projek akhir arsitektur periode lxxv semester gasal, …repository.unika.ac.id/20073/1/15.a1.0021...
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PROJEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR Periode LXXV, Semester Gasal, Tahun 2018-2019
LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR
KOMPLEKS BANGUNAN GEREJA PAROKI YESUS
MARIA YOSEF PADA KAWASAN PERUMAHAN DI
SEMARANG
Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan
Memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur
Disusun oleh : Yesica Nugraha - 15.A1.0021
Nama Pembimbing : Ir. Albertus Sidharta Muljadinata, M.T.
NIDN : 06.120657.01
PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR
FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN
UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA
Januari 2019
iii
iv
HAL
v
AMAN PEN
vi
PRAKATA
Puji dan syukur dipanjatkan kehadiran Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena berkat anugrah yang
diberikan untuk menuntaskan Landasan Teori dan Program Projek Akhir Arsitektur yang berjudul
“Kompleks Bangunan Gereja Paroki pada kawasan Perumahan”.
Laporan ini disusun sebagai persyaratan menempuh Projek Akhir Arsitektur pada Program
Studi Arsitektur Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata Semarang.
Penyusunan Landasan Teori dan Program ini tidak lepas dari bantuan, bimbingan serta
dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Oleh karena itu, dihaturkan terimakasih kepada :
1. Dra. B. Tyas Susanti, MA., PhD. Selaku Dekan Fakultas Arsitektur dan Desain.
2. MD. Nestri Kiswari, MT, MSc. Selaku Ketua Program Studi Arsitektur.
3. Ir. FX. Bambang Suskiyatno, MT. Selaku Koordinator PAA 75 sekaligus selaku Dosen
Pembimbing PAA 75
4. Ir. Albertus Sidharta Muljadinata, M.T.. Selaku Dosen Pembimbing PAA 75
5. Seluruh narasumber dan penyedia data mengenai informasi sebagai dasar penyusunan LTP.
Sangat dibutuhkan masukan positif dari berbagai pihak untuk digunakan untuk perbaikan laporan
ini.
Semarang,
Yesica Nugraha
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ......................................................................................................... iv
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
PRAKATA .................................................................................................................................... v
DAFTAR GAMBAR ..................................................................................................................... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................................ xiii
DAFTAR DIAGRAM .................................................................................................................. xiv
DAFTAR SKEMA ...................................................................................................................... xiv
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................................... 1
BAB 1. PENDAHULUAN .............................................................................................................. 2
1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................................... 2
1.2 Isu .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Pernyataan Masalah Desain .......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Kajian Pustaka ............................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Tujuan dan Manfaat ....................................................................................................... 5
1.5.1 Tujuan ..................................................................................................................... 5
1.5.2 Manfaat ................................................................................................................... 5
1.6 Sistematika Pembahasan............................................................................................... 5
BAB 2. GAMBARAN UMUM......................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Gambaran Umum Gereja Paroki Katolik ........................................................................ 7
2.1.1 Gereja ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 Paroki ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Katolik ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.4 Pastoran ................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.5 Pastoral ................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.6 Tingkatan Status Gereja ......................................................................................... 8
2.2 Gambaran Umum Kawasan Perumahan ...................................................................... 10
2.2.1 Kawasan Perumahan Plamongan Indah ............................................................... 10
2.2.2 Properti Perumahan .............................................................................................. 11
2.3 Gambaran Umum Kegiatan Gereja Paroki Katolik ....................................................... 11
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2.3.1 Pelaku ................................................................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Fasilitas ................................................................................................................. 13
2.3.3 Kegiatan ................................................................................................................ 14
2.3.4 Persyaratan Umum ............................................................................................... 14
2.4 Gambaran Umum Lokasi dan Tapak ............................................................................ 15
2.4.1 Lokasi ....................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2 Tapak ....................................................................................................................... 16
2.5 Gambaran Umum Lingkungan Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya ....................................... 20
BAB 3. PEMROGRAMAN ARSITEKTUR ................................................................................... 21
3.1 Analisis Fungsi Bangunan ............................................................................................ 21
