smp tradisional
DESCRIPTION
traditTRANSCRIPT
Chapter Two SlidesMenerangkan impak IT ke atas sistem perakaunan
tradisional
Menerangkan bagaimana senibina sistem perakaunan tradisional menghadkan keupayaan perakaunan untuk meningkatkan nilai
Menerangkan kekangan senibina sistem perakaunan tradisional
SMP Tradisional
Bagi menyeimbangkan akaun, Pacioli mencadangkan satu proses merekod, menyelenggara, dan melapor data perakaunan yang terperinci. Pacioli mencadangkan penggunaan tiga buku:
buku memorandum,
jurnal dan
lejar.
Buku memorandum book sepatutnya termasuk catatan setiap transaksi, besar dan kecil, dalam apa jua matawang digunakan dan terperinci yang boleh yang dibenarkan masa dan keadaan.
Jurnal adalah sumber bagi lejar, di mana pencatatan beregu dibuat.
Di dalam lejarlah ahli perniagaan boleh belajar sebelum orang lain samada dia berjaya ataupun gagal.
SMP Tradisional
Peraturan Perakaunan
Carta Akaun See Exhibit 3-1
klasifikasi dan ringkaskan pengukuran kewangan
akaun namaan vs akaun sebenar
One compendium of sample charts of accounts and accounting procedures for different industries is The Encyclopedia of Accounting Systems
Charles Sprague “Any occurrence [accounting transaction] must be either an increase or a decrease of values, and there are three classes of values [assets, liabilities, and equity] ... in every transaction at least two of the occurrences must appear ... on opposite sides of the above list.”
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
Sheet1
Aset
Current Assets
Cash 110
Inventory 160
Land 210
Building 220
Revenue:
Interest Expense 760
Ketika waktu perakaunan
2
Jurnalkan Transaksi dan Kejadian
Untuk kenalpasti, nilai dan rekod impak ekonomi transaksi ke atas firma dalam suatu rekod kronologikal (jurnal), dalam bentuk yang membantupenghantaran ke akaun itu
3
Hantar drp Jurnal ke Lejar
Untuk hantar maklumat drp jurnal ke lejar, peranti yang simpan akaun itu
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet3
Di akhir waktu perakaunan
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Langkah
Deskripsi
Objektif
4
Sediakan Imbangan Duga Tidak Selaras
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Menjurnal dan Hantar Kemasukan Jurnal Diselaras
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Sediakan Imbangan Duga Diselaras
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Menjurnal dan Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet3
Di awal waktu perakaunan berikutnya
Sheet1
Assets
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet3
Langkah 1: Kenalpasti Transaksi Perakaunan untuk Direkodkan
The purposes of this first step are to identify the business events that can be considered accounting transactions and to collect relevant economic data about those transactions. Accounting transactions are the business events that cause a change in the organization’s assets, liabilities, or owner’s equity. These events include
Exchanges of resources and obligations between the reporting firm and outside parties (reciprocal transfers or non-reciprocal transfers)
Internal Events within the firm that affect its resources or obligations but that do not involve outside parties
Economic and environmental events beyond the control of the company (changes in values)
Accounting transactions are typically accompanied by a source document prepared by someone other than the accountant
SMP Tradisional
Measure and record the economic impact of transactions
Transactions are recorded in a journal - Debit, Credit, date, account number, amounts ,and descriptions
General journal and Special Journals
Historical Cost Principle
SMP Tradisional
Langkah 3: Hantar Data Jurnal ke Lejar
The process of transferring transaction data from the journals to the ledger accounts is called posting
General Ledger and Subsidiary Ledgers
Totals of Special Journal Columns are posted
An audit trail should provide the capability to trace an individual transaction from its initial recording all the way through the accounting process to the final figures in the financial statements
Reconciliation is the process of summing the subsidiary ledgers and comparing the total with the balance in the general ledger control account
Sheet1
Assets
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet4
Langkah 4: Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
The unadjusted trial balance is a list of general ledger accounts and their account balances
Convenient method of determining that
the sum of the Debit account balances
equals the sum of the Credit account
balances
investigated
Click
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
]]]]]Sheet5
75,000
20,000
Step 5: Journalize and Post Adjusting Entries
Adjusting entries are required when their is no source document to trigger a transaction
Passage of time ( interest or
depreciation)
Source documents from earlier transactions are the primary information sources for adjusting entries.
