p5 dasar2 pemrosesan komputer dan database-sistem manajemen database

7/30/2019 P5 Dasar2 Pemrosesan Komputer Dan Database-sistem Manajemen Database

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SESSION 5

Fundamentals of Computer

Processing

The Database and Database

Management System

Data Communications

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FUNDAMENTALS OF

COMPUTER PROCESSING

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Prosesor

Memori

Penyimpanan sekunder

Perangkat Input

Perangkat Output

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KOMPONEN KOMPUTER DALAM

SISTEM INFORMASI


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Control Unit

Arithmetic and

Logic Unit

Primary

Storage Unit

Central Processing Unit

(CPU)

The

Computer

Schematic

Input Data

Output

Information

Secondary

Storage

Unit

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Main unit where processing is performed

oCalled CPU

oMicrocomputer CPUs called microprocessors

Speed

oMoores Law

oMegahertz (MHz)

oWord Size

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Main memory

Storage area where both data being

processed and program instructions being

executed are storedStorage (secondary)

Magnetized coding on the surface of a

storage device

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One kilobyte (1KB)

210 bytes (1,024)

One megabyte (1MB)

220 bytes (1,048,576)One gigabyte (1GB)

230 bytes (1,073,741,924)

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RAM - Random access memory

Computer programs and data are loaded into

RAM to be executed by the computer

processor

ROM - Read-only memory

Information used by the operating system and

processor when the computer is startedDRAM - Dynamic RAM

Allows buffering of data and increases

efficiency of RAM5-8


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SDRAM - Synchronous DRAM

Runs much faster than most conventional

memory because it synchronizes its cycles with

the processors cycles

SIMM - Single in-line memory module

Holds 9 memory chips and transmits 32 bits

of data per cycleDIMM - Dual in-line memory module

Transmits 64 bits per data cycle

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Tape or disk drive

Sequential storage

Random storage

High Capacity

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Keyboards

Microphones

Machine-captured dataoScanners/barcodes

oCost benefits

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Displayed

oMonitor

Resolution

Pixals

GUIoCGA, EGA, VGA, SVGA

Printed

oSpeedoQuality

o Impact/nonimpact

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Perangkat lunak terbagi menjadi dua,

yaitu :A. Perangkat Lunak Sistem

B. Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi

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Perangkat lunak yang melaksanakan tugas-tugas

dasar tertentu yang diperlukan semua pemakai

Komputer

Ada tiga jenis dasar perangkat lunak sistem :

1.Sistem Operasi, berfungsi sebagai interface antara

pemakai, perangkat lunak yang memproses data

perusahaan dan perangkat keras. Contoh : Windows XP,

DOS, UNIX

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Menjadwalkan Tugas

Mengelola sumber daya perangkat keras dan

perangkat lunak

Menjaga keamanan sistem

Memungkinkan pembagian sumber daya untuk

beberapa pemakai

Menangani Interrupt

Menyiapkan catatan pemakaian

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2.Program Utility, suatu routine yang

memungkinkan pemakai untuk melaksanakan operasipemrosesan data dasar tertentu yang tidak unik pada

satu aplikasi pemakai tertentu.

3. Penerjemah Bahasa Komputer

Bahasa Generasi Pertama, Bahasa Mesin (machinelanguage)

Bahasa Generasi Kedua, Assembler

Bahasa Generasi Ketiga, Compiler dan Interpreter

Bahasa Generasi Keempat, Bahasa Alamiah 4GL,memungkinkan programmer atau pemakai

menginstruksikan computer apa dan bagaimana

operasi tersebut dilakukan

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Di Bawah ini yang termasuk kedalam generasi

bahasa

keempat :

Database Query Language

Modelling Language, khusus dirancang untukpembuatan model matematika. Contoh : GPSS

Very High Level Language : PASCAL, APL

Graph Generators : paket grafik

Report Writer : COBOL, RPG

Aplication Generators : program aplikasipembayaran gaji

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B. Perangkat Lunak Aplikasi

Pemograman Sendiri

Perusahaan menempatkan spesial informasi untuk

melakukan tugas merancang sistem berbasis computer

yang memenuhi kebutuhan unit perusahaan.

Paket Jadi

Ada empat kelompok besar :

Paket Aplikasi Bisnis Umum

Paket Aplikasi Khusus IndustriPaket Aplikasi Peningkatan Produktivitas

Organisasi

Paket Peningkatan Produktivitas Perorangan

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SDM SIST. INFORMASISDM SIST. INFORMASI & TINGKATAN MANAJEMEN

SDM SIST. INFORMASI DI DEPARTEMEN SISTEM

INFORMASI

PROSEDUR

AKTIVITAS

FUNGSI


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Keseluruhan komponen perangkat input, output

dan software dapat berperan langsung maupun

tidak langsung dalam pemecahan masalah.

