konstitusi amerika serikat.odt

5/24/2018 konstitusi Amerika Serikat.odt

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Konstitusi Amerika Serikat dan Terjemahan

The Constitution of the United States

Preamble Note

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure

domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure theBlessings of iberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this !onstitution for the

United States of "merica#

Article I - The Legislatie !ranch Note

Section " - The Legislature

"ll legislative Po$ers herein granted shall be vested in a !ongress of the United States, $hich shallconsist of a Senate and %ouse of &epresentatives#

Section # - The $ouse

The %ouse of &epresentatives shall be composed of 'embers chosen every second (ear by the Peopleof the several States, and the )lectors in each State shall have the *ualifications requisite for )lectors

of the most numerous Branch of the State egislature#

+o Person shall be a &epresentative $ho shall not have attained to the "ge of t$enty five (ears, and

been seven (ears a !itien of the United States, and $ho shall not, $hen elected, be an -nhabitant of

that State in $hich he shall be chosen#

.&epresentatives and direct Ta/es shall be apportioned among the several States $hich may be included

$ithin this Union, according to their respective +umbers, $hich shall be determined by adding to the

$hole +umber of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of (ears, and e/cluding-ndians not ta/ed, three fifths of all other Persons#0 .The previous sentence in parentheses $as modified

by the 12th "mendment, section 3#0 The actual )numeration shall be made $ithin three (ears after the

first 'eeting of the !ongress of the United States, and $ithin every subsequent Term of ten (ears, insuch 'anner as they shall by a$ direct# The +umber of &epresentatives shall not e/ceed one for

every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at east one &epresentative4 and until such

enumeration shall be made, the State of +e$ %ampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, 'assachusetts

eight, &hode -sland and Providence Plantations one, !onnecticut five, +e$ (or5 si/, +e$ Jersey four,Pennsylvania eight, 6ela$are one, 'aryland si/, 7irginia ten, +orth !arolina five, South !arolina five

and 8eorgia three#

When vacancies happen in the &epresentation from any State, the )/ecutive "uthority thereof shall

issue Writs of )lection to fill such 7acancies#

The %ouse of &epresentatives shall chuse their Spea5er and other Officers4 and shall have the sole

Po$er of -mpeachment#
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Section % - The Senate

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of t$o Senators from each State, .chosen by theegislature thereof,0 .The preceding $ords in parentheses superseded by 19th "mendment, section 1#0

for si/ (ears4 and each Senator shall have one 7ote#

-mmediately after they shall be assembled in !onsequence of the first )lection, they shall be divided as

equally as may be into three !lasses# The Seats of the Senators of the first !lass shall be vacated at the

)/piration of the second (ear, of the second !lass at the )/piration of the fourth (ear, and of the third!lass at the )/piration of the si/th (ear, so that one third may be chosen every second (ear4 .and if

7acancies happen by &esignation, or other$ise, during the &ecess of the egislature of any State, the

)/ecutive thereof may ma5e temporary "ppointments until the ne/t 'eeting of the egislature, $hichshall then fill such 7acancies#0 .The preceding $ords in parentheses $ere superseded by the 19th

"mendment, section 3#0

+o person shall be a Senator $ho shall not have attained to the "ge of thirty (ears, and been nine (ears

a !itien of the United States, and $ho shall not, $hen elected, be an -nhabitant of that State for $hichhe shall be chosen#

The 7ice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no 7ote, unless

they be equally divided#

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the 7ice

President, or $hen he shall e/ercise the Office of President of the United States#

The Senate shall have the sole Po$er to try all -mpeachments# When sitting for that Purpose, they shallbe on Oath or "ffirmation# When the President of the United States is tried, the !hief Justice shall

preside: "nd no Person shall be convicted $ithout the !oncurrence of t$o thirds of the 'embers

present#

Judgment in !ases of -mpeachment shall not e/tend further than to removal from Office, and

disqualification to hold and en;oy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but theParty convicted shall nevertheless be liable and sub;ect to -ndictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment,

according to a$#

Section & - 'lections( )eetings

The Times, Places and 'anner of holding )lections for Senators and &epresentatives, shall be

prescribed in each State by the egislature thereof4 but the !ongress may at any time by a$ ma5e oralter such &egulations, e/cept as to the Place of !husing Senators#

