KORUPSIDANINVESTASI

FaisalBasri11Desember2019

*Q1-Q3(January-September).Source:BPS-StatisticsIndonesia.

-15

-10

-5

0

5

101976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019*

GDPgrowth,percent8% 7%

6%5%

Thedecliningtrendofeconomicgrowthinthelong-term,1976-2019

Source: BPS-StatisticsIndonesia.

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

5,5

6

6,5

7

Q1-09

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-10

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-11

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-12

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-13

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-14

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-15

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-16

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-17

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-18

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q1-19

Q2

Q3

QuarterlyGDPgrowth,percent

Notyetgainedmomentum:neednewenergy

Investasidipandangsebagaipenyebabpertumbuhanrendah

Sikapanasir“Istana”danKetuaUmumKadin

PertumbuhanPDBmenurutpengeluaran

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019*Share

2018**

Privateconsumption 5.15 4.96 5.01 4.94 5.05 5.07 55.74

LNPRT***consumption 12.19 -0.62 6.64 6.93 9.08 13.15 1.22

Generalgovernmentconsumption 1.16 5.31 -0.14 2.13 4.80 4.69 8.98

Grossfixedcapitalformation 4.45 5.01 4.47 6.15 6.67 4.74 32.29

Exportsofgoodsandservices 1.07 -2.12 -1.66 8.91 6.48 -1.24 20.97

Lessimportsofgoodsandservices 2.12 -6.25 -2.41 8.06 12.04 -7.62 22.06

Grossdomesticproduct 5.01 4.88 5.03 5.07 5.17 5.04 100.00*Q1-Q3(January-September)**Notincludedchangeininventory.***LNPRTstandsforlembaganon-profityangmelayanirumahtangga(non-profitorganizationservingthehousehold).Source:BPS-StatisticsIndonesia.

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Percent

Brazil China Indonesia India Malaysia Vietnam SouthAfrica

Source:WorldBank,WorldDevelopmentIndicators.

Annualgrowthofgrosscapitalformation

32,3

26,8

29,6

10

15

20

25

30

35

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Grossfixedcapitalformation(%ofGDP)

Indonesia Lowermiddle income Uppermiddleincome

Source:WorldBank,WorldDevelopmentIndicators.

ShareofinvestmentinGDPinIndonesiaishigherthantheloweranduppermiddleincomecountries

42,6

32,3

28,926,8

22,825,0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Grossfixedcapitalformation(%ofGDP)

China Indonesia India Malaysia Philippines Thailand Vietnam

Source:WorldBank,WorldDevelopmentIndicators.

TheshareofinvestmentinGDPinIndonesiaishigherthanallASEANcountriesandIndia

Indeks persepsi korupsi membaik

Source: Transparency International.

19

27 27

20

17 1719 19 19

2022

2423

2628 28

3032 32

3436

37 3738

0,49

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,00

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

100=thecleanest(LHS);1.0=bottomrank(RHS)

Score-LHS Rank-RHS

7

BBB / Stable

Baa2 / Stable

BBB / Stable

Apr 2018, Rating Upgraded at Baa2/Stable“The upgrade to Baa2 is underpinned by an increasingly credible and effective policy framework conducive to macroeconomic stability. Together with a build-up of financial buffers, prudent fiscal and monetary policy strengthens Moody’s confidence that the sovereign’s resilience and capacity to respond to shocks has improved.”

May 2019, Rating Upgraded at BBB/Stable

“We raised the ratings to reflect Indonesia’s strong economic growth prospects and supportive policy dynamics, which we expect to remain following the re-election of President Joko Widodo recently.”

March 2019, Rating Affirmed at BBB/StableThe decision was supported by favorable GDP growth outlook on the back of resilient domestic demand and a small government debt burden compared with its peers. Indonesia’s sovereign credit fundamentals should be resilient to substantial exchange rate volatility.

BBB / PositiveApril 2019, Rating Affirmed at BBB, Outlook Revised to Positive

“The ratings mainly reflect Indonesia’s solid economic growth underpinned by domestic consumption, restrained level of budget deficit and public debt, and resilience to external shocks stemming from flexible exchange rate policies and accumulation of foreign exchange reserves. The administration led by President Joko Widodo has formulated a large-scale infrastructure development plan and is vigorously promoting it to eliminate the infrastructure shortage. In addition, it has succeeded in expanding infrastructure expenditures and expenditures on human capital, and has been curbing the budget deficit by reducing fuel subsidies.”