SMP Tradisional
Step 6: Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
The adjusted trial balance lists all the account balances that will appear in the financial statements (with the exception of retained earnings, which does not yet reflect the current year’s net income and dividends).
The purpose of the adjusted trial
balance is to confirm debit-credit
equality, taking all Adjusting
journal entries into consideration.
Confirm Debit Credit Balance
Financial Statements
SMP Tradisional
Step 7 Prepare Financial Statements
The primary objective of financial accounting is to provide information that is useful to decision-makers. Financial statements can be produced for a period of any duration. However, monthly, quarterly, and annual statements are the most common.
The income statement, retained earnings
statement, and balance sheet are prepared
directly from the adjusted trial balance.
The temporary account balances are
transferred to the income statement, and
the permanent account balances are
transferred to the balance sheet.
FS
Sheet1
Assets
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet6
75,000
75,000
75,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
75,000
20,000
Closing entries reduce the temporary accounts (e.g., revenues, expenses, and dividends) to a zero (closed) balance.
Closing entries are recorded in the general journal at the end of the accounting period and are posted to the appropriate ledger accounts.
Permanent accounts are not closed because they
carry asset, liability, and owner's equity balances
to the next accounting period.
The retained earnings account is the only
permanent account involved in the
closing process.
SMP Tradisional
Step 9 Prepare Post-Closing Trial Balance
A post-closing trial balance lists only the balances of the permanent accounts after the closing process is finished. (The temporary accounts have zero balances.)
This step is taken to check for debit-credit equality after the closing entries are posted.
Firms with a large number of accounts find this a valuable procedure because the chance of error increases with the number of accounts and postings.
The retained earnings account is now stated at the ending balance and is the only permanent account with a balance different from the one shown in the adjusted trial balance.
SMP Tradisional
Step 10 Journalize and Post Reversing Entries
At the beginning of the next period, the accountant may prepare and post reversing entries to compensate for the difference in timing between the occurrence of an actual economic reality, and the recording of the economic event in the accounting system.
Reversing entries use the same accounts and amounts as adjusting entries but with the debits and credits reversed.
These entries reverse adjusting entries made at the end of one period and prepare the accounting records for normal processing of business events in the new period.
SMP Tradisional
Cabaran pemprosesan maklumat manusia
teknologi tidak wujud
Senibina perakaunan perlulah diubah
Satu kritikan senibina tradisional ialah kekurangan integrasi merentas kawasan fungsian organisasi.
Contoh: sebuah pengilang komputer antarabangsa menyelenggara carta akaun dan lejar berpisahan bagi bahagian pembuatan dan pemasaran kerana mereka mempunyai kriteria berbeza bagi pelaporan maklumat kewangan.
Pembuatan mengecam pendapatan apabila
produk dihantar kepada pelanggan
Pemasaran mengecam pendapatan apabila
pelanggan dibilkan bagi produk.
Banyak sistem wujud untuk rekod dan lapor aktiviti
Pengurus berbeza mahukan pandangan data berbeza untuk membuat keputusan dalam ruang pengaruhnya
Terlalu banyak sistem
Personnel view
Production view
Executive view
Marketing view
SALE
Production people want to know about the order to plan production processes
Executive management wants to know about the order to evaluate its impact on the organization
Investors and creditors want to know about all orders to assess the profitability of their investments and the likelihood of a return on their investment
Marketing people wants to know about the order to evaluate pricing, plan advertising campaigns, and target selling efforts.
Personnel people want to know about the order to pay sales commissions.
10.unknown
Business
Event
Functional
Views
There is a proliferation of often conflicting, nonintegrated systems and subsystems within a single organization.