The !ongress shall assemble at least once in every (ear, and such 'eeting shall .be on the first'onday in 6ecember,0 .The preceding $ords in parentheses $ere superseded by the 3


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'a;ority of each shall constitute a *uorum to do Business4 but a smaller number may ad;ourn from day

to day, and may be authoried to compel the "ttendance of absent 'embers, in such 'anner, and under

such Penalties as each %ouse may provide#

)ach %ouse may determine the &ules of its Proceedings, punish its 'embers for disorderly Behavior,

and, $ith the !oncurrence of t$o=thirds, e/pel a 'ember#

)ach %ouse shall 5eep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, e/cepting

such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy4 and the (eas and +ays of the 'embers of either

%ouse on any question shall, at the 6esire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal#

+either %ouse, during the Session of !ongress, shall, $ithout the !onsent of the other, ad;ourn for

more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in $hich the t$o %ouses shall be sitting#

Section . - Com+ensation

.The Senators and &epresentatives shall receive a !ompensation for their Services, to be ascertained by

a$, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States#0 .The preceding $ords in parentheses $eremodified by the 39th "mendment#0 They shall in all !ases, e/cept Treason, >elony and Breach of the

Peace, be privileged from "rrest during their "ttendance at the Session of their respective %ouses, andin going to and returning from the same4 and for any Speech or 6ebate in either %ouse, they shall not

be questioned in any other Place#

+o Senator or &epresentative shall, during the Time for $hich he $as elected, be appointed to any civil

Office under the "uthority of the United States $hich shall have been created, or the )moluments

$hereof shall have been increased during such time4 and no Person holding any Office under the

United States, shall be a 'ember of either %ouse during his !ontinuance in Office#

Section / - ,eenue !ills( Legislatie Process( Presidential 0eto

"ll bills for raising &evenue shall originate in the %ouse of &epresentatives4 but the Senate may

propose or concur $ith "mendments as on other Bills#

)very Bill $hich shall have passed the %ouse of &epresentatives and the Senate, shall, before it

become a a$, be presented to the President of the United States4 -f he approve he shall sign it, but if

not he shall return it, $ith his Ob;ections to that %ouse in $hich it shall have originated, $ho shallenter the Ob;ections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it# -f after such &econsideration

t$o thirds of that %ouse shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together $ith the Ob;ections, to the

other %ouse, by $hich it shall li5e$ise be reconsidered, and if approved by t$o thirds of that %ouse, it

shall become a a$# But in all such !ases the 7otes of both %ouses shall be determined by (eas and+ays, and the +ames of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of

each %ouse respectively# -f any Bill shall not be returned by the President $ithin ten 6ays .Sundays

e/cepted0 after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a a$, in li5e 'anner as if he hadsigned it, unless the !ongress by their "d;ournment prevent its &eturn, in $hich !ase it shall not be a

a$#

)very Order, &esolution, or 7ote to $hich the !oncurrence of the Senate and %ouse of &epresentatives

may be necessary .e/cept on a question of "d;ournment0 shall be presented to the President of the

United States4 and before the Same shall ta5e )ffect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved


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by him, shall be repassed by t$o thirds of the Senate and %ouse of &epresentatives, according to the

&ules and imitations prescribed in the !ase of a Bill#

Section 1 - Po2ers of Congress

The !ongress shall have Po$er To lay and collect Ta/es, 6uties, -mposts and )/cises, to pay the 6ebts

and provide for the common 6efence and general Welfare of the United States4 but all 6uties, -mpostsand )/cises shall be uniform throughout the United States4

To borro$ money on the credit of the United States4

To regulate !ommerce $ith foreign +ations, and among the several States, and $ith the -ndian Tribes4

To establish an uniform &ule of +aturaliation, and uniform a$s on the sub;ect of Ban5ruptcies

throughout the United States4

To coin 'oney, regulate the 7alue thereof, and of foreign !oin, and fi/ the Standard of Weights and

'easures4

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current !oin of the United States4

To establish Post Offices and Post &oads4

To promote the Progress of Science and useful "rts, by securing for limited Times to "uthors and