BBB / Stable

April 2019, Rating Affirmed at BBB/Stable

“Indonesia’s economy is growing at a solid pace. The fiscal deficit to GDP ratio narrowed from a year earlier, and the government debt to GDP ratio remains low. While the CAD somewhat widened, foreign reserves are ample relative to short-term external debts. Its economic resilience to external shocks is maintained, supported by the government and central bank’s policies emphasizing macroeconomic stability.”

Indonesia is Now Fully Rated as Investment Grade Country

Source:BankIndonesia.

Indonesiaisnowfullyratedasinvestmentgradecountry

13

14

16

22

22

24

26

32

37

40

42

44

60

61

64

70

78

116

139

252

26

18

14

18

21

22

37

32

30

25

40

21

42

68

101

58

76

111

134

277

20.RussianFederation(20)

19.Korea,Republicof(14)

18.VietNam(21)

17.Israel(19)

16.Indonesia(18)

15.Italy(16)

14.Germany(11)

13.Mexico(12)

12.France(13)

11.Canada(15)

10.India(9)

9.Spain(17)

8.Australia(8)

7.Brazil(6)

6.UnitedKingdom(4)

5.Netherlands(7)

4.Singapore(5)

3.HongKong,China(3)

2.China(2)

1.UnitedStates(1)

USDbillions

Developedeconomies2018 2017

Source:United NationsConference onTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD),WorldInvestmentReport2019.

Developingandtransitioneconomies2018 2017

Indonesiaisinthetop-20hosteconomiesforFDI

22,5

25,2

26,3

31,9

32,1

34,2

36,4

36,4

38,5

39,2

39,8

48,1

48,7

58,3

23,5

47,1

42,4

37,1

50,4

41,7

41,3

36,4

38,5

49,2

31,9

31,0

22,2

24,2

2,9

4,2

5,1

2,6

4,6

3,3

5,0

9,1

3,3

3,8

2,7

3,9

2,6

6,1

51,0

23,5

26,3

28,4

13,0

20,8

17,4

18,2

19,7

7,7

25,7

17,1

26,5

11,4

MyanmarTaiwan

SouthKoreaPhilippinesHongKongMalaysiaAustralia

JapanThailand

SingaporeVietnamIndonesia

IndiaChina

How do you expect your firm’s investments in the followingeconomies to change during 2019? --percent

Wewillincreaseourlevelofinvestment Weareinthemarket,butwillnotinvestmore

Wewillreduceourinvestmentinthismarket Wehavenoplanstoinvest

Source:TheEconomist, AsiaBusinessOutlookSurvey2019.

China,India,andIndonesia arethemostdesirablecountriestoincreaseinvestmentin2019

Source:EconomistIntelligenceUnit(EIU).

2017(n=59) 2015(n=65) 2013(n=58)Singapore 1 2 2UnitedStates 2 1 1HongKong 3 7 3Malaysia 4 20 18Australia 5 3 5Switzerland 6 5 7SouthKorea 7 8 28Canada 8 4 6Chile 9 29 22Russia 10 24 9Israel 11 17 31Kazakhstan 12 51 38Taiwan 13 14 12Japan 14 6 4Norway 15 9 8CzechRepublic 16 n/a n/aDenmark 17 10 14Thailand 18 38 35Iran 19 52 57Germany 20 13 10Finland 21 15 16Poland 22 33 36Hungary 23 n/a n/aSaudiArabia 24 23 15Ireland 25 n/a n/aIndonesia 26 44 44France 27 16 20Philippines 28 39 39Sweden 29 11 13Vietnam 30 40 41

ChinaGoingGlobalInvestmentIndex:Indonesia'srankingrosesharply

PromisingcountriesforoverseasbusinessoperationbyJapaneseManufacturingcompaniesoverthemediumterm(next3yearsorso)

Source: JapanBankforInternationalCooperation(JBIC),“SurveyReportonOverseasBusinessOperationsbyJapaneseManufacturingCompanies,”variousissues.