The architecture captures data about a subset of an organization's business events (the accounting transactions).
Data are not recorded and processed in real-time
The architecture stores and processes
only a limited number of characteristics
about accounting transactions.
duplicate data in a highly summarized form
The architecture stores financial data to
satisfy one primary view (perspective).
SMP Tradisional
Senibina PerakaunanTradisional
Penyata Pendapatan & Kunci Kira-kira
Menghad maklumat direkod kepada “transaksi perakaunan.”
Simpan dan ringkaskan maklumat dalam lejar.
SMP Tradisional
Acct.
Data
Input:
SMP Tradisional
Adakah Kritikan ini Sah?
The criticisms we have presented simply highlight the difficulties of adapting the traditional accounting system architecture to a rapidly changing world.
Today's business world is fast paced, more information intensive, and involves complex business transactions beyond Pacioli's wildest dreams
Today’s information customers are very demanding. They desire a larger variety of faster, customized information products delivered in a variety of modes. For example, many people now want their information system to produce a much broader array of information products such as balanced scorecards.
SMP Tradisional
Providing More Useful Information - Traditional accounting measures are expressed almost exclusively in monetary terms: a practice that precludes information on productivity, performance, reliability and other multidimensional data that cannot be easily expressed in monetary terms.
Helping to Embed Real-Time Information Processes into Business Processes - Accountants should provide meaningful, direct input into the design, development, and implementation of real-time information processes that execute business rules and gather business data.
Membantu Pengurusan Definasi Peraturan Proses Bisnes – untuk bantu pengurusan definasi peraturan proses bisnes dengan penglibatan dalam proses bisnes organisasi. Senibina SMP haruslah dibina bagi membolehkan akauntan berpengaruh ke atas pembangunan dan implementasi peraturan proses bisnes sepanjang proses bisnes itu.
SMP Tradisional
Measures that focus and motivate the organization
Information and analysis that provides insight into how value is being created and how progress is being matched to strategic initiatives.
Leadership of major financial initiatives.
Memikirkan objektif-objektif yang mana menyediakan justifikasi bagi mengubah senibina sebarang sistem maklumat yang mengekang potensi pemberi maklumst dalam menambah nilai kepada sesebuah organisasi.
SMP Tradisional
Business
Event
Data
Enterprise-wide
Information
Customers
Business
Events
Useful
Information
Business
Data
Repository
Business
Event
Processor
(business
and
information
processing
rules)
Reporting
Facility
(Information
processing
rules)
Menyokong pemudahan dan perubahan proses bisnes.
Integrasi kesemua data bisnes.
Ciri-ciri
equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5Menjurnal dan Hantar
other events often not signaled by a new source document
6Sediakan Imbangan
Duga Diselaras
of the financial statements
decision makers
amount to retained earnings
Aset=Liabiliti+Ekuiti
accounting costs.
sumber, mengenai transaksi/kejadian
2Jurnalkan Transaksi dan
ke atas firma dalam suatu rekod kronologikal (jurnal), dalam
bentuk yang membantupenghantaran ke akaun itu
3Hantar drp Jurnal ke LejarUntuk hantar maklumat drp jurnal ke lejar, peranti yang
simpan akaun itu
AccountDebitCreditDebitCreditDebitCreditDebitCreditDebitCredit
Cash$67,300$67,300$67,300
Prepaid Insurance600600600
Retained Earnings31,500(1) 2,00031,50031,500
Prepaid Insurance600
Retained Earnings31,500
RevenuesSales Revenue325,200
Interest Revenue500
Rent Revenue1,800
Menerangkan bagaimana senibina sistem perakaunan tradisional menghadkan keupayaan perakaunan untuk meningkatkan nilai
Menerangkan kekangan senibina sistem perakaunan tradisional
SMP Tradisional
Bagi menyeimbangkan akaun, Pacioli mencadangkan satu proses merekod, menyelenggara, dan melapor data perakaunan yang terperinci. Pacioli mencadangkan penggunaan tiga buku:
buku memorandum,
jurnal dan
lejar.