-nventors the e/clusive &ight to their respective Writings and 6iscoveries4

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme !ourt4

To define and punish Piracies and >elonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the a$

of +ations4

To declare War, grant etters of 'arque and &eprisal, and ma5e &ules concerning !aptures on and

and Water4

To raise and support "rmies, but no "ppropriation of 'oney to that Use shall be for a longer Term than

t$o (ears4

To provide and maintain a +avy4

To ma5e &ules for the 8overnment and &egulation of the land and naval >orces4

To provide for calling forth the 'ilitia to e/ecute the a$s of the Union, suppress -nsurrections and

repel -nvasions4

To provide for organiing, arming, and disciplining, the 'ilitia, and for governing such Part of them as

may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the"ppointment of the Officers, and the "uthority of training the 'ilitia according to the discipline

prescribed by !ongress4


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To e/ercise e/clusive egislation in all !ases $hatsoever, over such 6istrict .not e/ceeding ten 'iles

square0 as may, by !ession of particular States, and the acceptance of !ongress, become the Seat of the

8overnment of the United States, and to e/ercise li5e "uthority over all Places purchased by the

!onsent of the egislature of the State in $hich the Same shall be, for the )rection of >orts,'againes, "rsenals, doc5=(ards, and other needful Buildings4 "nd

To ma5e all a$s $hich shall be necessary and proper for carrying into )/ecution the foregoingPo$ers, and all other Po$ers vested by this !onstitution in the 8overnment of the United States, or in

any 6epartment or Officer thereof#

Section 3 - Limits on Congress

The 'igration or -mportation of such Persons as any of the States no$ e/isting shall thin5 proper toadmit, shall not be prohibited by the !ongress prior to the (ear one thousand eight hundred and eight,

but a ta/ or duty may be imposed on such -mportation, not e/ceeding ten dollars for each Person#

The privilege of the Writ of %abeas !orpus shall not be suspended, unless $hen in !ases of &ebellion

or -nvasion the public Safety may require it#

+o Bill of "ttainder or e/ post facto a$ shall be passed#

.+o capitation, or other direct, Ta/ shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the !ensus or )numeration

herein before directed to be ta5en#0 .Section in parentheses clarified by the 1?th "mendment#0

+o Ta/ or 6uty shall be laid on "rticles e/ported from any State#

+o Preference shall be given by any &egulation of !ommerce or &evenue to the Ports of one State overthose of another: nor shall 7essels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 6uties

in another#

+o 'oney shall be dra$n from the Treasury, but in !onsequence of "ppropriations made by a$4 and

a regular Statement and "ccount of the &eceipts and )/penditures of all public 'oney shall be

published from time to time#

+o Title of +obility shall be granted by the United States: "nd no Person holding any Office of Profit

or Trust under them, shall, $ithout the !onsent of the !ongress, accept of any present, )molument,Office, or Title, of any 5ind $hatever, from any @ing, Prince or foreign State#

Section "4 - Po2ers +rohibited of States

+o State shall enter into any Treaty, "lliance, or !onfederation4 grant etters of 'arque and &eprisal4

coin 'oney4 emit Bills of !redit4 ma5e any Thing but gold and silver !oin a Tender in Payment of

6ebts4 pass any Bill of "ttainder, e/ post facto a$, or a$ impairing the Obligation of !ontracts, orgrant any Title of +obility#

+o State shall, $ithout the !onsent of the !ongress, lay any -mposts or 6uties on -mports or )/ports,e/cept $hat may be absolutely necessary for e/ecuting itAs inspection a$s: and the net Produce of all

6uties and -mposts, laid by any State on -mports or )/ports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the

United States4 and all such a$s shall be sub;ect to the &evision and !ontroul of the !ongress#


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+o State shall, $ithout the !onsent of !ongress, lay any duty of Tonnage, 5eep Troops, or Ships of

War in time of Peace, enter into any "greement or !ompact $ith another State, or $ith a foreign

Po$er, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent 6anger as $ill not admit ofdelay#

Article II - The '5ecutie !ranch Note

Section " - The President Note" Note#

The e/ecutive Po$er shall be vested in a President of the United States of "merica# %e shall hold his

Office during the Term of four (ears, and, together $ith the 7ice=President chosen for the same Term,

be elected, as follo$s:

)ach State shall appoint, in such 'anner as the egislature thereof may direct, a +umber of )lectors,

equal to the $hole +umber of Senators and &epresentatives to $hich the State may be entitled in the

