pengendalian persediaan bahan baku dengan metode eoq (economic order quantity) pada produksi kap...

8/2/2019 PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU DENGAN METODE EOQ (ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY) PADA PRODUKSI KAP LAMPU DI PT. CITILITE BUANA PUTRA

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VMHNMH@ECKEH VM\YM@KEEH LEBEH LEA] @MHNEH DMPJ@M

MJU "MIJHJDKI J\@M\ U]EHPKP[+ VE@E V\J@]AYK AEV

CEDV] @K VP( IKPKCKPM L]EHE V]P\E

@keo}aeh ]hp}a Dmdmh}bk Vm|y{e|epeh A}|ka}c}d

Ye|oehe Yp|epe$5

@ky}y}h Jcmb ?

Khmy \eibde~epk V

(05=(659


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CMDLE\ VM\YMP]O]EH

Pmceb `kvm|kaye èh `kymp}o}k jcmb @jymh Vmdlkdlkhn Ya|kvyk }hp}a `keo}aeh

Ykèhn(

Hede ? Khmy \eibde~epk Vekceceb

H|v ? (05=(659

Gea}cpey ? Pmahka

V|jn|ed Yp}`k ? Pmahka Kh`}yp|k

O}`}c ? Vmhnmhèckeh Vm|ym`keeh Lebeh Lea} @mhneh Dmpj`m

MJU "Mijhjdki J|`m| U}ehpkp{+ Veè V|j`}ayk Aev

Cedv} @k VP( Ikpkckpm L}ehe V}p|e(

Oeae|pe# 50 O}ck


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VMHNMH@ECKEH VM\YM@KEEH LEBEH LEA] @MHNEH

DMPJ@M MJU "MIJHJDKI J\@M\ U]EHPKP[+ VE@E

V\J@]AYK AEV CEDV] @K VP( IKPKCKPM L]EHE V]P\E

@kvm|ykevaeh èh `ky}y}h jcmb ?

Hede ? Khmy \eibde~epk VekceceB

H|v ? (05=(659

Pmceb `kvm|pebehaeh `k beèveh Ajdkyk Vmhn}ok O}|}yeh Pmahka Kh`}yp|k ]VH

Wmpm|eh Oeae|pe veè pehnnec èh `kh{epeaeh pmceb dmdmh}bk y{e|ep }hp}a

`kpm|kde(

Vm|ymp}o}eh Ajdkyk Vmhn}ok

Hj Oelepeh Hede Pehè pehneh

5 Amp}e K|( Ckcka _}cekbeb# D(Yk ((((((((((((((((((((((((((

< Ehnnjpe H}| [}ckehpk B( YP#DP ((((((((((((((((((((((((((

9 Ehnnjpe K|( Ykpk \jbehe Hey}pkjh# DP ((((((((((((((((((((((((((

Oeae|pe# O}ck


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Ya|kvyk khk pmceb aedk ymp}o}k }hp}a `kvm|pebehaeh `kbe`eveh Ajdkyk Vmhn}ok

O}|}yeh Pmahka Kh`}yp|k ]VH Wmpm|eh Oeae|pe ve`e pehnnec 50 O}ck


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@kvm|ykevaeh èh `ky}y}h jcmb ?

Hede ? Khmy \eibde~epk Vekceceb

H|v ? (05=(659

Pmceb `kvm|pebehaeh `k beèveh Ajdkyk Vmhn}ok O}|}yeh Pmahka Kh`}yp|k ]VH

Wmpm|eh Oeae|pe veè pehnnec 57 O}ck


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ELYP\EA

Vmhnmhèckeh vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} dm|}veaeh deyeceb vmhpkhn èced

y}ep} vm|}yebeeh# ae|mhe o}dceb vm|ym`keeh deykhn$deykhn lebeh lea} eaehdmhmhp}aeh epe} dmdvmhne|}bk amcehie|eh v|jymy v|j`}ayk èh èvep

dmdvmhne|}bk lke{e vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} {ehn `kamc}e|aeh jcmb vm|}yebeeh(

Vm|bkp}hneh$vm|bkp}hneh {ehn pmceb `kcea}aeh eèceb dmdl}ep vm|edeceh

"gj|mieypkhn+ lebeh lea} vcep leoe 6#0 dd lm|èye|aeh dmpj`m djwkhn ewm|enm "h

4 0+ ae|mhe dmpj`m khk dmdkckak pkhnaep amyecebeh vm|edeceh {ehn pm|amikc {ekp}

= èh dmhnbkp}hn vmhnmhèckeh vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} lm|èye|aeh dmpj`m

Mijhjdki J|`m| U}ehpkp{ "MJU+ @mpm|dkhkypka( Lm|èye|aeh vm|bkp}hneh

pm|yml}p `kvm|jcmb aml}p}beh lebeh lea} vcep leoe 6#0 dd veè l}ceh Oeh}e|k

@mymdlm|


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AEPE VMHNEHPE\

V}ok èh y{}a}| ambe`k|ep Ecceb Y^P {ehn pmceb dmckdvebaeh |ebdep èh

ae|}hke$h{e ymbkhnne vmh}cky èvep dmh{mcmyekaeh p}ney eabk| khk `mhneh leka(

Dmhnkhnep vmh}ckyeh p}ney eabk| khk deykb oe}b è|k ymdv}|he

`kae|mheaeh ampm|lepeyeh amdedv}eh vmh}cky èced vmh{}y}heh p}ney eabk| khk#

jcmb ae|mhe kp} yehnepceb `kbe|nek eèh{e ympkev a|kpka èh ye|eh {ehn dmh}hoehn

amymdv}|heeh p}ney eabk| khk `mdk dmhkhnaepaeh d}p} vmh}ckyeh `k deye

dmhèpehn(

Ymoea e~ec pmceb leh{ea pmhene# }yebe èh ~eap} {ehn `ki}|ebaeh è|k

lm|lenek vkbea leka lm|}ve `}a}hneh dj|kc de}v}h depm|kc èced dmdlehp}

vmh}cky èced dmh{mcmyekaeh p}ney eabk| khk( Ymk|khn `mhneh |eye y{}a}| ambe`k|ep

Ecceb Y^P deae vmh}cky khnkh dmh{edvekaeh |eye pm|kde aeykb amveè?

5( Levea K|( Y}ckypkjhj# D(Yi( ymcea} @maeh Gea}cpey Pmahka ]VHWmpm|eh Oeae|pe(


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=( Levea Iep}| A}|hke~eh Y(v`# DP( ymcea} Dehenm| V|j`}ayk `k VP(Ikpkckpm L}ehe V}p|e {ehn pmceb leh{ea dmdlm|kaeh e|ebeh amveè

vmh}cky ymcede vmh{}y}heh p}ney eabk| khk(

7( Ymc}|}b ae|{e~eh èh ypegg Gea}cpey Pmahka ]VH Wmpm|eh Oeae|pe>( Amveè am`}e j|ehn p}ea} pm|ikhpe# ymnmhev amc}e|ne {ehn pmceb

dmdlm|kaeh ymdehnep èh `}a}hnehh{e leka dj|kc de}v}h depm|kc

ym|pe `je |myp}h{e ymcede vmh{}y}heh p}ney eabk| khk(

2( @ehh{ Kydekcckeh`{ V}p|e# {ehn pmceb dmdlm|kaeh `je# ymdehnep èh`}a}hnehh{e {ehn dmhoe`k vmh{mdehnep lenk vmh}cky(

;( Pmdeh$pmdeha} `k Pmahka Kh`}yp|k ab}y}yh{e ehnaepeh peb}h #yebelepa} \eh`k# Maj {ehn pmceb dmdlm|kaeh ymdehnep èh

`}a}hnehh{e# pm|kde aeykb epey amlm|yedeehh{e ymcede khk(

56(Ymd}e vkbea {ehn pmceb dmdlehp} dmh{mcmyekaeh ya|kvyk khk {ehnpkèa lkye vmh}cky p}cky yep} vm| yep} hedeh{e `kykhk(