Buku memorandum book sepatutnya termasuk catatan setiap transaksi, besar dan kecil, dalam apa jua matawang digunakan dan terperinci yang boleh yang dibenarkan masa dan keadaan.
Jurnal adalah sumber bagi lejar, di mana pencatatan beregu dibuat.
Di dalam lejarlah ahli perniagaan boleh belajar sebelum orang lain samada dia berjaya ataupun gagal.
SMP Tradisional
Peraturan Perakaunan
Carta Akaun See Exhibit 3-1
klasifikasi dan ringkaskan pengukuran kewangan
akaun namaan vs akaun sebenar
One compendium of sample charts of accounts and accounting procedures for different industries is The Encyclopedia of Accounting Systems
Charles Sprague “Any occurrence [accounting transaction] must be either an increase or a decrease of values, and there are three classes of values [assets, liabilities, and equity] ... in every transaction at least two of the occurrences must appear ... on opposite sides of the above list.”
Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity
Sheet1
Aset
Current Assets
Cash 110
Inventory 160
Land 210
Building 220
Revenue:
Interest Expense 760
Ketika waktu perakaunan
2
Jurnalkan Transaksi dan Kejadian
Untuk kenalpasti, nilai dan rekod impak ekonomi transaksi ke atas firma dalam suatu rekod kronologikal (jurnal), dalam bentuk yang membantupenghantaran ke akaun itu
3
Hantar drp Jurnal ke Lejar
Untuk hantar maklumat drp jurnal ke lejar, peranti yang simpan akaun itu
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet3
Di akhir waktu perakaunan
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Langkah
Deskripsi
Objektif
4
Sediakan Imbangan Duga Tidak Selaras
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Menjurnal dan Hantar Kemasukan Jurnal Diselaras
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Sediakan Imbangan Duga Diselaras
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Menjurnal dan Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet3
Di awal waktu perakaunan berikutnya
Sheet1
Assets
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet3
Langkah 1: Kenalpasti Transaksi Perakaunan untuk Direkodkan
The purposes of this first step are to identify the business events that can be considered accounting transactions and to collect relevant economic data about those transactions. Accounting transactions are the business events that cause a change in the organization’s assets, liabilities, or owner’s equity. These events include
Exchanges of resources and obligations between the reporting firm and outside parties (reciprocal transfers or non-reciprocal transfers)
Internal Events within the firm that affect its resources or obligations but that do not involve outside parties
Economic and environmental events beyond the control of the company (changes in values)
Accounting transactions are typically accompanied by a source document prepared by someone other than the accountant
SMP Tradisional
Measure and record the economic impact of transactions
Transactions are recorded in a journal - Debit, Credit, date, account number, amounts ,and descriptions
General journal and Special Journals
Historical Cost Principle
SMP Tradisional
Langkah 3: Hantar Data Jurnal ke Lejar
The process of transferring transaction data from the journals to the ledger accounts is called posting
General Ledger and Subsidiary Ledgers
Totals of Special Journal Columns are posted
An audit trail should provide the capability to trace an individual transaction from its initial recording all the way through the accounting process to the final figures in the financial statements
Reconciliation is the process of summing the subsidiary ledgers and comparing the total with the balance in the general ledger control account
Sheet1
Assets
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet4
Langkah 4: Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
The unadjusted trial balance is a list of general ledger accounts and their account balances
Convenient method of determining that
the sum of the Debit account balances
equals the sum of the Credit account
balances
investigated
Click
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
]]]]]Sheet5
75,000
20,000
Step 5: Journalize and Post Adjusting Entries
Adjusting entries are required when their is no source document to trigger a transaction
Passage of time ( interest or
depreciation)
Source documents from earlier transactions are the primary information sources for adjusting entries.
SMP Tradisional
Step 6: Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
The adjusted trial balance lists all the account balances that will appear in the financial statements (with the exception of retained earnings, which does not yet reflect the current year’s net income and dividends).