3.1.1 Studi Preseden ..................................................................................................... 21
3.1.2 Studi Aktivitas ....................................................................................................... 24
3.1.3 Studi Fasilitas........................................................................................................ 38
3.1.4 Studi Kebutuhan Luas Bangunan dan Tapak ........................................................ 45
3.1.5 Analisa Struktur Ruang ......................................................................................... 56
3.2 Analisis Tapak .............................................................................................................. 58
3.2.1 Latar Belakang Pemilihan Tapak........................................................................... 58
3.2.2 Analisis SWOT ...................................................................................................... 59
3.3 Analisis Lingkungan Buatan ......................................................................................... 59
3.4 Analisis Lingkungan Alami ........................................................................................... 62
BAB 4. PENELUSURAN MASALAH .......................................................................................... 67
4.1 Kajian Komprehensif .................................................................................................... 67
4.1.1 Potensi .................................................................................................................. 67
4.1.2 Kendala ................................................................................................................. 67
4.2 Pernyataan Isu ............................................................................................................. 68
4.2.1 Pragmatik .............................................................................................................. 68
4.2.2 Eksistensial ........................................................................................................... 68
4.2.3 Lingkungan ........................................................................................................... 68
4.3 Analisa Komprehensif .................................................................................................. 68
4.3.1 Permasalahan Arsitektur ....................................................................................... 68
4.3.2 Permasalahan Bangunan ...................................................................................... 70
4.3.3 Permasalahan Konteks Lingkungan ...................................................................... 71
4.4 Penetapan dan Perumusan Masalah ........................................................................... 72
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BAB 5. KAJIAN TEORI ............................................................................................................... 73
5.1 Tinjauan tentang Liturgi Gereja Katolik......................................................................... 73
5.1.1 Kegiatan Liturgi dan Simbolisasi Katolik ................................................................... 73
5.1.2 Kegiatan Liturgi dan Sakralitas ................................................................................. 74
5.2 Tinjauan tentang Teologi dan Simbolisasi Keluarga Kudus Yesus Maria Yosef .......... 75
5.3 Kajian Teori Arsitektur Simbolisme ............................................................................... 75
5.4 Kajian Teori Arsitektur Green Building.......................................................................... 78
5.4.1 Prinsip passive cooling ............................................................................................ 79
5.4.2 Teori Mechanic Cooling ............................................................................................ 86
5.4.3 Teori Kenyamanan Thermal ..................................................................................... 91
5.5 Kajian Teori Pola Perumahan ...................................................................................... 94
5.6 Kajian Teori Tata Ruang Luar ...................................................................................... 96
BAB 6. PENDEKATAN DESAIN ................................................................................................. 99
6.1 Penetapan Pendekatan Perancangan .......................................................................... 99
6.2 Penetapan Arsitektur Simbolis pada Desain................................................................. 99
6.2.1 Pengaplikasian simbol Keluarga Kudus Yesus Maria Yosef .................................. 99
6.2.2 Konsep Sakralitas Fungsi...................................................................................... 99
6.2.3 Konsep Sakralitas Bentuk ................................................................................... 100
6.3 Penetapan Arsitektur Green Building pada Desain..................................................... 101
6.3.1 Prinsip Passive Cooling ...................................................................................... 101
6.3.2 Mechanic Cooling ............................................................................................... 102
6.3.3 Kenyamanan Thermal-passive design ................................................................ 102
6.4 Penetapan Arsitektur Tata Ruang Luar pada Desain ................................................. 102
6.4.1 Teori Skala Ruang Yoshinobu Ashihara .............................................................. 102
6.4.2 Teori Enclose dan Tingkatan Ruang Luar ........................................................... 102
6.4.3 Teori Penekanan dan Aksentuasi (Emphasis) ..................................................... 102
6.4.4 Fasilitas Parkir dan Sirkluasi ............................................................................... 103
BAB 7. LANDASAN PERANCANGAN ..................................................................................... 104
7.1 Penetapan Landasan Perencanaan ........................................................................... 104
7.2 Landasan Perancangan Tata Ruang dan Keruangan ................................................. 104