Rank 1997 2003 2005 2006 2007 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

1st CHN CHN CHN CHN CHN CHN CHN CHN IDN IND IND IND CHN CHN

2nd USA THA IND IND IND IND IND IND IND IDNIDN2nd CHN IND IND

3rd IDN USA THA VNM VNM VNM THA IDN THA CHNCHN2nd IDN VNM THA

4th THA VNM VNM THA THA THA VNM THA CHN THA THA VNM THA VNM

5th IND IND USA USA RUS BRA IDN VNM VNM VNM VNM THA IDN IDN

6th VNM IDN RUS RUS USA IDN BRA BRA BRA MEX MEX MEX USA USA

7th PHL KOR KOR BRA BRA RUS RUS MEX MEX BRA USA USA MEX MEX

8th MYS TWN IDN KOR IDN USA USA RUS MMR USA PHL PHL PHL PHL

9th BRA MYS BRA IDN KOR KOR MYS MMR RUS RUS BRA MMR MMR MMR

10th TWN RUS TWN TWN TWN MYS TWN USA USA MMR MMR BRABRA & KOR MYS

Firsttimeclimbingtothetopin2013,IndonesiabeatChinainJapaneseFDI,butthenfellto5th in2017-18

Source:WorldBank,WorldDevelopment Indicators, downloaded fromhttps://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FS.AST.DOMS.GD.ZS onJuly19,2019.

10,7

22,2

8,8

50,3

62,1

34,2

47,2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Domesticcreditprovidedbyfinancialsector(%ofGDP)

Indonesia:kreditterhadapPDBjugameningkat

• Allmanufacturingindustries:~70percent

• Cementindustry:~68percent

• Automotiveindustry:~50percent

• Textiles:~50percent

• Biodiesel:~35percent

Kalau pemanfaatan kapasitas masih rendah,buatapainvestasibarumenggebu?

Korupsidaninvestasi

• Korupsimenimbulkanancamanterhadapinvestasikarenasejumlahalasan:mengikisefisiensisektorpublikdanswastayangmemungkinkanorangmengambilposisikekuasaanmelaluipatronaseketimbangkemampuan;mendistorsilingkungankeuangandanekonomi;dan,sampaibatastertentu,meketidakstabilandananarkikedalamprosespolitik.(Everhart,Martinez-Vazquez,danMcNab,“Corruption,Investment,andGrowthinDevelopingCountries,”Proceedings,AnnualConferenceonTaxationandMinutesofAnnualMeetingofNationalTaxAssociation,Vol96(2003):84-90).

• Theempiricalresultsshowthatcorruptionhasarobustnegativeeffectontherateofprivateinvestment.(Al-Sadig,“CorrupomesticInvestment:evidencefromdevelopingcountries,”InternationalJournalofEconomicPolicyinEmergingEconomies(IJEPEE),Vol.3,No.1,2010.

PengalamanTimReformasiTataKelolaMigas

• KamimenerimarombongandarihampirsemuatraderminyakbesaryangberkantordiSingapura.MerekamemaparkanpraktiktenderolehPESS,anakperusahaanPertamina.Bolehdikatakanmerekatidakpernahmenangtender,namunmerekasecararutintetapmemasokminyakkeIndonesialewatpihakketiga.

• Mengapamerekasecaraterbuka(dantidakmemintaketerangannyadirahasiakan)?KarenamerekasangattidaknyamandanLelahbatinmelakukanpraktikdagangkotoryangdilakukanolehPertaminaEnergyServicesPteLimited(PES) danMafiaMigas.UraianlebihrincibisadilihatdalamLaporanTimyangbisadiunduhdisini:https://faisalbasri.com/2015/05/16/rekomendasi-final-tim-reformasi-tata-kelola-migas-memperkokoh-kelembagaan-sektor-migas-indonesia/

Unfortunately,ICORhasrisensince2010:Markup?Inefficiency? Corruption?

IndonesiapalingrestriktifterhadapFDI

0,31

0,260,26

0,210,19

0,14

0,090,090,070,060,060,06

0,030,010,0

FDIRRI,2018

TheForeignDirectInvestmentRegulatoryRestrictiveness Index(FDIRRI)measuresfourtypesofstatutoryrestrictionsonforeigndirectinvestment:(i) foreignequityrestrictions,(ii) screeningandpriorapprovalrequirements,(iii) rulesforkeypersonnel, and(iv) otherrestrictionsontheoperationofforeignenterprises.TheFDI RRIisacompositeindexwhichtakesvaluesbetween0and1,with1beingthemostrestrictive.Source:OECD, FDIRegulatoryRestrictivenessIndex.