Vmh}cky dmh{eè|k leb~e deykb leh{ea ama}|ehneh èh amyecebeh èced

vmh{}y}heh p}ney eabk| khk( Jcmb ae|mhe kp} vmh}cky yehnep dmhnbe|evaeh a|kpka

èh ye|eh {ehn dmdlehn}h ymbkhnne èvep dmh{mdv}|heaeh p}ney eabk| khk(

Eabk|h{e# vmh}cky lm|be|ev ymdjne p}ney eabk| khk èvep lm|dehgeep èh


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@EGPE\ KYK

ELYP\EA ( k

AEPE VMHNEHPE\ kk

@EGPE\ KYK (( kw

@EGPE\ PELMC wkk

@EGPE\ NEDLE\ wkkk

LEL K VMH@EB]C]EH

5(5( Cepe| Lmceaehn 5

5(


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LEL KKK DMPJ@JCJNK VMHMCKPKEH

9(5( Vmhmckpkeh Vmh`eb}c}eh (((((((((( =5

9(


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@EGPE\ PELMC

Becedeh

Pelmc 5

Pelmc =(5 Beykc Vm|bkp}hneh @mhneh Dmpj`m MJU ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >=


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@EGPE\ NEDLE\

Becedeh

Nedle|

Nedle| 0(< Vmpe \ehpek Y}vcek `k VP( Ikpkckpm L}ehe V}p|e (((((((((((( ((( =;

Nedle| 0(9 @ken|ed Eck| Ampm|aekpeh Am|oe Ehpe| @kwkyk ((((((((((((((((( 75

Nedle| 0(0 Mhpkpey$Mhpkpey [ehn Dmh{}y}h V|jymy Vmdl}epeh Aev

Cedv} (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 70

Nedle| 0(= Vm|eakpeh Aev Cedv} (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 70

Nedle| 0(7 Yp|}ap}| V|j`}a `eh Mhpkp{ Gcj~ @ken|ed (((((((((((((((((((((( 7=

Nedle| 0(> N|egka Vm|dkhpeeh Vcep Leoe 6#0 dd L}ceh Oeh}e|k$

@mymdlm|

Nedle| =(5 ^eap} Ykac}y Vcep Leoe 6#0 dd (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( >0

Nedle| =(< N|egkaMijhjdki J|`m| U}ehpkp{ "MJU+ (((((((((((((((((((((((((( >=


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@EGPE\ CEDVK\EH

Cedvk|eh E Vm|bkp}hneh Vm|edeceh# DEVM#D\ Ibe|p# `eh N|egkaD\ Ibe|p


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ELYP\EA

Vmhnmhèckeh vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} dm|}veaeh deyeceb vmhpkhn èced

y}ep} vm|}yebeeh# ae|mhe o}dceb vm|ym`keeh deykhn$deykhn lebeh lea} eaeh

dmhmhp}aeh epe} dmdvmhne|}bk amcehie|eh v|jymy v|j`}ayk èh èvep

dmdvmhne|}bk lke{e vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} {ehn `kamc}e|aeh jcmb vm|}yebeeh(

Vm|bkp}hneh$vm|bkp}hneh {ehn pmceb `kcea}aeh eèceb dmdl}ep vm|edeceh

"gj|mieypkhn+ lebeh lea} vcep leoe 6#0 dd lm|èye|aeh dmpj`m djwkhn ewm|enm "h4 0+ ae|mhe dmpj`m khk dmdkckak pkhnaep amyecebeh vm|edeceh {ehn pm|amikc {ekp}

= èh dmhnbkp}hn vmhnmhèckeh vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} lm|èye|aeh dmpj`m

Mijhjdki J|`m| U}ehpkp{ "MJU+ @mpm|dkhkypka( Lm|èye|aeh vm|bkp}hnehpm|yml}p `kvm|jcmb aml}p}beh lebeh lea} vcep leoe 6#0 dd veè l}ceh Oeh}e|k

@mymdlm|


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LEL K

VMH@EB]C]EH

5(5( Cepe| Lmceaehn DeyecebYmdeakh dmhkhnaeph{e vm|amdlehneh kh`}yp|k {ehn akeh vmyep `k bedvk| ymc}|}b

`}hke# deae ymdeakh leh{ea v}ce vm|dkhpeeh }hp}a dmdmh}bk aml}p}beh bk`}vh{e(

@eced y}ep} vm|}yebeeh deh}geap}|# ykypmd vm|ym`keeh lenk y}ep} vm|}yebeeh

yehnepceb vmhpkhn lenk cehie|h{e v|jymy v|j`}ayk( Eèh{e vm|ym`keeh dmhkdl}caeh

ajhyma}mhyk lm|}ve |kykaj$|kykaj pm|pmhp} {ehn be|}y `kpehnn}hn vm|}yebeeh eaklep

eèh{e vm|ym`keeh pm|yml}p( Vm|ym`keeh {ehn `kykdveh vm|}yebeeh lkye yeoe |}yea

ymlmc}d `kn}heaeh# ymcekh kp} vm|}yebeeh o}ne be|}y dmhehnn}hn lke{e$lke{e {ehn

pkdl}c eaklep eèh{e vm|ym`keeh pm|yml}p# pehve eèh{e vm|ym`keeh {ehn i}a}v deae

vm|}yebeeh eaeh `kbeèvaeh veè |kykaj leb~e veè y}ep} ~eap} pkèa èvep

dmdmh}bk aml}p}beh èh amkhnkheh ve|e vmcehnnehh{e(

Vmhne~eyeh vm|ym`keeh dm|}veaeh deyeceb {ehn yehnep vmhpkhn# ae|mhe o}dceb

vm|ym`keeh eaeh dmhmhp}aeh epe} dmdvmhne|}bk amcehie|eh v|jymy v|j`}ayk ym|pe

ammgmapkgeh èh mgkykmhyk vm|}yebeeh pm|yml}p( O}dceb epe} pkhnaep vm|ym`keeh {ehn

`kl}p}baeh jcmb vm|}yebeeh lm|lmè$lmè }hp}a ympkev vm|}yebeeh# vel|ka#


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lebeh lea} deyeceb }pede {ehn pm|oe`k eèceb dmh{mcmhnne|eaeh vm|ym`keeh lebeh

{ehn veckhn pmvep ene| amnkepeh v|j`}ayk pkèa pm|nehnn} èh èhe {ehn `kpehed

èced vm|ym`keeh lebeh pkèa lm|cmlkbeh( Deyeceb pm|yml}p lm|vmhne|}b pm|beèv

vmhmhp}eh "5+ lm|eve a}ehpkpey {ehn eaeh `klmck èced vm|kj`m pm|pmhp}# "


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5(


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=( @epe$èpe {ehn `kvm|jcmb è|k vm|}yebeeh `key}dykaeh pkèadmhnecedk vm|}lebeh veè peb}h lm|ka}ph{e(

5(=( Ykypmdepkae Vmh}ckyeh]hp}a dmdlm|kaeh nedle|eh {ehn omcey èh pm|vm|khik# deae ya|kvyk khk `ky}y}h

dmh}|}p ykypmdepkae ymlenek lm|ka}p ?