7.2.1 Tata Ruang ......................................................................................................... 104
7.2.2 Keruangan .......................................................................................................... 105
7.2.3 Sirkulasi ruang dan antar bangunan .................................................................... 107
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7.2.4 Orientasi ruang dan bangunan ............................................................................ 107
7.3 Landasan Perancangan Bentuk (form) ....................................................................... 107
7.4 Landasan Perancangan Pelingkup, Fasade dan Struktur ........................................... 108
7.4.1 Pelingkup ............................................................................................................ 108
7.4.2 Fasad .................................................................................................................. 112
7.4.3 Struktur ............................................................................................................... 112
7.5 Landasan Perencanaan Teknologi ............................................................................. 114
7.5.1 Kenyamanan ....................................................................................................... 114
7.5.2 Keselamatan bangunan ...................................................................................... 115
7.6 Utilitas ........................................................................................................................ 115
7.6.1 Sistem Air Bersih ................................................................................................ 115
7.6.2 Sistem Sanitasi dan Drainase ............................................................................. 116
7.6.3 Sistem Pemadam Kebakaran .............................................................................. 116
7.6.4 Sistem Penangkal Petir ....................................................................................... 116
7.6.5 Sistem Elektrikal ................................................................................................. 117
BAB 8. STRATEGI DESAIN ..................................................................................................... 118
8.1 Pendekatan Desain .................................................................................................... 118
8.2 Kerangka Alur Pikir Desain ........................................................................................ 119
8.3 Strategi Desain ......................................................................................................... 120
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................................. 121
LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................................... 123
1. Program ruang dan sketsa keruangan ........................................................................... 123
2. Perhitungan lampu, thermal, akustik dan rain harvesting ............................................... 173
2.1 Perhitungan kebutuhan lampu ................................................................................... 173
2.2 Perhitungan akustik waktu dengung ........................................................................... 173
2.3 Perhitungan OTTV ..................................................................................................... 174
2.4 Perhitungan Beban Pendinginan ................................................................................ 175
2.5 Perhitungan Rain Harvesting ......................................................................................... 177
3. Studi Ruang Khusus ...................................................................................................... 179
4. Studi Preseden .............................................................................................................. 191
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1.Peta Kota Semarang ............................................................................................................ 15
Gambar 2.2.Foto Udara ........................................................................................................................... 16
Gambar 2.3.Bentuk Dan Ukuran Tapak ................................................................................................... 16
Gambar 2.4.Batas Tapak ......................................................................................................................... 17
Gambar 3.1. Tampak Depan Gereja Santo Paulus Sendangguwo Semarang ....................................... 21
Gambar 3.2. Foto Udara .......................................................................................................................... 22
Gambar 3.3. Penataan Kompleks Bangunan ........................................................................................... 22
Gambar 3.4. Situasi Gereja Santo Paulus ............................................................................................... 23
Gambar 3.5. Figure Ground Plan ............................................................................................................. 60
Gambar 3.6. Jaringan Utilitas ................................................................................................................... 61
Gambar 3.7. Data Vegetasi ...................................................................................................................... 61
Gambar 3.8. Iklim ..................................................................................................................................... 62
Gambar 3.9. Data Tanah .......................................................................................................................... 63
Gambar 3.10. View through site ............................................................................................................... 65
Gambar 3.11. View to site ........................................................................................................................ 65
Gambar 3.12. View from site .................................................................................................................... 66