Semuanya saling behubungan dan mendukung

kegiatan satu dengan yang lainnya. Perangkat

input dan output berperan dalam proses

penyelesaian masalah dalam hal perangkat keras,

sedangkan perangkat lunak, baik sistem maupun

aplikasi membantu para manajer untuk

meningkatkan produktivitas organisasi dan

perorangan, dengan menyederhanakan penciptaan

dan transmisi data. 5-20


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THE DATABASE AND

DATABASE MANAGEMENTSYSTEM

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Kumpulan data-data yang tersimpan

didalam media penyimpanan disuatu

perusahaan (arti luas) atau di dalamkomputer (arti sempit)


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Data Field

Smallest unit of data

Record

Collection of related fields File

Collection of related records

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Folders

Collection of related files

Conceptually similar to a branch of the

tree

Subfolder

A folder within a folder

Movement of folders using GUI

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1. Function

2. Frequency of Use

3. Users

4. Projects

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1. Data Value

2. Data Field3. Data Record

4. Data File

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Rows and columns of a spreadsheet can beregarded as a simple database

Flat files Does not have repeating columns

Spreadsheet table is a file and column is a field

Key fields Contains a value to uniquely identify each record

in a table

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Spreadsheet Term Data Structure Term

Table File

Column Field

Row Record

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Database

All data stored on computer-based resources of

the organization

Database Management System (DBMS) Software application that stores the structure of

the database, the data itself, relationships

among the data in the database, as well as forms

and reports pertaining to the database

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Hierarchical structure Uses the parent / children concept Limitation: Cannot handle ad hoc requests First DBMS was IDS by GE in 1964 CODASYL

Network structure Allow given record to point back to any other

record in the database Specification released by CODASYL in 1971

Solves problem of having to backtrackthrough data

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Relational structure

Rows and columns

Frees designers from need to specify relationships

prior to building the database

Date and Codd described structure

Does not rely on physical relationships

Easy to understand

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1. IBM

2. Informix Software, Inc.

3. Microsoft

4. Oracle

5. Sybase

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Database concept Logical integration of records in multiple files

Data redundancy Duplication of data

Data inconsistencyData independence Keep data specifications separate from

programs, in tables and indexes

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Book Name Author

Required

Banking Principles Knox 25

Management Information Systems 8E McLeod and Schell 75Personal Sales Techniques Wei 70

Quality Service, Quality Customer Brutus 54

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Salespersonfile

Salesstatistics

file

Customerfile

Accountsreceivable

file

Buyerfile

Inventoryfile

Vendorfile

Accounts

payablefile

Purchase

order

file

General

ledger

file

A Database Consists of One or More Files5-39


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GEs IDS first example

Used with COBOL

IBMs IMS

Apollo project Interface Issues

Intels System 2000, RAMIS, IDMS, Inquire

Query language interface

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SEQEL from IBM Continuation of IMS

Renamed SQL

Structured Query language Embedded within traditional language

Standalone

PC database packages

dBase II MS-Access

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Two approaches:

1. Process oriented approach

(problem- solving)2. Enterprise modeling

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D fi


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Definethe Problem

Identify necessarydecisions

Describeinformation needs

Determine

the necessaryprocessing

Specifydata needs

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Data NeedsCan Be

Defined by

Taking a

Problem-

Oriented

Approach

DataSpecifications

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Create

enterprise

data model

Develop

Database

Database

2.

1.

Strategic Planning for Information Resources

Data Needs

CanBe Defined

by

Creating anEnterprise

Model

Enterprise

Data Model

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Describing the Database Contents


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Describing the Database Contents

Data dictionary

Enter

dictionary data

Data description

language (DDL)

Schema

Step 1

Step 2

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Data field name

Aliases (other names used for same data

field)

Type of data (numeric alphabetic)Number of positions

Number of decimal positions

Various integrity rules

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Describe the data

Enter the data

Use the database

Query language Query-by-example

Data manipulation language (DML)

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Datadescription

A DBMS


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languageprocessor

Database manager

Query

language

Data manipulation

language (DML)

Application programs

Database

description(schema)