The purpose of the adjusted trial
balance is to confirm debit-credit
equality, taking all Adjusting
journal entries into consideration.
Confirm Debit Credit Balance
Financial Statements
SMP Tradisional
Step 7 Prepare Financial Statements
The primary objective of financial accounting is to provide information that is useful to decision-makers. Financial statements can be produced for a period of any duration. However, monthly, quarterly, and annual statements are the most common.
The income statement, retained earnings
statement, and balance sheet are prepared
directly from the adjusted trial balance.
The temporary account balances are
transferred to the income statement, and
the permanent account balances are
transferred to the balance sheet.
FS
Sheet1
Assets
Identify Transaction or Event to be Recorded
To gather information, generally in the form of source documents, about transactions or events
2
Journalize Transaction and Events
To identify, assess and record the economic impact of transactions on the firm in a chronological record ( a journal), in a form that facilitiates transfer to the accounts
3
Posting from Journals to Ledgers
To transfer the information from the journal to the ledger, the device that stores the accounts
Step
Description
Objective
4
Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
To provide a convenient listing to check for debit-credit equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5
Journalize and Post Adjusting Journal Entries
To record accruals, expiration of deferrals, estimations, and other events often not signaled by a new source document
6
Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
To check for debit-credit equality and to simplify preparation of the financial statements
7
8
Journalize and Post Closing Entries
To close temporary accounts and transfer the net income amount to retained earnings
9
Step
Description
Objective
10
To simplify certain subsequent journal entries and reduce accounting costs.
Sheet6
75,000
75,000
75,000
20,000
20,000
20,000
75,000
20,000
Closing entries reduce the temporary accounts (e.g., revenues, expenses, and dividends) to a zero (closed) balance.
Closing entries are recorded in the general journal at the end of the accounting period and are posted to the appropriate ledger accounts.
Permanent accounts are not closed because they
carry asset, liability, and owner's equity balances
to the next accounting period.
The retained earnings account is the only
permanent account involved in the
closing process.
SMP Tradisional
Step 9 Prepare Post-Closing Trial Balance
A post-closing trial balance lists only the balances of the permanent accounts after the closing process is finished. (The temporary accounts have zero balances.)
This step is taken to check for debit-credit equality after the closing entries are posted.
Firms with a large number of accounts find this a valuable procedure because the chance of error increases with the number of accounts and postings.
The retained earnings account is now stated at the ending balance and is the only permanent account with a balance different from the one shown in the adjusted trial balance.
SMP Tradisional
Step 10 Journalize and Post Reversing Entries
At the beginning of the next period, the accountant may prepare and post reversing entries to compensate for the difference in timing between the occurrence of an actual economic reality, and the recording of the economic event in the accounting system.
Reversing entries use the same accounts and amounts as adjusting entries but with the debits and credits reversed.
These entries reverse adjusting entries made at the end of one period and prepare the accounting records for normal processing of business events in the new period.
SMP Tradisional
Cabaran pemprosesan maklumat manusia
teknologi tidak wujud
Senibina perakaunan perlulah diubah
Satu kritikan senibina tradisional ialah kekurangan integrasi merentas kawasan fungsian organisasi.
Contoh: sebuah pengilang komputer antarabangsa menyelenggara carta akaun dan lejar berpisahan bagi bahagian pembuatan dan pemasaran kerana mereka mempunyai kriteria berbeza bagi pelaporan maklumat kewangan.
Pembuatan mengecam pendapatan apabila
produk dihantar kepada pelanggan
Pemasaran mengecam pendapatan apabila
pelanggan dibilkan bagi produk.
Banyak sistem wujud untuk rekod dan lapor aktiviti
Pengurus berbeza mahukan pandangan data berbeza untuk membuat keputusan dalam ruang pengaruhnya
Terlalu banyak sistem
Personnel view
Production view
Executive view
Marketing view
SALE
Production people want to know about the order to plan production processes
Executive management wants to know about the order to evaluate its impact on the organization
Investors and creditors want to know about all orders to assess the profitability of their investments and the likelihood of a return on their investment
Marketing people wants to know about the order to evaluate pricing, plan advertising campaigns, and target selling efforts.