LEL K VMH@EB]C]EH

@eced lel khk eaeh `k}|ekaeh cepe| lmceaehn deyeceb#

vm|}d}yeh deyeceb# p}o}eh èh dehgeep vmhmckpkeh#

vmdlepeyeh deyeceb èh ykypmdepkae vmh}ckyeh(

LEL KK CEH@EYEH PMJ\K

Lel khk lm|kyk pmj|k$pmj|k {ehn dmhoe`k èye| vmhnjcebeh èpe#

vmhnmdlehneh vmhmckpkeh# èh beykc(

LEL KKK DMPJ@JCJNK VMHMCKPKEH

@eced lel khk dmdlebey dmhnmhek cehnaeb$cehnaeb


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LEL KW VMHN]DV]CEH @EH VMHNJCEBEH @EPE

@eced lel khk eaeh `k}|ekaeh dmhnmhek vmhn}dv}ceh èpe

{ehn `kvm|jcmb è|k VP( Ikpkckpm L}ehe V}p|e ymceho}ph{e èpe

pm|yml}p `kjceb `mhneh dmhnn}heaeh dmpj`m Mijhjdki J|`m|

U}ehpkp{ "MJU+(

LEL W EHECKYKY @EPE

@eced lel khk eaeh `k}|ekaeh dmhnmhek eheckye è|k beykc

vmhnjcebeh èpe(

LEL WK YKDV]CEH @EH YE\EH

@eced lel khk eaeh `k}|ekaeh amykdv}ceh {ehn `kvm|jcmb

lm|èye|aeh beykc eheckye }hp}a dmhoe~el p}o}eh vmhmckpkeh

èh dmdlm|kaeh ye|eh$ye|eh ymlenek lebeh vm|pkdlehneh {ehn

ymak|eh{e eaeh lm|n}he lenk vm|}yebeeh(


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LEL KK

CEH@EYEH PMJ\K


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`kbe|evaeh lm|}leb( @eced ajh`kyk pm|pmhp} vm|}yebeeh ym|khnaeck

dmhnehpkykveyk vm|dkhpeeh `kae|mheaeh ae|{e~eh èh vm|ym`keeh o}ne

`kvm|n}heaeh }hp}a dmhnehpkykveyk vm|dkhpeeh epe} vmhe~e|eh {ehn

lm|}leb ymie|e ecedkeb(

>( Dmdmh}bk aml}p}beh pm|}y dmhm|}yVm|ym`keeh p|ehykp pm|`k|k è|k lebeh lea} {ehn lm|nm|ea è|k yep} pkpka am

pkpka cekhh{e( Vm|ym`keeh khk `kvmhne|}bk jcmb amv}p}yeh cjaeyk vel|ka# ymie|e

pmahky vm|ym`keeh lm|nm|ea `kehpe|e pebeveh$pebeveh v|j`}ayk èh `kèced

vel|ka èvep o}ne `kaceykgkaeykaeh èced vm|ym`keeh p|ehykp(

@eced vm|ym`keeh pm|èvep ymo}dceb ykypmd {ehn dmhnep}| èh dmhnbkp}hn

lenekdehe dmhnkyk amdleck vmym`keeh le|ehn( Ykypmd khk ym|khn `kyml}p o}ne `mhneh

ykypmd vmhnmhèckeh vm|ym`keeh# `kdehe ykypmd khk lm|kyk ie|e dmhiepep p|ehyeayk

vm|ym`keeh èh ie|e dmdehpe} akhm|oe deheomdmh vm|ym`keeh èh èced

jvm|eykjhech{e èvep dmhnn}heaeh deh}ec de}v}h ajdv}pm| epe}

dmhnajdlkheykaeh am`}eh{e(


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o}dceb }hkp {ehn `kvm|c}aeh vm|}yebeeh ym|pe veè yeep le|ehn pm|yml}p eaeh

`kvm|n}heaeh }hp}a v|jymy v|j`}ayk vm|}yebeeh pm|yml}p( Lebeh lea}

pm|yml}p veè }d}dh{e eaeh `klmck èced o}dceb pm|pmhp}# `kdehe o}dceb

pm|pmhp} khk eaeh `kvm|n}heaeh }hp}a dmh}hoehn vmceayeheeh v|jymy

v|j`}ayk vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh èced lmlm|eve ~eap} pm|pmhp}

v}ce( @mhneh ameèeh ymdeied khk deae lebeh lea} {ehn y}èb `klmck jcmb

vm|}yebeeh hed}h lmc}d `kvm|n}heaeh }hp}a v|jymy v|j`}ayk eaeh dey}a

ymlenek vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} èced vm|}yebeeh pm|yml}p(


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5( G}hnyk@mij}vckhnG}hnyk khk dmd}hnakhaeh leb~e vm|}yebeeh eaeh èvep dmdmh}bk

aml}p}behh{e epey vm|dkhpeeh ajhy}dmh pehve pm|nehp}hn veè y}vckm|

le|ehn( ]hp}a èvep dmdmh}bk g}hnyk khk `kcea}aeh ie|e$ie|e ymlenek

lm|ka}p?

e( Vm|ym`keeh lebeh dmhpeb `kykevaeh `mhneh p}o}eh ene| vm|}yebeehpkèa ymvmh}bh{e pm|nehp}hn vmh{m`keehh{e veè y}vckm| èced bec

a}ehpkpey èh vmhnk|kdeh(

l( Vm|ym`keeh le|ehn èced v|jymy `kp}o}aeh ene| pkev lenkeh {ehnpm|cklep èvep cmlkb cmc}eye èced lm|l}ep(

i( Vm|ym`keeh le|ehn oe`k `kykevaeh v}ce `mhneh p}o}eh }hp}a dmdmh}bkvm|dkhpeeh {ehn lm|ykgep pkèa veypk è|k cehnneheh(


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9( G}hnyk Ehpkykveyk

Vm|}yebeeh ym|khn dmhnecedk y}ep} ampkèaveypkeh èced oehnae ~eap}

vmhnk|kdeh le|ehn è|k vm|}yebeeh cekh# ymbkhnne dmdm|c}aeh vm|ym`keeh

vmhnedeheh "yegmp{ ypjia+# epe} vm|}yebeeh dmhnecedk gc}ap}eyk

vm|dkhpeeh {ehn èvep `kvm|ak|eaeh ymlm}dh{e {ehn `kèye|aeh

vmhnecedeh deye cec} eaklep vmhne|}b d}ykd# ymb}l}hneh `mhneh bec

pm|yml}p vm|}yebeeh ymlekah{e dmhneèaeh ymeyjhec khwmhpj|{

"vm|ym`keeh d}ykdeh+ "Eyò}`k|mòe#5;;;?550+(

Ymcekh g}hnyk$g}hnyk `kepey# dmh}|}p Bm|oehpj "5;;>?572+ pm|èvep mhed

g}hnyk vmhpkhn {ehn `kaeh`}hn jcmb vm|ym`keeh èced dmdmh}bk

aml}p}beh vm|}yebeeh ehpe|e cekh?

e(

Dmhnbkcehnaeh |mykaj ampm|cedlepeh vmhnk|kdeh lebeh lea} epe}

le|ehn {ehn `kl}p}baeh vm|}yebeeh

l( Dmhnbkcehnaeh |mykaj okae depm|kec {ehn `kvmyeh pkèa leka ymbkhnnebe|}y `kamdleckaeh

i( Dmhnbkcehnaeh |mykaj pm|beèv amhekaeh be|ne le|ehn epe} khgceyk(`( ]hp}a dmh{kdveh lebeh lea} {ehn `kbeykcaeh ymie|e d}ykdeh

ymbkhnne vm|}yebeeh pkèa eaeh y}ckp lkce lebeh pm|yml}p pkèa pm|ym`ke


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}hp}a dmcmpeaaeh vm|pehnn}hnoe~eleh epey vmhnmcjceeh lebeh lea} èh vm|ym`keeh