Database

Informationrequests

Information

Transactionlog

Backup/recoverymodule

Performancestatistics

Performance

statisticsprocessor

Performancestatistics

A DBMS

Model

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Reduce data redundancy

Achieve data independence

Enable integration of data from multiple files

Retrieve data and information quickly Improve security

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Obtain expensive software

Obtain a large hardware configuration

Hire and maintain a DBA staff

Requires a firm to:

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DATA COMMUNICATIONS

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Komunikasi Data merupakan bentuk komunikasi

yang secara khusus berkaitan dengan transmisi

atau pemindahan data antara komputer-komputer,

komputer dengan piranti-piranti yang lain dalambentuk data digital yang dikirimkan melalui media

Komunikasi Data


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Computer communications is at threelevels Application level

Computer level Communication channel

Protocol Set of rules for communications

OSI Standard

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Layer Name Purpose

7 Application Layer Application-to-application communication

6 Presentation Layer Manage data representation conversions

5 Session Layer Establish and maintain communication channel

4 Transport Layer Guarantee end-to-end integrity of transmission

3 Network Layer Route data between network addresses

2 Data Link Layer Move data from one network address to another

1 Physical Layer Put data onto and off of the network media

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Early computers Terminals

Sneaker net

System Network Architecture (SNA) Established by IBM in 1974

Proprietary

Token-Ring Host computer controlled

peer-to-peer

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Ethernet

Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment

Corporation developed this protocol

Non-proprietary

Defined by IEEE

Works on a single transmission line

No token is passed

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Piece of the total data to be communicated,

combined with the address of the destination

computer for the data and other control

information.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol (TCP/IP) is one of the more

important packet switching protocols

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Address Four-part set of numbers

Each from 0 to 255

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) User connects through common carrier

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Protocols for users at home

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X.25

analog

older protocol

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Digital

Can carry voice, data, and video

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Frame Relays

Move to fiber optics

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Smaller packet size Faster transmission speeds

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Data Communications Links the


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C

General Systems Model Elements

Standards

ManagementInformation

processor Environment

Input Transformation Output

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Each device must be connected to thecommunications medium via a network

interface card (NIC)

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LAN (local area network) Limited area but could include 100 or so micros

Facilitates office automation

MAN (metropolitan area networks) spans one city/metropolitan area

WAN (wide area network) Covers a large geographic area

Includes a wide variety of circuits

Usually includes host computers

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Users

Manager 1

Secretary 1

Secretary 2

Workstation1

Workstation2

Workstation3

Workstation4

Manager 2

NetworkServer

HardDisk

Letter QualityPrinter

Plotter

A Local Area Network 5-69


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Internet Collection of networks

Public

Intranet Uses Internet network protocols

Limits accessibility Firewall

Extranet For trusted business partners and customers

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Satellite

Earth

station

Earthstation

Telephonecompanycentral office




Localloop

Usersmodem

Microwavetower

Microwavetower

IXC circuit(interexchange

channel)

IXC circuit

(interexchange

channel)

Localloop

Wide Area

Network

Usersmodem

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Centralized

Point-of-sale terminals

Data collection terminals

Distributed processing Receiving computer runs programs that use

data

Client/server processing

Mixes centralized and decentralized processingstrategies

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Legend:

Computer Terminal

A Network of Terminals

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A Distributed Processing Network


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Legend:

CentralComputer

DistributedComputer

A Distributed Processing Network

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Modem

Converts digital to analog and vice versa

Bits per second determines transmission speed

Local loop

Hub

Receives a data packet from a computer at one

end of one spoke of the star topography and

copies its contents to all other computers Manageable hubs

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ComputerModem Channel ModemComputer

A modem is always required between a

telephone and a digital computer

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Router

Device that connects many LANs

More sophisticated than a bridge

Process header information of a packet

Switch

Filters data not intended for a computer on a

particular network

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Private Lines Circuit that is always open to communications

traffic

Also called leased line or dedicated line

Two types

T-1 - Maximum speed just over 1.5 Mbps

T-3 - Maximum speed 43 Mbps

Collections of 64 Kbps connections

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Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Tunneling software makes Internet connections

more secure

Privacy through authentication

More cost effective than private lines

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Digital nervous systems of an organizationNetwork planning Anticipates firms network needs

Monitors performance

Network Control Determines faults Errors in data communication

Alerts to potential faults

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Network manager

Planning, implementing, operating, and controlling

a firms data communications network(s)

Staff

Network analysts (a type of systems analyst) Software analysts

Data Communication Technicians (specialize in

hardware)

LAN managers

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Cellular networks Hand held telephones

Primarily for voice

Wireless LANs

Extensions of regular LANs

Wide-area wireless networks

Nationwide

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