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DESAIN DAN IMPLEMENTASI BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PADA KENDARAAN LISTRIK

SKRIPSI

Diajukan Untuk Memenuhi

Persyaratan Guna Meraih Gelar Sarjana Sastra 1 Teknik Elektro Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Disusun Oleh: ABDUL QOWI AZIZ NIM 201310130311119

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2018

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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

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ABSTRAK Baterai adalah sebuah sumber energi yang dapat mengubah energi kimia yang disimpannya menjadi energi listrik yang dapat digunakan pada perangkat elektronik. Baterai mempunyai parameter tegangan, arus dan suhu untuk sistem kerja yang baik, maka dari itu untuk menghindari drop dan kelebihan daya pada tegangan, lonjakan arus dan kenaikan suhu diperlukan perangkat pengaman yaitu battery management system (BMS) supaya umur baterai lebih lama dan terhindar dari kebakaran yang disebabkan oleh ledakan pada baterai tersebut. Pada penelitian ini BMS bisa diaplikasikan di kendaraan listrik, BMS pada kendaraan listrik ini untuk memonitoring tegangan dan suhu setiap sel, arus, daya, SOC, DOD, waktu pengoperasian baterai, hasil kwh pada kendaraan listrik, dan memutus sistem kerja baterai jika tidak pada parameter tegangan, arus, suhu sesuai spesifikasi baterai. Berdasarkan data hasil pengujian saat pengisian/ charger dengan batas 0,5A membutuhkan waktu 115 menit setelah 115 menit data tetap dan pada batas 1A membutuhkan waktu 68 menit untuk baterai dalam keadaan penuh setelah 68 menit data masih tetap, penyebab data tetap karena rangkaian pemutus bekerja saat melebihi tegangan maksimal baterai. Pada pengujian saat pemakaian/ discharger dengan perlakuan throttle maksimal kontinyu membutuhkan waktu 124 menit, setelah 124menit data tetap dan saat perlakuan thrtottle maksimal beberapa detik kemudian minimal membutuhkan waktu 303 menit baterai dalam keadaan batas minimal setelah 303 menit data masih tetap, penyebab data tetap karena rangkaian pemutus bekerja saat melindungi tegangan minimal pada baterai. Rangkaian pemutus bekerja saat pengisian sebesar 54,4V dan saat pemakaian sebesar 30,2V, perbedaan nilai tegangan pada LCD dan avometer mempunyai eror sebesar 0%. Hasil data Kwh pada alat BMS dengan BMS pabrikan mempunyai rata-rata eror sebesar 22,69969814% dalam beberapa pengujian dengan variabel jarak yang berbeda-beda, Penyebab eror besar dikarenakan waktu yang digunakan pada Kwh meter pabrikan memakai waktu/ clock di IC Atmega sedangkan Kwh meter pada BMS memakai rangkaian waktu menggunakan RTC DS1307 untuk menghindari kurang presisi pada waktu yang meleset beberapa detik dari waktu asli. BMS juga dapat memonitoring arus, tegangan, suhu, SOC, dan DOD pada baterai dengan presisi.

Kata Kunci : Baterai, battery management system, charger, discharger, SOC,

DOD, throttle.

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ABSTRACK

The battery is a source of energy that can change the one he kept the chemical

energy into electrical energy that can be used on an electronic device. Battery

have parameters volatge, current, temperature for a good working system,

therefore to avoid drop and excess power on voltage, increase in current, and

increase in temperature required safety device that is battery management system

(BMS) so that longer battery life and escape from a fire caused by the explosion

of the battery. The experimental work on this bms will be applied in electric

vehicles, bms on a vehicle the electricity is for monitoring voltage and

temperature every cell, a current, power, SOC, DOD, time the operation of the

battery, the results of kwh in electric vehicles and cut working system battery if

not on the parameters volatge, current, temperature to specifications of a battery.