veè }d}dh{e# ym|pe dmh{mcmhnne|eaeh y}ep} vmhnmhèckeh khpm|hec {ehn dmhoedkh

eèh{e `ja}dmh èye| vmdl}a}eh {ehn dmh`}a}hn yebh{e y}ep} p|ehyeayk {ehn

lm|b}l}hneh `mhneh lebeh# vmhne~eyeh lebeh dmckv}pk vmhne~eyeh gkyka èh

vmhne~eyeh hkcek epe} |}vkeb lebeh("Y}v|k{jhj#5;;;?066+

Amnkepeh vmhne~eyeh vm|ym`keeh pkèa pm|lepey veè vmhmhp}eh epey pkhnaep èh

ajdvjykyk vm|ym`keeh# pmpevk o}ne pm|dey}a vmhnep}|eh èh vmhne~eyeh epe}

vmceayeheeh vmhneèeh lebeh$lebeh {ehn `kvm|c}aeh ymy}ek `mhneh o}dceb èh

~eap} {ehn `kl}p}baeh `mhneh lke{e {ehn ym|mhèb$|mhèbh{e( Vmhnmhèckeh eèceb

v|jymy deheomdmh {ehn dmdeypkaeh `k|kh{e ymh`k|k ymoe}b bec kp} dmd}hnakhaeh#

leb~e amnkepeh {ehn `koecehaeh jcmb ehnnjpe è|k y}ep} j|nehkyeyk ymy}ek `mhneh

|mhiehe èh amlkoeayeheehh{e( "^kòeoe#5;;7?9+( Vmhnmhèckeh lm|akye| veè

amnkepeh dmdlm|kaeh vmhnedepeh# vmdehpe}eh# vmh{mck`kaeh èh vmhnmwec}eykeh

amymc}|}b lenkeh deheomdmh ene| p}o}eh {ehn `kpmpevaeh èvep pm|ievek(


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i( Vm|ak|eeh {ehn pmvep epey yam`}c vmho}eceh èh v|j`}ayk dm|}veaehbec {ehn mymhykec lenk vmdlmckeh# vmhehneheh# èh khwmypeyk lebeh

{ehn mgkykmh(

`( Amlkoeaeh deheomdmh# {ehn lm|}ve{e dmhikvpeaeh amymkdlehnehehpe|e am|enedeh èh a}ehpkpey vm|ym`keeh lenk jvm|eyk {ehn mgkykmh

`mhneh lke{e vmdkckaeh vm|ym`keeh pm|yml}p dm|}veaeh geapj| {ehn

veckhn }pede èced dmhmhp}aeh khwmypeyk vm|ym`keeh(

m( Vmdmyeheh lebeh dm|}veaeh pehnneveh pm|beèv vm|ak|eeh èhvmh{}y}heh |mhiehe vmhnmhèckeh v|j`}ayk(

g( Vmhiepepeh vm|ym`keeh yeoe pkèa eaeh dmhievek vmhnmhèckeh epeyvm|ym`keeh(

n( Vmhnmhèckeh lm|ykgep ajdve|epkg èh |mcepkg# pkèa d}pcea(Jcmb ae|mhe kp}# Depz "5;;0?


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`( Dmhn}yebeaeh ene| o}dceb vm|ym`keeh {ehn pkèa pm|veaek# lm|cmlkb#epe} {ehn |}yea ymamikc d}hnakh `mhneh dmcevj|aeh vm|}lebeh

v|j`}a ymie|e ykypmdepka# `kdehe vm|}lebeh pm|yml}p d}hnakh eaeh

dmdvmhne|}bk lebeh y}a} ieèhn(

m( Dmhoedkh amdeh`k|keh vm|ym`keeh lenk vmhnk|kdeh {ehn pmvep ~eap}amveè vmcehnneh(

g( Dmhoene ene| o}dceb djèc {ehn `kkhwmypeykaeh èced vm|ym`keehlm|eè veè pkhnaep {ehn ajhykypmh `mhneh aml}p}beh jvm|eyk èh

|mhiehe deheomdmh(


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lebeh `mhneh be|ne lmck pm|pmhp} y}èb belky `kvm|n}heaeh# deae

vmhnn}heeh lebeh lm|ka}ph{e be|neh{e eaeh `kèye|aeh veè be|ne

lmck lm|ka}ph{e( Epey èye| dmpj`m khk deae be|ne epe} hkcek è|k

vm|ym`keeh eabk| eèceb ymy}ek `mhneh be|ne èh o}dceb veè }hkp

vmdlmckeh pm|eabk|(

l( Ceyp kh# gk|yp j}p"CKGJ+ epe} dey}a pm|eabk| amc}e| vm|pede@mhneh dmpj`m khk vm|}yebeeh lm|ehnneveh leb~e be|ne lmck pm|eabk|

`kvm|n}heaeh }hp}a be|ne lebeh lea} {ehn vm|pede amc}e| ymbkhnne

deykb eè "ypjia+ `khkcek lm|èye|aeh be|ne vmdlmckeh pm|èb}c}(

i( \epe$|epe pm|pkdlehn "~mknbpm` ewm|enm+Ie|e khk `kèye|aeh epey be|ne |epe$|epe vm|}hkp lebeh eèceb yede

`mhneh o}dceb be|ne vm|}hkp {ehn `kaeckaeh `mhneh deykhn$deykhn

a}ehpkpeyh{e amd}`keh `klenk `mhneh ymc}|}b o}dceb }hkp lebeh

èced vm|}yebeeh pm|yml}p(

`( Be|ne ypehè|Lmye|h{e hkcek vm|ym`keeh eabk| è|k y}ep} vm|}yebeeh eaeh yede

`mhneh o}dceb }hkp vm|ym`keeh eabk| `kaeckaeh `mhneh be|ne ypehè|

vm|}yebeeh(


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`kceayeheaeh ymlmc}d belky( Ymie|e pmj|kpky ameèeh pm|yml}p èvep `kvm|bkp}hnaeh#

eaeh pmpevk pkèa ymd}èb kp}( Aeèhn$aeèhn lebeh lea} deykb i}a}v leh{ea

hed}h y}èb `kcea}aeh vmdlmckeh ymbkhnne lm|eaklep dmh}dv}ah{e lebeh lea}

`kn}èhn( Bec khk lkye dmh}|}haeh a}eckpey lebeh èh eaeh dmdeaeh lke{e

vmh{kdveheh( Ymie|e ne|ky lmye| eè `}e geapj| {ehn dmdvmhne|}bk ampkèaveypkeh

lebeh lea} {ekp} è|k èced vm|}yebeeh èh geapj| è|k c}e| vm|}yebeeh(

Ampkèaveypkeh è|k èced vm|}yebeeh `kymlelaeh jcmb geapj| è|k vm|}yebeeh kp}

ymh`k|k èced vmdeaekeh lebeh lea}# ae|mhe vmdeaekeh lebeh lea} jcmb vm|}yebeeh

pkèaceb ymcec} pmvep `mhneh eve {ehn ymcec} `k|mhieheaeh( D}hnakh y}ep} yeep eè

nehnn}eh pmbhky ymbkhnne eaeh dmhnnehnn} v|jymy v|j`}ayk {ehn eaeh

dmh{mlelaeh vmdeaekeh lebeh lea} lm|a}|ehn( D}hnakh yeoe vmdlj|jyeh$

vmdlj|jyeh epe} ae|mhe lebeh lea} {ehn a}|ehn leka ymbkhnne vmdeaekeh lebeh

lea} amc}e| è|k |mhiehe ymd}ce(

@kyedvkhn ampkèaveypkeh lebeh lea} è|k èced vm|}yebeeh pm|èvep v}ce

ampkèaveypkeh è|k c}e| vm|}yebeeh( Ampkèaveypkeh è|k c}e| vm|}yebeeh khk

`kymlelaeh jcmb geapj|$geapj| è|k c}e| vm|}yebeeh( @eced bec khk vm|}yebeeh veè

yeep dmceayeheaeh vmdlmckeh y}èb `kvm|bkp}hnaeh ene| lebeh lea} {ehn `klmck

pm|yml}p èpehnh{e pmvep veè yeep vm|ym`keeh {ehn eè y}èb belky( Hed}h


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Vm|edeceh vm|ak|eeh aml}p}beh lebeh lea} {ehn leka eèceb vm|edeceh

aml}p}beh lebeh lea} {ehn dmh`maepk veè amh{epeeh {ehn `ky}y}h `kèced

vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh pm|yml}p dm|}veaeh y}ep} vm|ak|eeh$vm|ak|eeh pmhpehn

