siklus bahan bakar nuklir

Physics Study ProgramFaculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesInstitut Teknologi Bandung

FI-4241Topik Khusus Fisika Reaktor

Siklus Bahan Bakar NuklirAbdul Waris, Ph.D

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Physics Study Program - FMIPA | Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir Siklus bahan bakar nuklir (nuclear fuel cycle)

mencakup produksi, penggunaan, dan pembuangan bahan-bahan nuklir

Dalam banyak tahapan dari siklus bahan bakar, proses dan teknologi untuk menghasilkan bahan fisi untuk tujuan sipil dan militer secara esensi adalah sama

Oleh karena ada beberapa tahap dalam siklus bahan bakar dimana bahan nuklir dapat dialihkan dari maksud damai ke pembuatan senjata nuklir


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Siklus Bahan Bakar NuklirKomponen SBBN: Uranium Mining and

Milling Conversion to UF6

Enrichment Fuel Fabrication Power Reactors Waste repository Reproccesing &

Recycling


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Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir

Natural Uranium & Thorium


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Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir …Siklus bahan bakar nuklir bisa dibagi menjadi dua

bagian: Front-end fuel cycle Back-end fuel cycle Front-end fuel cycle mencakup proses-proses

mulai dari mining hingga fuel loading ke dalam reaktor. Siklus ini bisa dipandang sudah sangat establish

Back-end fuel cycle mencakup seluruh proses setelah bahan bakar sisa (spent fuel) dikeluarkan dari reaktor. Siklus ini merupakan tantangan tersendiri bagi para nuclear scientists & engineers


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Siklus bahan bakar nuklir

Pilihan untuk back-end fuel cycle secara umum dibagi 2 jenis.

Once-through fuel cycle (OTC) Recycling fuel cycle


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“Once-Through” Fuel Cycle

Mill Conversion EnrichmentFuel

Fabrication

Reactor

Mine

Spent Fuel StorageDisposal

Uranium

Plutonium

Rad Waste

Spent Fuel Storage


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Reprocessing Fuel Cycle


Fabrication

ReactorReprocessing

Mine


Uranium

Plutonium

Rad Waste

(MOX)

Reprocessing

Spent Fuel Storage


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Nuclear Fuel Cycle with Reprocessing


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Multiple recycling of Pu with Minor Actinides (MA) in Liquid Metal-cooled Fast Reactor (LMFR) with ‘Closed

Fuel Cycle’ (presented by JNC, CEA & IAEA)


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Siklus bahan bakar nuklir bisa menjadi sangat kompleks

Material nuklir memiliki potensi untuk digunakan dalam keperluan sipil maupun militer.

Siklus bahan bakar dapat melibatkan sejumlah negara.


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Pengalihan Penggunaan ke Senjata Nuklir


Fabrication

ReactorReprocessing

Weapons Fabrication

Mine


Uranium

Plutonium

Rad WasteSpent Fuel

Storage

Reprocessing


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Siklus Produksi Senjata NuklirSiklus Produksi Senjata Nuklir


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LLW 1,000 drums26 MT U0.95 MT FP0.27 MT Ac

0.24 MT Pu

TRU/LLW

< 0.26 MT U0.95 MT FP0.27 MT Ac

~ 1 MT URa, ThMill tailings U7%

Th-230 100%, Ra 98%Airborne Rn

0.2% U3O8= 181 MT U

167 MT

26 MT

100,000MT ore

165 MT(0.3%U-235)

~ 0.5 MT U

27.5 MT

27.3 MT

~0.2 MT U

1 GWe, LWR, 1 yearReprocessing schemeThermal efficiency 0.325Capacity factor 0.8

Siklus BBN & Pembentukan Limbah Nuklir


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High-Level WasteSite Volume (103 m3) Activity (MCi)

Hanford 233.5 339.9

Savannah River

126.5 502.2

INEEL 11.2 49.3

West Valley 2.2 24.1

Total 373.4 915.5


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HLW Generation

• For 1 GWe•year– Spent fuel: ~ 30 MT– FPs + Actinides: ~ 1 MT– HLLW: 15 ~ 30 m3

– Borosilicate glass: ~ 3 m3

– 150-liter canister:~ 30

• For 30 ~ 40 reactors: ~ 1,000 canisters/year

• For ~ 40 years: 40,000 canisters/repository


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Radioactivity of HLW

• Fission Products– Sr-90, Cs-135, I-129,

Tc-99, ...

• Actinides + U– Am-243, Am-241, Np-

237, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-242, Cm-245, Cm-244, ...

• Activated materials– H-3, C-14, Zr-95, Ni-

63, Fe-55, Co-60, ...


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Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel

Step 1: Decladding and Chopping

Step 2: Dissolution into HNO3

Step 3: Extraction of U and Puby Tri Butyl Phosphate(TBP)

Step 4: Pu Recovery from TBPto Aqueous phase


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Geological Underground Repository


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Yucca Mountain


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Engineered Barrier System

• Waste solid– To limit leaching of radionuclides to groundwater

• Metal canister, overpack– To prevent waste forms contacting groundwater– In oxygen-depleted environment, some metal canister generates hydrogen by

corrosion, and keeps the environment reducing.– By corrosion, metal canister swells, and groundwater movement through EBS

becomes more difficult.

• Buffer material– To make sure that water movement is negligibly slow in this domain.– To settle and maintain the position of the waste form– To retard radionuclides released from waste forms– To fill gaps between the waste form and the surrounding host rock and to seal

cracks in the host rock (self-sealing capability)– To control temperature increases in EBS caused by the decay heat of radionuclides– To maintain a proper pH and redox potential in pore water of the buffer material

(chemical buffering)– To buffer the stress due to the deformation of surrounding host rock as well as the

accumulation of corrosion products of metal canister (stress buffering effects)


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Risk of terrorism(new challenge to industry)

9/11 jetpassed nearIndian Point


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Referensi

R. G. Cochran and N. Tsoulfanidis, “The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: Analysis and Management”, ANS, 1999

W. Marshall, “Nuclear Power Technology Vol. 2 Fuel Cycle”, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1983

P.D. Wilson, “The Nuclear Fuel Cycle: From Ore to Waste”, Oxford, 2001


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Siklus Bahan Bakar Nuklir


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Uranium & Plutonium Recycling


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siklus bahan bakar nuklir

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