Based on the results of the testing when charging with limit 0,5A needs time 115

minute after 115 minutes fixed data and limit 1A needs time 68 minute for

batteries in a full after 68 minutes fixed data. The cause of fixed data because

circuit breaker work at more than maximum voltage battery. In testing when

discahrging with treatment throttle maximum continous needs time 124 minute

after 124 minutes fixed data and when treatment throtlle maximum several second

then a minimum needs time 303 minute a battery in the state limit minimum after

303 minutes fixed data. The cause of fixed data because circuit breaker work at

more than minimum voltage battery. Circuit breaker work at charging of 54,4v

and when the use of 30,2v, the difference in value voltage in lcd and avometer

have eror of 0 %. The results of data kwh on a bms with bms the factories have

average error of 22,69969814% in several testing in distance variable different.

The cause of large eror because of the remaining used in kwh meters the factory

owners wear the time at ic atmega while kwh meters in bms wearing a series of of

time using the rtc ds1307 to avoid lacking precision at a time that is missed a few

seconds of the original time. Bms can also the monitoring of the current, voltage,

temperature, SOC, DOD, and time the operation on the battry with precision.

Keywords : Battery, battery management system, charger, discharger, SOC, DOD,

throttle.

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LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN i. LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN

Puji syukur kepada Allah SWT atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya sehingga

penulis dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir ini. Penulis menyampaikan ucapan

terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada :

1. Orang tua, kakak, yang telah banyak memberikan do’a dan dukungan.

2. Dekan Fakultas Teknik dan keluarga (FT) Bapak Dr. Ahmad Mubin, ST.,

MT. serta para Pembantu Dekan Fakultas Teknik dan keluarga besar

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

3. Ketua Jurusan Teknik Elektro Ibu Nur Alif M, Ir, MT.dan Sekretaris

Jurusan Teknik Elektro Bapak Machmud Efendi, ST, M.Eng.beserta seluruh

stafnya.

4. Bapak Machmud Efendi, ST, M.Eng. dan Ibu Ir. Nur Alif Mardiyah, M.T.

yang telah meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing penulis dalam

menyelesaikan Skripsi ini.

5. Seluruh civitas akademika (dosen, asisten, dan karyawan) Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang yang telah membekali ilmu dan membantu penulis

selama proses studi.

6. Sahabat dari berbagai penjuru dan teman-teman Elektro 2013/C yang

berjuang mencari ilmu di UMM.

7. Dan yang terakhir, semuanya yang telah membantu penulis yang tidak bisa

disebutkan satu persatu.

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DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN.................................................................................... ii

LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN................................................................................... iii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN ................................................................................... iv

ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. v

ABSTRACK...........................................................................................................vi

KATA PENGANTAR .......................................................................................... vii

LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN .............................................................................. viii

DAFTAR ISI .......................................................................................................... ix

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................ xii

DAFTAR TABEL ................................................................................................ xiv

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................ 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................................... 3

1.3 Tujuan .......................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Batasan Masalah .......................................................................................... 4

1.5 Metodologi ................................................................................................. 4

1.6 Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................. 5

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ............................................................................. 6

2.1 Baterai ......................................................................................................... 6

2.1.1 Baterai Lithium Ion ............................................................................ 6

2.1.2 Baterai Lithium Polymer ................................................................... 8

2.2 Motor BLDC .............................................................................................. 9

2.3 Sistem Kerja Baterai Thermal .................................................................. 10

2.4 Keseimbangan Sel .................................................................................... 10

2.5 State Of Charge (SOC) ............................................................................ 11

2.6 Mikrokontroller Atmega ......................................................................... 13

2.7 Dc to Dc Conventer ................................................................................. 14

2.8 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) ............................................. 15

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2.9 Sensor Suhu IC LM35 ............................................................................ 16