ameèeh deye {ehn eaeh èpehn `mhneh dmhèye|aeh veè ameèeh {ehn eè veè

~eap}$~eap} {ehn pmceb cec}( @mhneh `mdkakeh deae b}l}hneh ehpe|e pkhnaep

v|j`}ayk {ehn `kceayeheaeh èced vm|}yebeeh `mhneh aml}p}beh lebeh lea} {ehn

`kvm|c}aeh pm|yml}p eaeh dmhoe`k m|ep( Epey èye| bec pm|yml}p deae }hp}a

dmhnmpeb}k aml}p}beh eaeh lebeh lea} {ehn `kvm|c}aeh }hp}a v|jymy v|j`}ayk

èced y}ep} vm|}yebeeh khk# deheomdmh vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh eaeh

dmdvm|pkdlehnaeh pkhnaep v|j`}ayk {ehn eaeh `kceayeheaeh èced vm|}yebeeh

}hp}a amd}`keh `kvm|bkp}hnaeh lm|eve lebeh lea} {ehn `kvm|c}aeh }hp}a pkhnaep

v|j`}ayk pm|yml}p(

]hp}a vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|v|j`}ayk ymie|e pm|}y$dmhm|}y# `kdehe }|}peh èced

vmceayeheeh v|jymy v|j`}ayk ymcec} yede( Deae aeèhn$aeèhn deheomdmh

vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh pm|yml}p eaeh dmhneèaeh vmh{}y}peh vm|edeceh

lebeh lea} èced vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh `mhneh dmdvm|n}heaeh èpe

vmhnn}heeh lebeh lea} {ehn pmceb cec}( Epey èye| èpe è|k vmhnn}heeh lebeh lea}

{ehn pmceb cec} khk `ky}y}h vm|ak|eeh aml}p}beh lebeh lea} }hp}a vmceayeheeh v|jymy


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`kvm|n}heaeh ymlenek èye| }hp}a dmhneèaeh vmh{}y}heh vm|ak|eeh o}dceb }hkp

aml}p}beh lebeh lea} veè ~eap} {ehn eaeh èpehn pm|yml}p(

Evelkce deheomdmh vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh pm|yml}p pmceb dmhnmpeb}k

lm|eve lmye|h{e lebeh lea} {ehn `kl}p}baeh }hp}a amvm|c}eh v|jymy v|j`}a èced

y}ep} vm|kj`m pm|yml}p# deae o}dceb lebeh lea} {ehn eaeh `klmck eaeh èvep

`kpmd}aeh v}ce( Vmhmhp}eh o}dceb lebeh lea} {ehn eaeh `klmck khk eaeh `kèye|aeh

amveè o}dceb aml}p}beh lebeh lea} }hp}a amvm|c}eh v|jymy v|j`}ayk# `mhneh

dmhnkhnep èpe pmhpehn vm|ym`keeh {ehn eè `kèced vm|}yebeeh( Vm|ym`keeh e~ec

{ehn lmhe|$lmhe| eè `kèced vm|}yebeeh pm|yml}p ym|pe |mhiehe }hp}a vm|ym`keeh

eabk| `kèced vm|}yebeeh vm|c} }hp}a `kvm|bkp}hnaeh lmye|h{e deykhn$deykhn(

O}dceb lebeh {ehn eaeh `klmck jcmb vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh khk eaeh yede

`mhneh o}dceb aml}p}beh lebeh lea} }hp}a amvm|c}eh v|jymy v|j`}ayk# amd}`keh

`ka}|ehnk `mhneh vm|ym`keeh e~ec {ehn eè `kèced vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh(

"Eb{e|k#=+


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deykhn$deykhn {ehn eaeh `kv|j`}aykaeh `kèced vm|}yebeeh {ehn lm|yehna}peh(

Pkhnaep vmhnn}heeh lebeh lea} khk veè }d}dh{e eaeh |mcepkg pmpev `kèced

vm|}yebeeh pm|yml}p ami}eck pm|èvep vm|}lebeh$vm|}lebeh {ehn pm|oe`k èced v|j`}a

eabk| vm|}yebeeh# epe} `kèced lebeh lea} kp} ymh`k|k( Vm|}lebeh v|j`}a vm|}yebeeh

khk dkyech{e pm|èvep vm|}lebeh `myekh èh lmhp}a v|j`}a# vm|}lebeh a}eckpey v|j`}a

èh cekh ymlenekh{e(

( Yp|}ap}| Lke{e Vm|ym`keehLke{e vm|ym`keeh eèceb ymd}e vmhnmc}e|eh èh am|}nkeh {ehn pkdl}c ymlenek

eaklep vm|ym`keeh( Lke{e pm|yml}p eèceb be|ne vmdlmckeh# lke{e vmdmyeheh# lke{e

vmh{keveh# lke{e vmh{kdveheh# èh lke{e ama}|ehneh vm|ym`keeh(

5( Be|ne vmdlmckeh eèceb lke{e {ehn `kamc}e|aeh }hp}a dmdlmck le|ehn#lmye|h{e yede `mhneh be|ne vm|jcmbeh ym`keeh kp} ymh`k|k epe} be|ne lmckh{e(

Veè lmlm|eve dj`mc vmhnmhèckeh ykypmd vm|ym`keeh# lke{e pkèa `kdey}aeh

ymlenek èye| }hp}a dmdl}ep amv}p}yeh(


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ymh`k|k èh pkèa dmdlmck è|k vmdeyja( Lke{e khk dmckv}pk lke{e vm|ykeveh

vm|ecepeh v|j`}ayk# lke{e dmdvm|ykevaeh*dmh{mpmc "ymp}v+ dmykh# lke{e

dmdvm|ykevaeh nedle| am|oe# lke{e dmdvm|ykevaeh pmhene am|oe cehny}hn#

lke{e vm|mhieheeh èh vmhoe`~eceh v|j`}ayk# èh lke{e$lke{e cekh {ehn

lmye|h{e pkèa pm|nehp}hn veè o}dceb kpmd {ehn `kv|j`}ayk(

0( Lke{e vmh{kdveheh eèceb lke{e {ehn `kamc}e|aeh ècedvmhehneheh*vmh{kdveheh depm|kec#ymdk gkhkybm` v|j`}ip#y}l eyymdlc{# epe}

v}h v|j`}a oe`k( Lke{e ykdveh pm|nehp}hn è|k cede vmh{kdveheh èh o}dceb

{ehn `kykdveh( Lke{e ykdveh lkeyeh{e `kh{epeaeh èced lke{e vm| }hkp vm|

vm|kj`m( Lke{e vmh{kdveheh dmckv}pk lm|ka}p khk?