Gambar 5.1.Konsep Sakralitas Fungsi .................................................................................................... 77
Gambar 5.2. Konsep Sakralitas Bentuk ................................................................................................... 77
Gambar 5.3.Bentuk beda, volume sama,luas fasad beda ....................................................................... 80
Gambar 5.4. Bentuk sama, volume sama, luas fasad beda .................................................................... 81
Gambar 5.5.Bentuk dan proporsi massa bangunan ................................................................................ 81
Gambar 5.6. Tipe bukaan udara .............................................................................................................. 82
Gambar 5.7.Posisi inlet dan outlet secara potongan ruang ..................................................................... 83
Gambar 5.8. Pembayangan oleh massa bangunan................................................................................. 84
Gambar 5.9.Pembayangan oleh massa bangunan .................................................................................. 84
Gambar 5.10.Penataan massa pada site ................................................................................................. 84
Gambar 5.11. Pembayangan oleh vegetasi ............................................................................................. 85
Gambar 5.12.Sistem ventilasi exhauster ................................................................................................. 87
Gambar 5.13. Sistem intake ventilator ..................................................................................................... 87
Gambar 5.14.Kombinasi exhaust dan intake ventilataor.......................................................................... 88
Gambar 5.15. Mesin pendingin kompresor .............................................................................................. 89
Gambar 5.16.Mesin pendingin absorbsi................................................................................................... 89
Gambar 5.17.Pengaturan suhu udara tekanan rendah terpusat ............................................................. 90
Gambar 5.18. Pengaturan suhu udara tekanan tinggi terpusat ............................................................... 91
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Gambar 5.19. Pola Grid ........................................................................................................................... 94
Gambar 5.20.Pola Simpangan ................................................................................................................. 94
Gambar 5.21. Pola Radial ........................................................................................................................ 95
Gambar 5.22.Pola Culdesac .................................................................................................................... 95
Gambar 5.23.Pola Taman ........................................................................................................................ 95
Gambar 5.24. Pola Loop .......................................................................................................................... 95
Gambar 7.1.Sirkulasi Fasilitas Peribadatan ............................................................................................ 105
Gambar 7.2.Organisasi Kelompok bangunan .......................................................................................... 105
Gambar 7.3.Sirkulasi Jalan Salib ............................................................................................................. 106
Gambar 7.4. Sirkulasi Pemadam Kebakaran ........................................................................................... 115
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1.Ringkasan Kajian Hasil Karya Sebelumnya ............................................................................. 4
Tabel 2.1.Tingkatan Dalam Gereja Katholik ............................................................................................ 9
Tabel 3.1. Jadwal Operasional ................................................................................................................. 31
Tabel 3.2. Pengelompokan Kegiatan Gembala Paroki ............................................................................ 33
Tabel 3.3. Pengelompokan Kegiatan Pelayan Liturgi .............................................................................. 33
Tabel 3.4. Pengelompokan Kegiatan Pelayan Pastoral ........................................................................... 34
Tabel 3.5. Pengelompokan Kegiatan Pelayan Pastoran ......................................................................... 35
Tabel 3.6. Pengelompokan Kegiatan Pelayan Umum ............................................................................. 35
Tabel 3.7. Pengelompokan Kegiatan Umat ............................................................................................. 36
Tabel 3.8. Analisis Jumlah Pelaku Kegiatan Liturgi ................................................................................. 37
Tabel 3.9. Analisis Jumlah pelaku Kegiatan Pastoral .............................................................................. 37
Tabel 3.10. Analisis Jumlah pelaku Kegiatan Pastoran ........................................................................... 38
Tabel 3.11. Analisis Jumlah Umat Misa Mingguan .................................................................................. 38
Tabel 3.12. Analisis Jumlah Umat Misa Tahunan .................................................................................... 38
Tabel 3.13. Kebutuhan Fasilitas Peribadatan .......................................................................................... 39
Tabel 3.14. Kebutuhan Fasilitas Pastoral ................................................................................................ 39
Tabel 3.15. Kebutuhan Fasilitas Pastoran ............................................................................................... 39
Tabel 3.16. Kebutuhan Fasilitas Servis .................................................................................................... 40
