kuliah 1 sejarah

7/27/2019 KULIAH 1 SEJARAH

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Kuliah 1

Sejarah Pendekatan Kualitatif

dalam PsikologiDyah Nieng

Fakultas Psikologi UMP


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References

Smith, J.A. 2006. Qualitative Psychology:

a Practical Guide to Research methods.

Thousand Oaks, California: Sage

Publications.

Wikipedia


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Sepintas Sejarah

Sejak dulu banyak tokoh-tokoh Psikologiyang menggunakan PKL (PendekatanKualitatif)

Sigmund Freud Gustav Jung

William James

Gordon AllportAbraham Maslow

Dominasi Behaviorisme menggusur PKL


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Gustav Fechner:

Experimental Psychology Gustav Fechner (1801-1887) yang

pertama punya ide tentang experimentalPSy, dalam buku Elemente der

Psychophysik Waktu pertama berdiri pada abad 19,

Fechner mendefisnisikan ExperimentalPsychology sebagai ilmu tentangpengalaman (the science of experience)

Mengkaji hubungan antara dunia luar(stimulus) dan dunia dalam (sensasi)


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Membandingkan antara intensitas cahaya

lampu dan perubahan pengalaman gelap-

terang

Pengalaman di sini didefinisikan sebatas

laporan individu tentang sensasi yang

dirasakan


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Wilhem Wund (1832-1920)

Pertama membuat laboratorium Eksperimental

PSy

Dalam buku: Physiologische Psychologie

Wilhem Wund menganalisis pengalaman lebihjauh

Pengalaman yang disadari terdiri dari sensasi,

imajinasi, dan perasaan yang terhubung

sedemikian rupa

Metode: introspeksi, tergantung laporan verbal

dari individu

Mengkaji struktur pengalaman yang statis


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Frans Brentano (1838-1917)

Menggunakan pendekatan pengalamanlangsung (immediate experience)

Pengalaman yang disadari merupakan

sebuah proses. Mengalami adalah suatuperbuatan/aksi (act)

Ciri dari aktivitas yang disadari adalah

intensionalitas, suatu keterhubunganantara kesadaran dengan objek yangdijadikan pusat perhatian


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William James (1842-1910)

Dalam buku Principle of Psychology, James membahastentang arus pikiran (stream of thought) dan deskripsitentang dua makna dari self

James menolak pendekatan atomistik Wund

(pengalaman individu di suatu waktu adalah kombinasidari interaksi berbagai elemen)

Kesadaran adalah suatu proses, yang memiliki temasendiri. Di dalam konteks tema ini suatu perhatiantertentu mendapat makna. Jadi signifikasi suatu objek

terhadap kesadaran bukan hanya karena ada stimulusdari luar, juga karena adanya hubungan dengan temayang sedang berlangsung dalam kesadaranRelevansi objek luar dengan individu


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Fringe of the focal object = horizon of

phenomenon (Husserl) Objek kesadarn

dipengaruhi secara instrinsik oleh jaringan yang

menyeluruh dari hubungan-hubungan yangbermakna dalam dunia pengalaman individu.

Mirip dengan pandangan Gestalt tentang

figure dan ground

Penelitian James deskriptif (Varieties of

Religious Experiences, 1902)


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J.B. Watson (1878-1958)

Pencetus pendekatan behaviorisme yang

awalnya sebagai kritik dari pendekatan

introspeksi

Proses mental tidak bisa diteliti karena

tidak bisa diobservasi

Pendekatan natural science: objectivity,

measurability


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Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)

Mengkritik introspeksi dan behaviorisme,tapi dia tidak bertujuan untuk mereformasipsikologi, tapi membuat landasan untuk

semua disiplin ilmu humaniora, termasukseni.

Prinsip: mengembalikan ke objek itusendiri sebagaimana dialami oleh subjek(return to the things themselves)

Konsep lifeworld


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Gordon Allport (1897-1967)

Pencetus Idiographic Psychology

Psikologi tidak boleh mengabaikan keunikan

pengalaman (experience) dan perilaku

(behavior) individu Bersebarangan dengan prinsip nomothetic

(menekankan prinsip2 umum). Misal: orang

Jawa toleran. Padahal tidak semuanya.