5+ Lke{e amymdvepeh( Vmh}dv}aeh le|ehn `kn}èhn lm|e|pk vmh}dv}aehdjèc( Veèbec djèc khk èvep `kkhwmypeykaeh veè pel}hneh leha

epe} lkyhky cekh( Lke{e djèc dm|}veaeh jvvj|p}hkp{ ijyp{ehn bkcehn

ae|mhe dmh{kdveh vm|ym`keeh(


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lm|}ve lke{e eaeklep ambkcehneh amymdvepeh dmhèvepaeh am}hp}hneh epe}

ambkcehneh vmcehnneh {ehn amim~e "{ehn vkhèb am v|j`}a yekhneh+( Lke{e

khk y}ckp `k}a}| ae|mhe lm|b}l}hneh `mhneh njj` ~kccvm|}yebeeh( Ymlenek

vm`jdeh# lke{eypjia j}pèvep `kbkp}hn è|k bec$ bec lm|ka}p?

e( A}ehpkpey {ehn pea èvep `kvmh}bk# lkeyeh{e `k}a}| è|k am}hp}hneh{ehn bkcehn ae|mhe pkèa èvep dmdmh}bk vm|dkhpeeh( Lke{e khk

`kkypkcebaeh ymlenek lke{e vmhecpkepe} b}a}deh am|}nkeh lenk

vm|}yebeeh(

l( êap} vmdmh}beh( Cedeh{e n}èhn ajyjhn lm|e|pk cedeh{e v|jymyv|j`}ayk pm|bmhpk epe} cedeh{e vm|}yebeeh pkèa dmhèvepaeh

am}hp}hneh# ymbkhnne ~eap} dmhnehnn}| pm|yml}p èvep `ke|pkaeh

ymlenek }ehn {ehn bkcehn(

i( Lke{e vmhneèeh è|}|ep( Ene| ajhy}dmh pkèa amim~e# deae èvep`kcea}aeh vmhneèeh è|}|ep {ehn lkeyeh{e èvep dmhkdl}caeh lke{e

cmlkb lmye| ampkdlehn lke{e vmhneèeh hj|dec( @eced v|eapma# pkèa

oe|ehn eè aey}y lm|}ve y}ep} lke{e y}ckp èvep `kaceykgkaeykaeh èced

lke{e pmpev "lke{e vmdmyeheh epe} vmh{keveh+ ymaeckn}y èvep

`kaceykgkaeykaeh èced lke{e we|kelmc "lke{e ykdveh#ypjia j}p+(


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`kpmhp}aeh jcmb veye|( Ymèhnaeh vm|dkhpeeh kh`mvmh`mhp eèceb aml}p}beh {ehn

pkèa lm|aekpeh `mhneh v|j`}a cekh# èh `kvmhne|}bk jcmb ameèeh veye| {ehn lm|eè

`k c}e| oehnae}eh vmhnmhèckeh jvm|eyk(

]hp}a vm|dkhpeeh kh`mvmh`mhp# `kn}heaeh gkcjyjgk vmdmh}beh }pehn

"|mvcmhkybdmhp vbkcjyjvb{+( Ampkae ypja le|ehn `kn}heaeh# le|ehn pm|yml}p eaeh `kkyk

cenk depm|kec {ehn eè dmhi}a}vk vm|dkhpeeh vmcehnneh( Ampkae vm|ym`keeh {ehn eè

d}ce lm|a}|ehn# vmyeheh }hp}a pedlebeh depm|kec eaeh `kamc}e|aeh ymbkhnne

vm|ym`keeh eaeh vmh}b amdleck(

]hp}a vm|dkhpeeh `mvmh`mhp# `kn}heaeh gkcjyjgk vm|dkhpeeh "|mu}k|mdmhp

vbkcjyjvb{+( O}dceb ypja le|ehn {ehn `kvmyeh `kl}ep lm|èye|aeh vm|dkhpeeh le|ehn$

le|ehn veè cmwmc {ehn cmlkb pkhnnk( Ampkae yeceb yep} d}cek belky# pedlebeh

vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} epe}v}h le|ehn ympmhneb oe`k pea eaeh `kvmyeh( Depm|kec cmlkb

eaeh `kvmyeh beh{e okae `kl}p}baeh veè le|ehn$le|ehn `mhneh cmwmc cmlkb pkhnnk

cekhh{e epe}v}h le|ehn oe`k eabk|(

Eapkwkpey deheomdmh {ehn èvep `kcea}aeh }hp}a dmhnep}| vm|ym`keeh kpmd

p}hnnec eèceb `mhneh dmdkckb ykypmd deheomdmh vm|ym`keeh {ehn pmvep "dmpj`m

èye| èced dmhmhp}aeh o}dceb }a}|eh cjp vmdmyeheh èh aeveh be|}y `kcea}aehh{e

pkpka vmdmyeheh amdleck+ veè dj`mc vm|ym`keeh leka }hp}a èpe kh`mvmh`mhp


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Pelmc


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]a}|eh vm|dkhpeehh{e lm|ykgep eiea#hed}h lm|`kyp|kl}yk pm|pmhp} {ehn

lm|lmè èh lm|we|keyk }hp}a ympkev vm|kj`mh{e(

Ymie|e }d}d#}hp}a ymd}e èpe vm|dkhpeeh kh`mvmh`mh#dj`mc vm|ym`keeh

beh{e `klmèaeh lm|èye|aeh omhky `mpm|dkhkypka èh vj|lelkckypka(


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dj`mc vm|ym`keeh {ehn veckhn leh{ea `kveaek jcmb aey}y ymvm|pk `k epey e`eceb Dj`mc

Mijhjdki J|`m| U}ehpkp{ "MJU+(


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`kèced v|jymy v|j`}ayk veè y}ep} vm|kj`m( Vm|ak|eeh lebeh lea} khk

dm|}veaeh vm|ak|eeh pmhpehn lm|eve lmye| o}dcebh{e lebeh lea} {ehn eaeh

`kvm|n}heaeh jcmb vm|}yebeeh }hp}a amvm|c}eh v|j`}ayk veè vm|kj`m {ehn

eaeh èpehn( Vm|ak|eeh aml}p}beh lebeh lea} pm|yml}p èvep `kampeb}k è|k

vm|mhieheeh v|j`}ayk vm|}yebeeh lm|ka}p pkhnaep vm|ym`keeh lebeh oe`k {ehn

`kambmhèak jcmb deheomdmh(

l( Be|ne è|k lebeh

Be|ne lebeh lea} {ehn eaeh `klmck dmhoe`k yeceb yep} geapj| vmhmhp} v}ce

èced amlkoeayeheeh vm|ym`keeh lebeh( Be|ne lebeh lea} khk dm|}veaeh

èye| vmh{}y}heh vm|bkp}hneh lm|eve lmye| èhe vm|}yebeeh {ehn be|}y

`kym`keaeh }hp}a khwmypeyk èced vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} pm|yml}p(

Ymb}l}hneh `mhneh deyeceb khk# deae lke{e djèc "ijyp jg ievkpec+ {ehn

`kvm|n}heaeh èced vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} pm|yml}p be|}y v}ce

`kvm|bkp}hnaeh(

i( Lke{e$lke{e vm|ym`keeh

Lke{e$lke{e }hp}a dmh{mcmhnne|eaeh vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} khk y}èb

ymce{eah{e `kvm|bkp}hnaeh v}ce `kèced vmhmhp}eh lmye|h{e vm|ym`keeh

lebeh lea}( @eced b}l}hnehh{e `mhneh lke{e$lke{e vm|ym`keeh khk# deae


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m( êap} p}hnn}

êap} p}hnn} "cme` pkdm+ eèceb pmhnnehn ~eap} {ehn `kvm|c}aeh "{ehn

pm|oe`k+ ehpe|e yeep vmdmyeheh lebeh lea} `mhneh èpehnh{e lebeh lea} kp}

ymh`k|k( êap} p}hnn} khk vm|c} `kvm|bepkaeh ae|mhe yehnep m|ep

b}l}hnehh{e `mhneh vmhmhp}eh yeep vmdmyeheh amdleck "|mj|`m| vjkhp+(

@mhneh ~eap} p}hnn} {ehn pmvep deae vm|}yebeeh eaeh èvep dmdlmck

veè yeep {ehn pmvep v}ce# ymbkhnne |mykaj vmh}dv}aeh vm|ym`keeh epe}

ama}|ehneh vm|ym`keeh èvep `kpmaeh ymdkhkdec d}hnakh(

g( Dj`mc vmdlmckeh lebeh

Deheomdmh vm|}yebeeh be|}y èvep dmhmhp}aeh dj`mc vmdlmckeh {ehn

veckhn ymy}ek `mhneh ykp}eyk èh ajh`kyk lebeh lea} {ehn `klmck( Dj`mc

vmdlmckeh {ehn jvpkdec epe}Mijhjdki J|`m| U}ehpkp{ "MJU+(

n( Vm|ym`keeh lebeh vmhnedeh "yegmp{ ypjia+

Vm|ym`keeh vmhnedeheh eèceb vm|ym`keeh pedlebeh {ehn `keèaeh }hp}a

dmckh`}hnk epe} dmhoene amd}hnakheh pm|oe`kh{e ama}|ehneh lebeh "ypjia

j}p+( Ymcekh `kn}heaeh }hp}a dmhehnn}cehnk pm|oe`kh{e ampm|cedlepeh

èpehnh{e lebeh lea}( Eèh{e vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} vmhnedeh khk