Tabel 3.17. Kebutuhan Fasilitas R.Luar ................................................................................................... 40
Tabel 3.18. Kualitas Ruang ...................................................................................................................... 42
Tabel 3.19. Program Ruang Indoor .......................................................................................................... 45
Tabel 3.20. Rekapitulasi total ruang indoor ............................................................................................. 53
Tabel 3.21. Rekapitulasi total ruang outdoor ........................................................................................... 54
Tabel 3.22. Analisis SWOT ...................................................................................................................... 59
Tabel 3.23. Waktu tempuh tapak ke fasilitas sekitar ................................................................................ 64
Tabel 5.1.Albedo ...................................................................................................................................... 86
Tabel 5.2. Pengaruh kelembaban suhu dan kenyamanan ...................................................................... 93
Tabel 7.1.Material Penutup Lantai ......................................................................................................... 108
Tabel 7.2.Material Dinding Pelingkup ..................................................................................................... 109
Tabel 7.3.Material Plafond ...................................................................................................................... 111
Tabel 7.4. Substruktur ............................................................................................................................. 112
Tabel 7.5.Superstruktur ........................................................................................................................... 113
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Tabel 7.6. Pencahyaan ........................................................................................................................... 114
Tabel 8.1.Strategi Desain ....................................................................................................................... 120
DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram 2.1.Susunan Gembala Paroki .................................................................................................... 12
Diagram 2.2. Struktur Organisasi Pelaku ................................................................................................. 13
Diagram 3.1. Pola aktivitas Gembala Paroki ............................................................................................ 26
Diagram 3.2. Pola aktivitas Pelayan Liturgi .............................................................................................. 27
Diagram 3.3. Pola aktivitas Pelayan Pastoral .......................................................................................... 28
Diagram 3.4. Pola aktivitas Pelayan Pastoran ......................................................................................... 28
Diagram 3.5. Pola aktivitas Pelayan Umum ............................................................................................. 29
Diagram 3.6. Pola aktivitas Umat ............................................................................................................. 29
Diagram 3.7. Alur aktivitas Liturgi............................................................................................................. 30
Diagram 3.8. Urutan ruang berdasarkan kegiatan .................................................................................. 31
Diagram 3.9. Struktur ruang makro .......................................................................................................... 56
Diagram 3.10. Struktur ruang mikro kegiatan peribadatan ...................................................................... 56
Diagram 3.11. Struktur ruang mikro kegiatan pastoral............................................................................. 57
Diagram 3.12. Struktur ruang mikro kegiatan pastoran ........................................................................... 57
Diagram 3.13. Struktur ruang mikro kegiatan servis ................................................................................ 58
Diagram 5.1.Pemaknaan Arsitektur ......................................................................................................... 79
Diagram 7.1.Sistem air bersih ................................................................................................................. 115
Diagram 7.2.Sistem rain harvesting ......................................................................................................... 116
Diagram 7.3.Sistem sanitasi dan drainase .............................................................................................. 116
Diagram 7.4. Sistem elektrikal ................................................................................................................. 117
Diagram 8.1.Pendekatan Desain ............................................................................................................ 118
Diagram 8.2.Kerangka alur pikir ............................................................................................................... 119
DAFTAR SKEMA
Skema 2.1.Tingkatan dalam Gereja Katolik ............................................................................................. 10
1
ABSTRAK
Seiring berjalannya waktu, perkembangan jumlah umat Katolik semakin
meningkat, khususnya pada area kawasan perumahan. Semakin bertambahnya
umat, menuntut munculnya perancangan baru bagi Gereja. Perancangan Gereja
dewasa ini kurang memperhatikan segi kesakralan bentuk dan lingkungan di
sekitarnya. Hal ini menjadi latar belakang penulis dalam mengembangkan
sebuah projek perencanaan Gereja yang memperhatikan lingkungan hidup
melalui pendekatan Green Building dan pendekatan Arsitektur Simbolis. Tujuan
dari perancangan ini adalah menciptakan sebuah Gereja yang dapat
menghidupkan kembali kesakralan dalam gubahan bentuk, serta Gereja yang
dapat mendukung pelestarian lingkungan hidup disekitarnya.
Kata Kunci –Gereja, Paroki, Kenyamanan Thermal, Simbolis