Sumber data: personal dokumen dan ungkapan

individu langsung.


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kesimpulan

Individu adalah

Perciever

Conciever

Constructor

Research merupakan produk kerjasama

antara peneliti dengan yang diteliti

(reflexivity)


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Sigmund Freud

Bagaimana proses Sigmund Freud

menemukan teori

Psikoanalisis

Ketidaksadaran

Defense mechanism

Interpretasi mimpi

Data-data kualitatif dari praktek pribadi

disistematisasikan untuk mencari


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Carl Gustav Jung

(From Wikipedia, 7 Sept 2009)

Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 6 June 1961)

was a Swisspsychiatrist, an influential thinker

and the founder ofanalytical psychology known

as Jungian psychology. Jung's approach topsychology has been influential in the field of

depth psychology and in countercultural

movements across the globe.

Jung is considered as the first modernpsychologist to state that the human psyche is

"by nature religious" and to explore it in depth.[1]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swisshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Junghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatristhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss


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He emphasized understanding the psychethrough exploring the worlds ofdreams, art,mythology, religion and philosophy.

Although he was a theoretical psychologist andpracticing clinician, much of his life's work wasspent exploring other areas, including Easternand Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology,sociology, as well as literature and the arts.

His most notable ideas include the concept ofpsychological archetypes, the collectiveunconscious and synchronicity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_%28psychology%29


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Abraham Maslow

(Wikipedia, 7 Sept 2009)

From 1937 to 1951, Maslow was on the faculty

ofBrooklyn College. In New York he found two

more mentors, anthropologistRuth Benedict and

Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer, whom headmired both professionally and personally.

These two were so accomplished in both realms,

and such "wonderful human beings" as well, that

Maslow began taking notes about them and theirbehavior..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wertheimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Benedicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_College


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Maslow

This would be the basis of his lifelong researchand thinking about mental health and humanpotential. He wrote extensively on the subject,borrowing ideas from other psychologists but

adding significantly to them, especially theconcepts of a hierarchy of needs, metaneeds,self-actualizing persons, and peak experiences.

Maslow became the leader of the humanisticschool of psychology that emerged in the 1950sand 1960s, which he referred to as the "thirdforce" -- beyond Freudian theory andbehaviorism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis


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Wiliam James

William James (January 11, 1842 August 26, 1910)was a pioneering American psychologist and philosophertrained as a medical doctor.

James studied medicine, physiology, and biology, andbegan to teach in those subjects, but was drawn to thescientific study of the human mind at a time whenpsychology was constituting itself as a science.

James's acquaintance with the work of figures likeHermann Helmholtz in Germany and Pierre Janet inFrance facilitated his introduction of courses in scientific

psychology at Harvard University. He taught his first experimental psychology course at

Harvard in the 1875-1876 academic year.[3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Janethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Helmholtzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology


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William James

James did important work in philosophy ofreligion. In his Gifford Lectures at the Universityof Edinburgh he provided a wide-rangingaccount ofThe Varieties of Religious Experience(1902) and interpreted them according to hispragmatic leanings. Some of the importantclaims he makes in this regard:

Religious genius (experience) should be theprimary topic in the study of religion, rather thanreligious institutionssince institutions aremerely the social descendant of genius.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Lectureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experiencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifford_Lectureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion


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The intense, even pathological varieties ofexperience (religious or otherwise) should besought by psychologists, because they representthe closest thing to a microscope of the mind

that is, they show us in drastically enlarged formthe normal processes of things.

In order to usefully interpret the realm ofcommon, shared experience and history, wemust each make certain "over-beliefs" in thingswhich, while they cannot be proven on the basisof experience, help us to live fuller and betterlives.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbeliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbeliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbeliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbelief


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The investigation ofmystical experience was constantthroughout the life of James, leading him to experimentwith chloral hydrate (1870), amyl nitrite (1875), nitrousoxide (1882), and even peyote (1896).

James claimed that it was only when he was under theinfluence of nitrous oxide that he was able to understandHegel.[12]

He concluded that while the revelations of the mystichold true, they hold true only for the mystic; for others,

they are certainly ideas to be considered, but can holdno claim to truth without personal experience of such.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl_nitriteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyotehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyl_nitriteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloral_hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism

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