`kbe|evaeh v|jymy v|j`}ayk pkèa pm|nehnn} jcmb eèh{e ampkèaveypkeh


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b( Vmdmyeheh amdleck "|mj|`m| vjkhp+

\mj|`m| vjkhp eèceb yeep epe} ~eap} pm|pmhp} vm|}yebeeh be|}y dmhneèaeh

vmdmyeheh lebeh lea} amdleck# ymbkhnne èpehnh{e vmdmyeheh pm|yml}p

pmvep `mhneh belkyh{e lebeh lea} {ehpn `klmck# ab}y}yh{e `mhneh dmpj`m

MJU( Ampmvepeh ~eap} pm|yml}p be|}y `kvm|bkp}hnaeh amdleck enea d}h`}|

è|k ~eap} pm|yml}p eaeh dmhedleb lke{e vmdlmckeh lebeh lea} epe} ypjia

j}p ijyp"YJI+# lkce pm|cec} e~ec eaeh `kvm|c}aeh lke{e vmh{kdveheh {ehn

cmlkb epe} mrp|e ie||{khn ijyp"MII+(

Eè lmlm|eve ie|e }hp}a dmhmpevaeh lmye|h{e |mj|`m| vjkhp# {ekp}?

5+Dmhmpevaeh o}dceb vmhnn}heeh ymcede cme` pkdm `kpedleb v|jymhpeympm|pmhp} ymlenekyegmp{ ypjia(


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Nedle|


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k 4 Lke{e vmh{kdveheh èced |}vkeb

U 4 A}ehpkpey epe} o}dceb vmdmyeheh

PI 4 Pjpec Ijyp vm|ym`keeh

G 4 G|ma}mhyk j|`m| vm| ymdmypm|

^ 4 O}dceb be|k am|oe èced yep} ymdmypm|

C 4 êap} Pmhnnehn "cme` pkdm+


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Eb{e|k "


55/152


56/152

Evelkce èced vmhmpeveh ypehè| vmhnn}heeh lebeh èye| "ypehè|p

}yenm |epm+ eèceb pmvep }hp}a ymcede vm|kj`m deae vm|ym`keeh leoe

|mcepkg amikc èh ymleckah{e(

i+ Vm|leh`khneh YJI èh MII

YJI "Ypjia J}p Ijyp+ eèceb lke{e {ehn `kamc}e|aeh }hp}a

vmdlmckeh lebeh vmhnnehpk epe} y}lypkp}yk eaeh èpehnh{e vmyeheh

cmlkb cedlep èpehn(

MII "Mrp|e Ie||{khn Ijyp+ eèceb lke{e {ehn `kamc}e|aeh eaklep

èpehnh{e vmyeheh lebeh lea} pm|cec} e~ec(

Evelkce YJI 8 MII deae vm|ym`keeh leoe |mcepkg lmye|

Evelkce YJI 3 MII deae vm|ym`keeh leoe |mcepkg amikc(

`+ Dmhmhp}aeh \mj|`m| Vjkhp

Evelkce lmye|h{e vm|ym`keeh vmhnedeh pmceb `kampeb}k# deae

vm|}yebeeh deykb be|}y dmcea}aeh vmdmyeheh amdleck( Yeep

vmdmyeheh amdleck pm|yml}p `mhneh |mj|`m| vjkhp(\mj`m| vjkhpeèceb

yeep epe} ~eap} pm|pmhp} vm|}yebeeh be|}y dmhneèaeh vmdmyeheh

lebeh èye| amdleck# ymbkhnne èpehnh{e vmyeheh pm|yml}p pmvep `mhneh

belkyh{e lebeh èye| {ehn `klmck# ab}y}yh{e `mhneh dmpj`m


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Cme` pkdm khk eaeh dmdvmhne|}bk lmye|h{e lebeh {ehn `kveaek

ymcede cme` pkdm( Ymdeakh cede cme` pkdm ymdeakh lmye| v}ce

o}dceb lmleh {ehn `kvm|c}aeh vmdeaekeh ymcede cme` pkdm(

l+ Pkhnaep vmdeaekeh lebeh |epe$|epe vm| be|k epe} yep}eh ~eap}

cekhh{e(

Lmye|h{e lebeh {ehn `kvm|c}aeh ymcede cme` pkdm eèceb o}dceb

be|k cme` pkdm `kaeckaeh pkhnaep vmdeaekeh lebeh |epe$|epe(

i+ Lmye|h{eyegmp{ ypjia"vm|ym`keeh vmhnedeh+

Vm|ym`keeh vmhnedeh dm|}veaeh o}dceb vm|ym`keeh lebeh {ehn

dkhkd}d be|}y eè }hp}a dmhoene amd}hnakheh ampm|cedlepeh

èpehnh{e lebeh {ehn eaeh `klmck ene| vm|}yebeeh pkèa

dmhnecedk ypjia j}p epe} dmhnecedk nehnn}eh amcehie|eh

amnkepeh v|j`}ayk ae|mhe belkyh{e lebeh {ehn }d}dh{e

dmhkdl}caeh mcmdmh lke{e ypjia j}p( Vmho}dcebeh lmye|h{e

vmhnn}heeh lebeh lea} ymcede cme` pkdm `mhneh lmye|h{e yegmp{

ypjia# deae eaeh `kampeb}k |mj|`m| vjkhp(


58/152

l}aeh beh{e ymamè| peayk|eh( Pmhp} yeoe vm|edeceh eaeh ymdeakh leka okae

dmhneh`}hn ym`kakp d}hnakh amyecebeh# ~ece}v}h amyecebeh vm|edeceh pmpev

dm|}veaeh y}ep} bec {ehn yehnep deh}yke~k(

Vm|c} `kkhnep leb~e oe|ehn eè epe} lebaeh pkèa eè yep}v}h dmpj`m

vm|edeceh {ehn ymdv}|he ymbkhnne ijija `kpm|evaeh èced ympkev amnkepeh

vm|edeceh( ]hp}a kp}ceb deae vm|c} `kvkckb dmpj`m vm|edeceh {ehn pm|leka {ehn

ymy}ek vjce èpe {ehn eè è|k y}ep} vm|}yebeeh pm|pmhp} {ehn lm|nm|ea èced

lkèhnh{e(


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Dmpj`m vm|edeceh {ehn `kvkckb veè vmhmckpkeh khk eèceb è|k amcjdvja

dmpj`m vm|edeceh {ehn lm|èye|aeh `m|mp ~eap} "pkdm ym|kmy gj|mieypkhn dmpbj`y+

`mhneh vmhomceyeh ymlenek vmhomceyeh ymlenek lm|ka}p ?


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Vm|yedeeh {ehn `kveaek `eced kdvcmdmhpeykaeh @j}lcm Djwkhn Ewm|enm

`kp}ho}aaeh `k le~eb khk ?