Personnel people want to know about the order to pay sales commissions.
10.unknown
Business
Event
Functional
Views
There is a proliferation of often conflicting, nonintegrated systems and subsystems within a single organization.
The architecture captures data about a subset of an organization's business events (the accounting transactions).
Data are not recorded and processed in real-time
The architecture stores and processes
only a limited number of characteristics
about accounting transactions.
duplicate data in a highly summarized form
The architecture stores financial data to
satisfy one primary view (perspective).
SMP Tradisional
Senibina PerakaunanTradisional
Penyata Pendapatan & Kunci Kira-kira
Menghad maklumat direkod kepada “transaksi perakaunan.”
Simpan dan ringkaskan maklumat dalam lejar.
SMP Tradisional
Acct.
Data
Input:
SMP Tradisional
Adakah Kritikan ini Sah?
The criticisms we have presented simply highlight the difficulties of adapting the traditional accounting system architecture to a rapidly changing world.
Today's business world is fast paced, more information intensive, and involves complex business transactions beyond Pacioli's wildest dreams
Today’s information customers are very demanding. They desire a larger variety of faster, customized information products delivered in a variety of modes. For example, many people now want their information system to produce a much broader array of information products such as balanced scorecards.
SMP Tradisional
Providing More Useful Information - Traditional accounting measures are expressed almost exclusively in monetary terms: a practice that precludes information on productivity, performance, reliability and other multidimensional data that cannot be easily expressed in monetary terms.
Helping to Embed Real-Time Information Processes into Business Processes - Accountants should provide meaningful, direct input into the design, development, and implementation of real-time information processes that execute business rules and gather business data.
Membantu Pengurusan Definasi Peraturan Proses Bisnes – untuk bantu pengurusan definasi peraturan proses bisnes dengan penglibatan dalam proses bisnes organisasi. Senibina SMP haruslah dibina bagi membolehkan akauntan berpengaruh ke atas pembangunan dan implementasi peraturan proses bisnes sepanjang proses bisnes itu.
SMP Tradisional
Measures that focus and motivate the organization
Information and analysis that provides insight into how value is being created and how progress is being matched to strategic initiatives.
Leadership of major financial initiatives.
Memikirkan objektif-objektif yang mana menyediakan justifikasi bagi mengubah senibina sebarang sistem maklumat yang mengekang potensi pemberi maklumst dalam menambah nilai kepada sesebuah organisasi.
SMP Tradisional
Business
Event
Data
Enterprise-wide
Information
Customers
Business
Events
Useful
Information
Business
Data
Repository
Business
Event
Processor
(business
and
information
processing
rules)
Reporting
Facility
(Information
processing
rules)
Menyokong pemudahan dan perubahan proses bisnes.
Integrasi kesemua data bisnes.
Ciri-ciri
equality, and a starting point for adjusting entries
5Menjurnal dan Hantar
other events often not signaled by a new source document
6Sediakan Imbangan
Duga Diselaras
of the financial statements
decision makers
amount to retained earnings
Aset=Liabiliti+Ekuiti
accounting costs.
sumber, mengenai transaksi/kejadian
2Jurnalkan Transaksi dan
ke atas firma dalam suatu rekod kronologikal (jurnal), dalam
bentuk yang membantupenghantaran ke akaun itu
3Hantar drp Jurnal ke LejarUntuk hantar maklumat drp jurnal ke lejar, peranti yang
simpan akaun itu
AccountDebitCreditDebitCreditDebitCreditDebitCreditDebitCredit
Cash$67,300$67,300$67,300
Prepaid Insurance600600600
Retained Earnings31,500(1) 2,00031,50031,500
Prepaid Insurance600
Retained Earnings31,500
RevenuesSales Revenue325,200
Interest Revenue500
Rent Revenue1,800