Indonesiatermasuk10negaradenganhambataninvestasiterbesardisektorhulumigas

No Country Policy Perception Index

1 Venezuela 00.00

2 Yemen 13.23

3 Tasmania 26.11

4 Victoria 31.52

5 Libya 35.09

6 Iraq 38.48

7 Ecuador 39.35

8 New South Wales 40.37

9 Bolivia 45.03

10 Indonesia 47.16

10jurisdictionswiththegreatestbarrierstoinvestment,theleastattractivefirst

Comments about conditions in the jurisdiction:• “Indonesia regularly flip-flops on

government and ministerial regulations regarding the oil and gas industry, which deters investment. Recent actions related to signature bonuses on PSC extensions is one example.”• “Indonesia’s gross split production

sharing contract (PSC) system is poorly designed and is discouraging for investors.”• “Regulatory processes are uncertain

and biased.”Sumber: Fraser Institute, Global Petroleum Survey 2018Catatan: Policy Perception Index (PPI), is a composite index that measures the overall policy attractiveness of the 80 jurisdictions in the survey.

The index is composed of survey responses to policy factors (the administration of current regulations, environmental regulations, regulatory duplication, the legal system and taxation regime,uncert ainty concerning protected areas and disputed land cl aims, infrastructure, socioeconomic and community development conditions, trade barriers, political stability, labor regulations,quality of the geological database, security, and labor and skills availability) that affect investment decisions. Policy factors examined include uncertainty concerning

Pemilu2019:distribusisuarasah

19,3

12,6

12,3

9,7

9,1

8,2

7,8

6,8

4,5

2,7

2,1

1,9

1,5

0,8

0,5

0,2

PDIP

Gerindra

Golkar

PKB

Nasdem

PKS

Demokrat

PAN

PPP

Perindo

Berkarya

PSI

Hanura

PBB

Garuda

PKPI

%SuaraSah

DistribusikursiDPR:partaipendukungpemerintah74%,partaidiluarpemerintah26%

22,26

14,78

13,57

10,26

10,09

9,39

8,70

7,65

3,30

PDIP

Golkar

Gerindra

Nasdem

PKB

Demokrat

PKS

PAN

PPP

%KursiDPR

DistribusikursiDPR:partai-partaididalampemerintahanvspartai-partaidiluarpemerintahan

22,26

14,7813,57

10,26 10,09

3,30

9,398,70

7,65

PDIP Golkar Gerindra Nasdem PKB PPP Demokrat PKS PAN

%KursiDPR

Didalampemerintahan=74% Diluarpemerintahan=26%

Merawatdemokrasi

Mentransformasikandari• Extractivepolitical

institutionmenjadiinclusivepoliticalinstitution

• Extractiveeconomicinstitutionmenjadiinclusiveeconomicinstitution

Sumber:DiadaptasidariDaronAcemogludanJamesA.Robinson,TheNarrowCorridor:States,Societies,andtheFateofLiberty,London:PenguisPress.

Politicalcorruption:definitions

• Politicalcorruptionadalahkorupsiyangmelibatkanpembuatkeputusanpolitikdenganmenyalahgunakankekuasaanpublikyangdimilikinya.

• Politicalcorruptionistheuseofpowerbygovernmentofficialsforillegitimateprivategain.–https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/political_corruption.htm

• Politicalcorruptionis“thebehaviorof(elected)publicofficialswhichdivergesfromtheformalcomponents- thedutiesandpowers,rightsandobligations- ofapublicroletoseekprivategain”(Kramer,1997).

• Politicalcorruptionmeanstheabuseofpoliticalpowerbythegovernmentleaderstoextractandaccumulateforprivateenrichment,andtousepoliticallycorruptmeanstomaintaintheirholdonpower.–https://definitions.uslegal.com/p/political-corruption/

Korupsimusuhperadaban• Korupsimembuatalokasisumberdayamenjauhdarikepentinganpublik,kepentinganbersama,kepentinganrakyat.

• Kekayaansumberdayaekonomi,termasuksumberdayaalam, tidakbisamenyejahterakanrakyat,bahkansebaliknyamemarginalkankekuatanrakyat.

• Pemusatanpenguasaansumberdayaekonomiberadaditangansegelintirorang,yangsenantiasaberupayamelanggengkanpenguasaannyadenganmencariperlindunganataudukunganpolitik,bahkansekarangsudahlangsungmasukkegelanggangpolitikdenganmendirikanataumenguasaipartaipolitik.

