UPS• Two types of UPS devices are standby and online

– Standby UPS-sometimes called an offline UPS, switches to battery power when a problem occurs in the power line. The amount of time a standby UPS allows a user to continue working depends on the electrical requirements of the computer and the size of the batteries in the UPS

• UPS for a PC should be 10 to 30 minutes• Time to save current work and shut down the computer properly

– Online UPS-always runs off the battery, which provides continuous protection

• More expensive than a standby UPS

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Uninterruptible Power Supply• UPS: device with a built-in battery, power conditioning,

and surge protection– A standby UPS normally supplies power to plugged-in

devices by passing the AC power directly from the wall outlet to the device receptacle

– An online UPS supplies power continuously to plugged-in devices through the UPS battery, which is recharged by the wall outlet power

– Power conditioning cleans the power, removing noise caused by other devices on the same circuit

– Surge protection keeps the computer from being affected by sags or spikes in power flow

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UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supplies)• Battery-operated power source directly attached

to one or more devices and to power supply – Prevents undesired features of outlet’s A/C power

from harming device or interrupting services– Standby UPS: provides continuous voltage to device

• Switch to battery when power loss detected– Online UPS: uses power from wall outlet to

continuously charge battery, while providing power to network device through battery

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Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs)• A standby or offline UPS is an offline battery backup that

detects the interruption of power to the power equipment• A ferroresonant standby UPS is still an offline UPS

– the ferroresonant transformer reduces power problems• The line-interactive UPS is always connected to the output, so

has a much faster response time and incorporates power conditioning and line filtering

• The true online UPS works in the opposite fashion to a standby UPS since the primary power source is the battery, with the power feed from the utility constantly recharging the batteries– this model allows constant feed to the system, while completely

eliminating power quality problems

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UPS - Line interactive (Off Line)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

BatteryCharger

UPS

VoltageStabiliser

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MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Charger

Normal Operation

VoltageStabiliser

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MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

BatteryCharger

Mains Failure

VoltageStabiliser

£ = Square wave ££ = Stepped or Quasi sinewave

£££ = Sinewave

2-20mSecsbreak in supply (£)

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On-Line Dual Conversion (VFI)

MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Converter

On line UPS

Static/Maintenance Bypass

VFI = Voltage and Frequency Independent

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MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Converter

NORMAL OPERATION

V +/- 20%45-65Hz

V +/- 1%+/-1%Hz

VdcVac Vac



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MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Converter

MAINS FAIL

V +/- 1%+/-0.05%Hz

Vdc Vac



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MAINS INPUT

OUTPUT LOAD

Inverter

Battery

Converter

OVERLOAD/FAULT

Vac



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Standards BS EN 62040: UPS Industry standard

• BS EN 62040-1-1:2003 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements for UPS used in operator access areas

• BS EN 62040-1-2:2003 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). General and safety requirements for UPS used in restricted access locations

• BS EN 62040-3:2001 Uninterruptible power systems (UPS). Method of specifying the performance and test requirements

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Off-Line UPS

Good

TVSS&

FiltersControl

Charger Off - LineInverter *

* Intermittent - Duty RatedBattery

Load

Off-Line Uninterruptible Power Supply: Elements

Sour

ce

Line-Interactive UPS

Better

TVSS&

Filters

VoltageBoost

Bi - DirectionalInverter

&Control

Battery

Sour

ce

Load

Line - Interactive UPS:Elements

On-Line UPS

Best

TVSS&

Filters

PFC Rectifier Inverter

Charger DC - To - DCConverter

Battery

Load

Inpu

t

Bypass

On - Line UPS:Elements

Kamar Bedah yang membutuhkan Elektrikal Esensial

Ruang ICU/ICCU

Kamar Operasi

Ruang NICU

Sistem Pembumian IT (Isolated Neutral)

ISOLATING TRANSFORMER DI KAMAR BEDAH (SEDERHANA)

ES710 = Isolating Transformer

107TD47 = A-Isometer, Insulation,load and temperature monitor device.

MK2007 = Remote Alarm Indicatorand Test Combination

ISOLATING TRANSFORMER DI RUANG ICU

PGH474 = Test Device

EDS461 = Insulation Fault LocationSystem.

ISOLATING TRANSFORMAR DI KAMAR BEDAH

SUE487 = Change Over Switch

PRC 487 = Test Device

107TD47 = A-Isometer, Insulation, Load,and Temperature Monitoring Device

MK2430 = Remote Alarm Indicator and Test Combination

SUMBER DAYA DAN ISOLATING TRANSFORMER

Kubikal dan Travo Tegangan Menengah

Transformator dan Panel TM

Travo berpendingin minyak

Pemeriksaan Panel Tegangan Menengah

TERIMA KASIH

sumber daya listrik di rumah sakit

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