2.10 Sensor Arus ACS712 ............................................................................. 17

2.11 Sensor Tegangan .................................................................................... 18

BAB III PERANCANGAN DAN PEMBUATAN ALAT ................................... 20

3.1 Diskripsi Sistem ........................................................................................ 20

3.2 Baterai lifepo4 ........................................................................................... 22

3.3 Perancangan Hardware .............................................................................. 24

3.3.1 Perancangan Sesor Arus ACS712.................................................... 25

3.3.2 Perancangan Multiplexer CD4067 ................................................... 26

3.3.3 Perancangan Sensor Tegangan ........................................................ 27

3.3.4 Perancangan Sensor Suhu LM35 ..................................................... 28

3.3.5 Perancangan Real Time Clock DS1307 ........................................... 29

3.3.6 Perancangan Rangkaian Pemutus IXFH 50N60 .............................. 30

3.3.7 Perancangan Rangkaian TP4056 ..................................................... 30

3.3.8 Perancangan Buck Conventer .......................................................... 32

3.4 Perancangan Software ............................................................................... 34

3.5 Metode Pengujian ...................................................................................... 37

3.5.1 Pengujian pengisian/ charger baterai lifepo4 .................................. 37

3.5.2 Pengujian pemakaian/ discharge bateria lifepo4 ............................. 38

3.5.3 Pengujian kwh meter pada motor BLDC ......................................... 39

BAB IV HASIL PENGUJIAN DAN ANALISA ................................................. 41

4.1 Hasil dan Analisa Pengujian BMS Saat Pengisian/ Charger .................... 41

4.1.1 Perhitungan manual BMS pada pengisian/ charger ........................ 46

4.2 Hasil dan Analisa Pengujian BMS Saat Pemakaian/ Discharge ............... 49

4.2.1 Perhitungan Manual BMS pada Pemakaian/ Discharger ................ 57

4.3 Hasil dan Analisa Pengujian Kwh meter pada BMS ................................. 60

4.3.1 Perhitungan manual Kwh Meter pada BMS .................................... 61

BAB V PENUTUP ................................................................................................ 64

5.1 Kesimpulan ................................................................................................ 64

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5.2 Saran .......................................................................................................... 64

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .................................................................................. xv

LAMPIRAN .............................................................................................. xvii

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DAFTAR GAMBAR ii. DAFTAR GAMAR

Gambar 2.1 Bagian motor BLDC ........................................................................... 9

Gambar 2.2 Motor BLDC 250Watt ...................................................................... 10

Gambar 2.3 Ketergantungan OCV pada SOC pada suhu yang berbeda .............. 12

Gambar 2.4 Proses SOC dari 100%-0% ............................................................... 12

Gambar 2.5 Datasheet ATmega 328 ..................................................................... 14

Gambar 2.6 Buck conventer .................................................................................. 15

Gambar 2.7 IXFH 50N60 ...................................................................................... 15

Gambar 2.8 Bentuk Fisik Sensor Suhu LM35. ..................................................... 17

Gambar 2.9 ACS 712ELCTR-30A-T ................................................................... 18

Gambar 2.10 Grafik tegangan keluaran sensor ACS712 terhadap arus listrik ..... 18

Gambar 2.11 Rangkaian pembagi tegangan.......................................................... 19

Gambar 3.1 Diagram Blok Desain Sistem ............................................................ 20

Gambar 3.2 Desain Perancangan BMS ................................................................. 21

Gambar 3.3 Bentuk fisik baterai lifepo4 ............................................................... 23

Gambar 3.4 Rangkaian Baterai Lifepo4................................................................ 23

Gambar 3.5 Rancangan sensor arus acs712elctr-30A-T ....................................... 25

Gambar 3.6 Rancangan Multiplexer CD4067 ....................................................... 26

Gambar 3.7 Rancangan sensor tegangan .............................................................. 27

Gambar 3.8 Rancangan sensor suhu LM35 .......................................................... 28

Gambar 3.9 Rancangan RTC DS1307 ................................................................. 29

Gambar 3.10 Rancangan Pemutus Arus pada BMS.............................................. 30

Gambar 3.11 Rancangan Rangkaian TP4056 ....................................................... 31

