natsci 5 biodiversity
TRANSCRIPT
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WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
* Alfonso & Dallmeier
(SI) / WRI / WWF)
variety of living things
on earth, to include
billions of speciesinhabiting land, air, &
aquatic ecosystems
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(Haribon) wealth of lifeforms on earth
encompassing billions of plants, animals, &
microorganisms, the genes they contain, andthe intricate ecosystems they weave into the
environment
provides basis for life on earth
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* Zamora (UP Diliman, QC)
sum total of variationsamong living organisms atthe genetic, species, andecosystem levels reflecting
the vast wealth of life thathas evolved through time
indicates patterns of
distribution of a variety ofgenetic and biologicalresources in both terrestrialand aquatic ecosystems
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a biological resource
(gene, species, ecosystem)
that has actual /potential
value to people
E.O. Wilson:
the stuff of life
found wherever there
is life, be it in thecities, countrysides,
backyard, homes
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IMPORTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY Ethicalbasis for deciding what
is good or bad; right or wrong.
World Charter for NatureUNGen Assembly
every form of life is unique,
warranting respect regardless of
its worth to man and to accord
other organisms such recognition,
man must be guided by a moral
code of action
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*Food Resource
7 species provide
75% of human nutrition w/rice, maize, potatoproviding 50%
about 20% of protein
requirements of manonly 5000 our of 75000
edible plant species havebeen used by man for food
Temperate plants : 10 fruitspecies
Tropical plants : almost 200species with 3000 stillavailable
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* Health
1% tropical plants for medicaluse
only 5000 species of higherplants have been studied aspotential medicinal sources
About 119 pure chemicalsubstances are extracted from 90species of plants
40% of prescription drugs usedare derived from plant andanimal species
Amazonian Indians used 1,300
plant species as medicines
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Southeast Asian traditional healers use 6500
plant species as medicines
80% of people from Third World rely on
traditional medicines
At least 68 common plants in the Philippinesbeing used as medicines
3000 plants (70% in tropical rainforests)
identified by US National Cancer Instituteas having anti cancer properties
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+ Mexican yammass birth control agent
+ rosy periwinkleleukemia patients
+ white willow (Salix) w/ meadowsweet
(Spirea ulmaria)produce aspirin
+ Cinchona treequinine for malaria
+ Other major drugs derived from plantsinclude :Atropa belladonna, Camella sine
color, Cinnamomium camphora,
Erythroxylum coca, Papaver somniferum,
Digitalis purpurea, Colchicum authumale,
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Industries
+ Phil forests contribute only 1.7% to GNP
+ 40M bananas consumed yearly
+ 1.3M mangoes and 1.5M papayas
+ minor forest products (rattan, bamboo,
fruits, nuts, spices) worth $10B yearly+ 2100 plants w/ pest controlling property
+ natural starches (for fabrics, glue, soaps,
cosmetics, drugs, foods, film, explosives,
colourings, tires, preservatives for plasma)
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+ rubber as the worlds top crop
+ timber as the biggest wild plant contributor
to world trade valued at $40B yearly
+ 10,000 years worth of solar energy in one
year supply of coal alone
+ Uses: livelihood, recreation, aesthetic values
benefits in stabilizing water functions.regulates climate, protects / produces
soil, maintain life processes,
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THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE
BIODIVERSITY * Philippines as one of the worlds
megadiversity centers
+ rich and highly unique
+ TRF supports thousands of species
44% bird species
64% mammals+ many unique species exclusive in islands
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+ 67% of flora and fauna are endemic
+ out of 556 bird species, 44% endemic+ out of 180 mammals, 115 endemic
+ reptiles & amphibians, 73% endemic
** High percentage of endemicity+ 17460 km coastline, highly diverse
marine life (about 5000 marine species)
>coral reefs4000> seagrass beds481
> mangroves - 370
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* Out of 500 known coral species
in the world approx 400 speciesare in the Philippines serving
home to some 1,030 fishes and a
thousands of invertebrates
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BIODIVERSITY IN PERIL
+ Philippines as one of the hotspots
+ with highest number of threatened species
+ fast habitat destruction causing fastextinction rates
+ third in the world in the number of
globally threatened bird species+ first in the # of critically endangered /endangered endemic bird species
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+ marine habitats suffer the worst
- only 5% of coral reef are healthy
to support aquatic life
- mangroves reduced from 500,000 ha
(1018) to 112,400 ha (1997)
- 50% seagrass beds lost (same period)
** 57% land area forested (1930s), with the
rate of deforestation, by 2010, the forests
will only be 7%
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THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY** Alarming trend
towards massive
ecological degradationand loss of diversity
with the continuous
destruction of habitats
and ecosystemssupporting diverse life
forms
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Causes / consequences of biodiversity loss
+ habitat alteration / destruction
+ overharvesting
+ improper use of agric chemicals
+ microclimatic change due toaltered land use patterns
+ poverty
+ population explosion
+ inequitable land distribution
+ pol/eco policies & constraints
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Impacts of Biodiversity
Loss* lack of sustainable supply of fuelwood
* rampant erosion of lands
* increase release of carbon dioxide(1890-1987: 60B metric tons of CO2)
* annual CO2 release 2.8B metric tons
* 33% of human based CO2 accounted
Forest ecosystems store 1,200 gigaton CO2; 80,0000 sq mi les of young forest: absorbs 1B tons
CO2 yearly
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ISSUES AND CONCERNS
* Biodiversity policy
* Sustainable use
* Sustainable agriculture* Biotechnology and property rights
* Community based management
* Public participation (incl women)* in situ / ex situ conservation measures
* climate change impacts
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* Biodiversity inventory and
research* Recognition of ancestral
domain and
traditional knowledge and
practices
* Gender issues
* Public education and
awareness* Institutional capacity
building