• Partai-partaiyangkuatbukankarenamemilikiideologiyang cristalclear,programnyayangbagusdankadernyayangkredibel,melainkanyangmemilikikekuatanlogistikmelimpahyangmengalirdariparapengendalisumberdayaalamdanrenteekonomi.MartinWolfmenyebutnya“rentiercapitalism,”yangiamaknaisebagaisuatusistemyangmanapasardankekuatanpolitikmemberikanindividu-individudanpengusaha-pengusahayangdiistimewakanuntukmengerukrenteyangbesardarioranglain.

Pembangunantakakanberkelanjutan=rapuh• Praktikkorupsitidakakanmembuatpembangunanmenjadisehat,

berkualitas,danberkelanjutan.Rencanapembangunanjangkapanjangyangterukurtidakmenjadikepeduliankoruptor.Yangmerekainginkanadalahmeraupsegalasumberdayasecepat-cepatnyadansebanyakmungkinuntukmemperkokohcengkeramanpolitiknyademimemperbesarkekuatanlogistik.Merekalahyangakanterusberjayadipanggungpolitik.

• Akibatnya,fondasipembangunanrapuh.Kondisisepertiitulahyangterjadisekarang.Investasicukupbanyaktetapihasilnyahanyapertumbuhansekitar5%.Semuayangkitabangunmembutuhkandanalebihbesar,sekitar50persenlebihbanyakketimbangdinegara-negaratetanggadandimasaOrdeBarusekalipun.

Merambahkesegalapenjuru

• DanaAPBNdiselewengkan,mulaidariprosesditingkatperencanaan.• BUMNdijarah,dikerdilkan,diisiolehpetinggi-petinggiyangtidakkompeten

• Lisensidiperjualbelikan• Undang-undangmenghambakepadavestedinterest• Kebijakantidakmengutamakankepentinganpublik.

Theworld’smostunequalcountries

Source:CreditSuisseGlobalWealthDatabook2019.

82,7

76,6

75,9

75,3

74,3

74,1

70,3

68,0

67,5

67,2

1.Russia

2.Thailand

3.UnitedStates

4.Sweden

5.India

6.Indonesia

7.Turkey

8.Netherlands

9.SouthAfrica

10.Israel

Top-10%,2019, percent

58,2

50,4

44,6

42,5

42,5

37,7

37,4

37,2

36,1

35,4

1.Russia

2.Thailand

3.Indonesia

4.Turkey

5.India

6.Chile

7.Sweden

8.Israel

9.CzechRepublic

10.UnitedStates

Top1%,2019,percent

WealthconcentrationinIndonesia,2010-19

Source:CreditSuisseGlobalWealthDatabook2018.

31,5

43,245,6

47,950,3

53,549,3

45,4 46,644,6

66,8

72,6 73,8 7577,2 77,9

75,7 74,8 75,3 74,1

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Percent

Top1% Top10%

Thecrony-capitalismindex

3,8 2,0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

RussiaMalaysia

PhilippinesSingaporeUkraineMexico

IndonesiaTurkeyIndia

TaiwanChina*

ThailandSouthAfrica

BritainBrazil

UnitedStatesArgentina

FranceJapan

SouthKoreaPoland

Germany

Cronysectors Non-crony sectors

Billionairewealthasa%ofGDP,rankedbycrony-sectorwealth,2016

Indonesia’srank(%ofGDP):2007 18th2014 8th(5.2)20167th(5.8)

WherethelivingiseasyRent-seekingsectorsincludedintheindex•Casinos•Coal,palmoilandtimber•Defense•Deposit-takingbankingandinvestmentbanking•infrastructureandpipelines•Oil,gas,chemicalsandotherenergy•Ports,airports•Realestateandconstruction•Steel,othermetals,miningandcommodities•Utilitiesandtelecomsservices

*Includesterritories.Source: TheEconomist,Dailychart:Comparingcronycapitalismaroundtheworld(http://econ.st/24zXocy).

Classificationofcorruptionbasedonsourcesandinstruments

INSTRUMENTS

SOURCESELITEHEGEMONY INTEREST-GROUPPOWER

POWERABUSE

ManipulationandBribery:• Obtaininggovernmentbenefits• Avoidinggovernmentcosts• Sidepayments,leakage,theft

MafiaandFactionalism:• Manipulationofpoliticalaccess• Exploitationofeconomicopportunities

• Dangerofhand-over-fistcorruption

POLITICALPATRONAGE

CollusionandNepotism:• Blurboundariesbetweenstateandsociety,privateandpublic

• Nouveaurichebehavior• Chronic,hyper-corruptionspiral

• OrganizedandsystemicCorruption:Elite-controlledgovernment

• Exploitationofeconomicinterests• Monopolyoverpatronage

Sources:ModifiedfromstudiesbySusanRose-AckermanofYaleUniversity(1997),MichaelJohnstonofColgateUniversity(1997).

