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A. Definition of Modal AuxiliaryA verb characteristically used with other verbs to express mood or tense. In English, themodal auxiliaries are can, may, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would. Also calledmodal.Most linguists agree that there are 10 core or central modals in English: can, could, may,

might, must, ought, shall, should, will , and would . ther verbs!!including need , had better and invariant be!!may also "unction as modals #or semi!modals$.

%nli&e other auxiliaries , modals have no -s, -ing , -en , or in"initive "orms. #'ecause ought re(uires a to- in"initive complement , some linguists regard it as a marginal modal .$

'. Characteristics of Modal Auxiliaries in Eng;isha modal auxiliary has the "ollowing characteristics:

1. )a&es negation directly # can't, mustn't $.

*. )a&es inversion without + # can I? must I? $.

. - ode- # John can swim and so can Bill $.

/. Emphasis # Ann COUL sol!e the "roblem $.

. o !s "orm "or third!person singular #2 cans , 2musts $.

3. o non!"inite "orms #2to can , 2musting $

4. o co!occurrence #2 may will $

5. Modals and related verb phrases add meanings to verbs.

C. Uses of Can and Could

The modal auxiliary can is used

• to express ability #in the sense o" being able to do something or &nowing how to dosomething$:6e can spea& 7panish but he can-t write it very well.

• to expression permission #in the sense o" being allowed or permitted to dosomething$:an I tal& to my "riends in the library waiting room8 # ote that can is less "ormal thanmay. Also, some writers will ob9ect to the use o" can in this context.$

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• to express theoretical possibility:American automobile ma&ers can ma&e better cars i" they thin& there-s a pro"it in it.

The modal auxiliary could is used

• to express an ability in the past:I could always beat you at tennis when we were &ids.

• to express past or "uture permission:ould I bury my cat in your bac& yard8

•

to express present possibility:e could always spend the a"ternoon 9ust sitting around tal&ing.

• to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances:I" he studied harder, he could pass this course.

In expressing ability, can and could "re(uently also imply willingness: an you help me withmy homewor&8

D. Can versus May

hether the auxiliary verb can can be used to express permission or not ; < an I leave theroom now8< =


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• I" I-ve "inished all my wor& and I-m really (uiet, might I leave early8

In the context o" expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable present and "uture"orms and might C ha!e C past participle is the past "orm:

• 7he might be my advisor next semester.

• 7he may be my advisor next semester.

• 7he might have advised me not to ta&e biology.

Avoid con"using the sense o" possibility in may with the implication o" might, that ahypothetical situation has not in "act occurred. ?or instance, let-s say there-s been a helicoptercrash at the airport. In his initial report, be"ore all the "acts are gathered, a newscaster couldsay that the pilot


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It can also express insistence #rather rare, and with a strong stress on the word

• +idn-t you use to go 9ogging every morning be"ore brea&"ast8

• It didn-t use to be that way.

Used to can also be used to convey the sense o" being accustomed to or "amiliar withsomething:

• )he tire "actory down the road really stin&s, but we-re used to it by now.

• I li&e these old snea&ersD I-m used to them.

Used to is best reserved "or collo(uial usageD it has no place in "ormal or academic text.

6. !A""


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7hall is a "orm o" will, used mostly in the "irst person. Its use, however, is decreasing, and inany case in spo&en English it would be contracted to

e use $e a$le to :

• to talk about ability

$e a$le to% a$ility

e use $e a$le to to express ability.


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• You should see a doctor.

• They ought to have got back home by now.

• They should have got back home by now.

In practice, most spea&ers tend to pre"er should "or negatives and (uestions because theought to and oughtn't ((( to "orms can sound rather clumsy and aw&ward.

• Ought you to be doing that?

• They oughtn't to (ought not to) do that.

• Oughtn't we to leave now?

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