H

R(((((RRRY. 5hp


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62/152

@e|k vm|yedeeh "


63/152

+,."5

ppp YYl

4

(((((((((((((((((((((((((("


64/152

`mdkakeh vmh`maepehh{e èced dmhijle dmh{my}ekaeh hkcek |edeceh

ymbkhnne |edeceh pm|yml}p èvep dmhnka}pk vm|}lebeh p|mh` {ehn a}e`|epky

eèceb yede(


65/152

l+ Dmeh Yu}e|m M||j| "DYM+DYM `kbkp}hn `mhneh dmho}dcebaeh a}e`|ep ymd}e amyecebeh

vm|edeceh veè ympkev vm|kj`m èh dmdlenkh{e `mhneh o}dceb vm|kj`m

vm|edeceh(

" +

h

GR

DYM

h

5p

( @kwkyk Geipj|{ èh VVI

Lm|p}ney dmcea}aeh vm|mhieheeh v|j`}ayk# èh vmhnmhèckehh{e(

Dmh{}y}h oe`~ec v|j`}ayk }hp}a ympkev vmyeheh vmcehnneh {ehn pmceb |mydk

`kpm|kde èh dmcea}aeh vmam|oeeh gel|kaeyk(

0(5(;( @kwkyk Am}ehneh "Dehenm| am}ehneh+


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Lm|p}ney dmcea}aeh eapkgkpey am}ehneh èh ea}hpkhn( Dmhiepep èh

dmcea}aeh v|jymy vmhm|kdeeh }ehn dey}a epe} vmdle{e|eh }ehn amc}e|(

Dmhnep}| e|}y aey èh dmcea}aeh vmhnehnne|eh(

0(5(56( E`d èh ]d}d

Lm|p}ney dmcea}aeh eapkwkpey e`dkhkyp|eyk vm|y}|epeh vm|}yebeeh(

Dmdmckbe|e e|ykv# dmhn}|}y aml}p}beh e`dkhkyp|eyk v|j{ma# dmcea}aeh

vmhoe`~eceh vmhnk|kdeh le|ehn# dmhn}|}y aml}p}beh e`dkhkyp|eyk èh }d}d

vm|}yebeeh ymbe|k$be|k(

0(5(55( \ehpek Y}vvcek `k ICLV

\ehpek y}vcek ehpe|e vmcehnneh# vm|}yebeeh# èh y}vvckm| `kvmpeaeh veè

nedle| 0(< `k le~eb khk?

Vcep Leoe

Ym|l}a Iep

Vcep Dk||j|

Vcep YP

Deh}geap}|

Aev Cedv}

ICLV

\mpekc

V|joma


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0(5(5


77/152

EHECKYKY @EPE

=(5( Vm|bkp}hneh Vmhnmh`eckeh Vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea} vcep leoe6#0 dd

`mhneh Dmpj`m MJU @mpm|dkhkypka Vm|kj`m Oeh}e|k yedvek `mhneh

@mymdlm|


78/152

P4 ^r

4 966 r#

#

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79/152

4 k r

4 90(


80/152

Nedle| =(< N|egka Mijhjdki J|`m| U}ehpkp{ "MJU+

Pelmc =(5 Beykc vm|bkp}hneh `mhneh dmpj`m MJU

Hj Omhky Lebeh

Lea}

Aml}p}beh

lebeh lea}

yep} peb}h

G|ma}mhyk

vmdmyeheh

yep} peb}h

\mj`m|

Vjkhp

Pjpec lke{e

vm|ym`keeh

yep} peb}h(

5 Vcep leoe 6#0 dd 5=597#27


81/152

=(


82/152

4 2(25 ! 5>(2;=(;00 ! 5(=59(727(666

4 \v( 5(=06(


83/152

v|j`}ayk aev cedv} `mhneh mgkykmhyk lke{e ymlmye| \v( 2(;0;(>50#$(


84/152

LEL WK

YKDV]CEH @EH YE\EH

7(5( Ykdv}ceh

@e|k beykc vmhmckpkeh èh vmdlebeyeh veè lel ymlmc}dh{e# èvep `kedlkc y}ep}

ykdv}ceh ymlenek lm|ka}p ?

5( Eheckyky vm|edeceh "gj|mieypkhn+ èh vmhnmhèckeh vm|ym`keeh lebeh lea}

`mhneh dmpj`m MJU "Mijhjdki J|`m| U}ehpkp{+ @mpm|dkhkypka veè v|j`}ayk

aev cedv} `k VP( Ikpkckpm L}ehe V}p|e {ekp} vm|bkp}hneh vm|edeceh

vm|dkhpeeh lebeh lea} vcep leoe 6#0 dd `mhneh dmhnn}heaeh v|jn|ed

mrimc# `kvm|jcmb beykc {ehn pm|leka dmhnn}heaeh Dmpj`m Djwkhn Ewm|enm

`mhneh h 4 0 ae|mhe dmdv}h{ek pkhnaep vm|edeceh pm|amikc {ekp} = -#

èh beykc vm|edeceh `kn}heaeh ymlenek èpe eap}ec veè l}ceh Oeh}e|k

@mymdlm|


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=( Lepey epe} pkpka vmdmyeheh amdleck "\+ lebeh lea} {ehn `kl}p}baeh

vm|}yebeeh e`eceb 966 cmdle|(

7( Pjpec lke{e vm|ym`keeh "PI+ lebeh lea} vcep leoe 6#0 dd }hp}a l}ceh Oeh}e|k$

@mymdlm|


86/152

]Y

5( Eyye}|k# Yjgoeh( Deheomdmh V|j`}ayk `eh Jvm|eyk# Oeae|pe ? CmdleneVmhm|lkp Gea}cpey Majhjdk ]hkwm|ykpey Kh`jhmyke# 5;;;


87/152

L}ceh E"p+ G"p+ g"p+ sE"p+g"p+s "E"p+g"p++X7=#00 6#69 #7>

= ;>7#66 55>9#66 5507>#55 6# #99

7 50==#66

55=>#7> 55>9#66

2 567=#66 596=#99 5=#7> 00926#00 6#279=#55 6#2; 75=#99 060#7>

56 5056#66 56==#66 56=6#99 9=;#7> 5=#66

55 506=#66 5572#99 56==#66 9=6#66 5


88/152


89/152

L}ceh E"p+ G"p+ g"p+ sE"p+g"p+s "E"p+g"p++X= >==

7 50==#66

57#=6 2#=6 >>=7


90/152

0

Vm|bkp}hneh Vm|edeceh @mhneh Dmhnn}heaeh Dmpj`m@j}lcmDjwkhn Ewm|enm h 4 1 6#991 6#=

^ k b ` D k E


95/152

^mknbpm`DjwkhnEwm|enm

^"p+4 6#5> 6#99 6#=

L}ceh E"p+ G"p+ g"p+ sE"p+g"p+s "E"p+g"p++X


96/152

5

Vm|bkp}hneh Vm|edeceh @mhneh Dmhnn}heaeh Dmpj`m ^mknbpm`Djwkhn Ewm|enm h 4 6#561 6#


97/152

^mknbpm`DjwkhnEwm|enm

^"p+ 4 6#56 6#


98/152

5


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0 560= 55>>#=6 59=#=6 52976#27#66 560= 599#>= 5>22;#67 6#50 599#>= 5#>=

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55 506=#66 5 55>=#;9 5#2>

59

N|egka Beykc Vm|edeceh @mhneh Dmhnn}heaeh Dmpj`mYkhncm Mrvjhmhpkec Ydjjpbkhn 4 6#=


100/152

50

Vm|bkp}hneh Vm|edeceh @mhneh Dmhnn}heaeh Dmpj`m@j}lcm Mrvjhmhpkec Ydjjpbkhn 4 6#=

@j}lcmMrvjhmhpkecYdjjpbkhn 4 6#=

L}ceh E"p+ G"p+ G."p+ g"p+ sE"p+g"p+s "E"p+

g"p++X


101/152

5 =2


102/152

57

VJYKYK YPJIA LEBEH LEA]

PEB]H


103/152

OEH]E\[ YEC@J 5=6#=25; 9 50


104/152

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111/152

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115/152

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116/152

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119/152

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= 9060 AW


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5


121/152

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7 9=2> PAJ952 9 6#0 0=;#56>

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147/152


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7 97>> \DYD597YP =>#72

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5= 9722 \DYD; \DA9

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66 JLEY]Y]597 = 5#< 5


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9>55 AW;

6

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