!ongress: but no Senator or &epresentative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the

United States, shall be appointed an )lector#

.The )lectors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for t$o persons, of $hom one atleast shall not lie an -nhabitant of the same State $ith themselves# "nd they shall ma5e a ist of all the

Persons voted for, and of the +umber of 7otes for each4 $hich ist they shall sign and certify, and

transmit sealed to the Seat of the 8overnment of the United States, directed to the President of theSenate# The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and %ouse of &epresentatives,

open all the !ertificates, and the 7otes shall then be counted# The Person having the greatest +umber of

7otes shall be the President, if such +umber be a 'a;ority of the $hole +umber of )lectors appointed4

and if there be more than one $ho have such 'a;ority, and have an equal +umber of 7otes, then the%ouse of &epresentatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President4 and if no Person

have a 'a;ority, then from the five highest on the ist the said %ouse shall in li5e 'anner chuse the

President# But in chusing the President, the 7otes shall be ta5en by States, the &epresentation from eachState having one 7ote4 a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a 'ember or 'embers from t$o=

thirds of the States, and a 'a;ority of all the States shall be necessary to a !hoice# -n every !ase, after

the !hoice of the President, the Person having the greatest +umber of 7otes of the )lectors shall be the7ice President# But if there should remain t$o or more $ho have equal 7otes, the Senate shall chuse

from them by Ballot the 7ice=President#0 .This clause in parentheses $as superseded by the 13th

"mendment#0

The !ongress may determine the Time of chusing the )lectors, and the 6ay on $hich they shall give

their 7otes4 $hich 6ay shall be the same throughout the United States#

+o person e/cept a natural born !itien, or a !itien of the United States, at the time of the "doption

of this !onstitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President4 neither shall any Person be eligible to

that Office $ho shall not have attained to the "ge of thirty=five (ears, and been fourteen (ears a&esident $ithin the United States#

.-n !ase of the &emoval of the President from Office, or of his 6eath, &esignation, or -nability todischarge the Po$ers and 6uties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the 7ice President, and

the !ongress may by a$ provide for the !ase of &emoval, 6eath, &esignation or -nability, both of the

President and 7ice President, declaring $hat Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall


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act accordingly, until the 6isability be removed, or a President shall be elected#0 .This clause in

parentheses has been modified by the 3


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The ;udicial Po$er of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme !ourt, and in such inferior

!ourts as the !ongress may from time to time ordain and establish# The Judges, both of the supreme

and inferior !ourts, shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receivefor their Services a !ompensation $hich shall not be diminished during their !ontinuance in Office#

Section # - Trial b6 ur6( 9riginal urisdiction( ur6 Trials

.The ;udicial Po$er shall e/tend to all !ases, in a$ and )quity, arising under this !onstitution, the

a$s of the United States, and Treaties made, or $hich shall be made, under their "uthority4 to all!ases affecting "mbassadors, other public 'inisters and !onsuls4 to all !ases of admiralty and

maritime Jurisdiction4 to !ontroversies to $hich the United States shall be a Party4 to !ontroversies

bet$een t$o or more States4 bet$een a State and !itiens of another State4 bet$een !itiens ofdifferent States4 bet$een !itiens of the same State claiming ands under 8rants of different States,

and bet$een a State, or the !itiens thereof, and foreign States, !itiens or Sub;ects#0 .This section in

parentheses is modified by the 11th "mendment#0

-n all !ases affecting "mbassadors, other public 'inisters and !onsuls, and those in $hich a Stateshall be Party, the supreme !ourt shall have original Jurisdiction# -n all the other !ases before

mentioned, the supreme !ourt shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to a$ and >act, $ith such)/ceptions, and under such &egulations as the !ongress shall ma5e#

The Trial of all !rimes, e/cept in !ases of -mpeachment, shall be by Jury4 and such Trial shall be heldin the State $here the said !rimes shall have been committed4 but $hen not committed $ithin any

State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the !ongress may by a$ have directed#

Section % - Treason Note

Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their

)nemies, giving them "id and !omfort# +o Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on theTestimony of t$o Witnesses to the same overt "ct, or on !onfession in open !ourt#

The !ongress shall have po$er to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no "ttainder of Treason shall$or5 !orruption of Blood, or >orfeiture e/cept during the ife of the Person attainted#