Corruption&typesofgovernmentresourcesCorruptionType

TypeofGovernmentResource

Examplesofcorruption

Holder(s)ofDirectControl

Holder(s)ofIndirectInfluence

Legislative - Governmentpoliciesandregulation

- Paymentsforfavorablelegislation

- Presidents/Ministers/Legislators

- Topdepartmentbureaucrats

- Bureaucratswithcontroloverimplementation

Contracting - Allocationoflicenses/contracts(naturalresources,schools,roads,etc.)

- Kickbacksonlicenses/contracts

- Bureaucratsatlevelofcontract/project

- Politicianswithpoweroverbureaucrats

- Middlemen

Employment - Governmentjobs - Bribesorfavorsforjobs

- Politiciansandbureaucratswithhiringandtransferringauthority

- Middlemen

Services - Provisionofindividualbenefits(forexample,IDs,welfare)orsanctions(forexample,trafficviolations)

- Bribesfor‘speedy’services

- ’Street-levelbureaucrats - Politicianswithpoweroverbureaucrats

- Localpoliticians- Middlemen

Source: JenniferBussell,“TypologiesofCorruption: aPragmaticApproach,”September2015.

CategoriesofcorruptionCategoriesofcorruption Description

Bribery Theactofdishonestly persuadingsomeonetoactinone’sfavourbyapaymentorother inducement.Inducementscantaketheformofgifts,loans,fees,rewardsorotheradvantages(taxes,services,donations,etc.).Theuseofbribescanleadtocollusion(e.g.inspectorsunder-reportingoffencesinexchangeforbribes)and/orextortion(e.g.bribesextractedagainstthethreatofover-reporting).

Embezzlement Tosteal,misdirectormisappropriatefundsorassetsplacedinone’strustorunderone’scontrol.Fromalegalpointofview,embezzlementneednotnecessarilybeorinvolvecorruption.

Facilitationpayment Asmallpayment,alsocalleda“speed”or“grease”payment,madetosecureorexpeditetheperformanceofaroutineornecessaryactiontowhichthepayerhaslegalorotherentitlement.

Fraud Theactofintentionallyanddishonestly deceivingsomeoneinordertogainanunfairorillegaladvantage(financial,politicalorotherwise).

Collusion Anarrangementbetweentwoormorepartiesdesignedtoachieveanimproperpurpose, includinginfluencingimproperlytheactionsofanotherparty.

Extortion Theactofimpairingorharming,orthreateningto impairorharm,directlyorindirectly,anypartyorthepropertyofthepartytoinfluenceimproperlytheactionsofaparty.

Patronage,clientelism,andnepotism

Patronageatitscoremeansthesupport givenbyapatron.Ingovernment,itreferstothepracticeofappointingpeopledirectly.

Source:UKDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment, “Whycorruptionmatters:understandingcauses,effectsandhowtoaddressthem–Evidencepaperoncorruption, January2015.https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/406346/corruption-evidence-paper-why-corruption-matters.pdf.

Semakintidakberdikari• Sementaraitukemampuannegara(pemerintah,duniausahadan

sektorkeuangankhususnya)untukmembiayainyatumbuhmerayap.Untukmemacupertumbuhan,takadapilihanlainkecualiberutang.Porsiutangataudanaluarnegerisemakinbesar.Sementaraitu,kemampuannegaramenghasilkandevisatidakmeningkat,sehinggakitakianrentanmenghadapigejolakeksternal.

• Penerimaanpajakjalanditempat.Bukankarenapotensipajakkitarendah,melainkankarenapenggelapanpajakmasihmerajalela.Parakoruptormengamankanuangnyadiluarnegeri,membuatkitasemakinkekurangan“darahsegar”untukmenggerakkanpembangunan.

References

Amundsen,Inge.1999.“PoliticalCorruption:AnIntroductiontotheIssues.”CMIWorkingPaperWP1999:7.–https://www.cmi.no/publications/1040-political-corruption

Rose-Ackerman,S.,andPalifka,B.2016. CorruptionandGovernment:Causes,Consequences,andReform.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.