Gambar 3.12 Blok diagram rangkaian TP4056 ke setiap cell baterai ................... 31

Gambar 3.13 Rancangan Rangkaian Buck Conventer .......................................... 32

Gambar 3.14 Blok diagram rancangan buck conveter ke beban bell .................... 33

Gambar 3.15 Blok diagram rancangan buck conventer ke rangkaian TP4056 ..... 33

Gambar 3.16 Flowchart sistem kerja Battery Management System ...................... 35

Gambar 3.17 Diagram blok pengujian pengisian/ charger baterai lifepo4 ........... 37

Gambar 3.18 Diagram blok pengujian pemakaian/ discharger baterai lifepo4 .... 38

Gambar 3.19 Diagram blok kwh meter pada motor BLDC .................................. 39

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Gambar 4.1 Alat BMS ......................................................................................... 41

Gambar 4.2 Kurva hubungan antara total tegangan terhadp waktu pengisian (V-t)

saat 0,5A. ............................................................................................................... 43

Gambar 4.3 Kurva hubungan antara arus terhadap waktu pengisian (I-t) saat 0,5A

............................................................................................................................... 43

Gambar 4.4 Kurva hubungan antara suhu terhadap waktu pengisian (T-t) saat

0,5A ....................................................................................................................... 44


saat 1A ................................................................................................................... 45

Gambar 4.6 Kurva hubungan antara arus terhadap waktu pengisian (I-t) saat 1A 45


1A .......................................................................................................................... 46


saat pengaturan throttle maksimal kontinyu ........................................................ 51

Gambar 4.9 Kurva hubungan antara arus terhadap waktu pengisian (I-t) saat

pengaturan throttle maksimal kontinyu ............................................................... 51


pengaturan throttle maksimal kontinyu .............................................................. 52


saat pengaturan throttle maksimal beberapa detik kemudian minimal ................ 55

Gambar 4.12 Kurva hubungan antara arus terhadap waktu pengisian (I-t) saat

pengaturan throttle maksimal beberapa detik kemudian minimal ....................... 56


pengaturan throttle maksimal beberapa detik kemudian minimal ....................... 56

Gambar 4.14 Diagram blok pengujian pemakaian/ discharger baterai lifepo4 .... 61

xiv

DAFTAR TABEL iii. DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 2.1 Spesifikasi Motor BLDC ........................................................................ 9

Tabel 2.2 Jenis dan karakteristik sensor arus ACS712 ......................................... 18

Tabel 3.1 Spesifikasi baterai lifepo4 ..................................................................... 23

Tabel 3.2 Keterangan Pin ACS712-ELCTR-30A-T ............................................. 25

Tabel 3.3 Spesifikasi CD4067............................................................................... 26

Tabel 3.4 Spesifikasi RTC DS1307 ...................................................................... 29

Tabel 3.5 Spesifikasi IGBT 50N60 ....................................................................... 30

Tabel 3.6 Spesifikasi TP4056 ............................................................................... 32

Tabel 3.7 Spesifikasi Buck conventer pada beban bell ......................................... 33

Tabel 3.8 Spesifikasi Buck conventer LM2596 pada beban modul TP4056 ........ 34

Tabel 4.1 Hasil sistem kerja BMS saat pengisian/ charger dengan batas arus 0,5A.

............................................................................................................................... 41

Tabel 4.2 Hasil sistem kerja BMS saat pengisian/ charger dengan batas arus 1A 44

Tabel 4.3 Hasil sistem kerja BMS saat pemakaian/ discharger dengan pengaturan

throttle maksimal ................................................................................................... 49

Tabel 4.4 Hasil sistem kerja BMS saat pemakaian/ discharger dengan pengaturan

throttle maksimal beberapa detik kemudian minimal ........................................... 52

Tabel 4.5 Hasil sistem kerja BMS untuk menganalisa hasil kwh meter pada

kendaraan listrik .................................................................................................... 60

Tabel 4.6 Hasil Perhitungan Manual %eror .......................................................... 63

xv

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