Article I0 - The States

Section " - 'ach State to $onor all others

>ull >aith and !redit shall be given in each State to the public "cts, &ecords, and ;udicial Proceedingsof every other State# "nd the !ongress may by general a$s prescribe the 'anner in $hich such "cts,

&ecords and Proceedings shall be proved, and the )ffect thereof#

Section # - State citi:ens( '5tradition

The !itiens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and -mmunities of !itiens in the severalStates#

" Person charged in any State $ith Treason, >elony, or other !rime, $ho shall flee from Justice, and be


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found in another State, shall on demand of the e/ecutive "uthority of the State from $hich he fled, be

delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the !rime#

.+o Person held to Service or abour in one State, under the a$s thereof, escaping into another, shall,in !onsequence of any a$ or &egulation therein, be discharged from such Service or abour, But

shall be delivered up on !laim of the Party to $hom such Service or abour may be due#0 .This clause

in parentheses is superseded by the 1Dth "mendment#0

Section % - Ne2 States

+e$ States may be admitted by the !ongress into this Union4 but no ne$ States shall be formed or

erected $ithin the Jurisdiction of any other State4 nor any State be formed by the Junction of t$o or

more States, or parts of States, $ithout the !onsent of the egislatures of the States concerned as $ellas of the !ongress#

The !ongress shall have Po$er to dispose of and ma5e all needful &ules and &egulations respecting

the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States4 and nothing in this !onstitution shall be

so construed as to Pre;udice any !laims of the United States, or of any particular State#

Section & - ,e+ublican goernment

The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a &epublican >orm of 8overnment, and

shall protect each of them against -nvasion4 and on "pplication of the egislature, or of the )/ecutive.$hen the egislature cannot be convened0 against domestic 7iolence#

Article 0 - Amendment Note" - Note# - Note%

The !ongress, $henever t$o thirds of both %ouses shall deem it necessary, shall propose "mendments

to this !onstitution, or, on the "pplication of the egislatures of t$o thirds of the several States, shall

call a !onvention for proposing "mendments, $hich, in either !ase, shall be valid to all -ntents andPurposes, as part of this !onstitution, $hen ratified by the egislatures of three fourths of the several

States, or by !onventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other 'ode of &atification may be

proposed by the !ongress4 Provided that no "mendment $hich may be made prior to the (ear Onethousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 'anner affect the first and fourth !lauses in the +inth

Section of the first "rticle4 and that no State, $ithout its !onsent, shall be deprived of its equal

Suffrage in the Senate#

Article 0I - 7ebts( Su+remac6( 9aths

"ll 6ebts contracted and )ngagements entered into, before the "doption of this !onstitution, shall beas valid against the United States under this !onstitution, as under the !onfederation#

This !onstitution, and the a$s of the United States $hich shall be made in Pursuance thereof4 and allTreaties made, or $hich shall be made, under the "uthority of the United States, shall be the supreme

a$ of the and4 and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the !onstitution or

a$s of any State to the !ontrary not$ithstanding#

The Senators and &epresentatives before mentioned, and the 'embers of the several State egislatures,

and all e/ecutive and ;udicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be


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bound by Oath or "ffirmation, to support this !onstitution4 but no religious Test shall ever be required

as a *ualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States#

Article 0II - ,atification 7ocuments

The &atification of the !onventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the )stablishment of this

!onstitution bet$een the States so ratifying the Same#

6one in !onvention by the Unanimous !onsent of the States present the Seventeenth 6ay of

September in the (ear of our ord one thousand seven hundred and )ighty seven and of the-ndependence of the United States of "merica the T$elfth# -n Witness $hereof We have hereunto

subscribed our +ames# +ote

8o Washington = President and deputy from 7irginia

+e$ %ampshire = John angdon, +icholas 8ilman

'assachusetts = +athaniel 8orham, &ufus @ing

!onnecticut = Wm Saml Johnson, &oger Sherman

+e$ (or5 = "le/ander %amilton

+e$ Jersey = Wil ivingston, 6avid Brearley, Wm Paterson, Jona# 6ayton

Pensylvania = B >ran5lin, Thomas 'ifflin, &obt 'orris, 8eo# !lymer, Thos >itSimons, Jared

-ngersoll, James Wilson, 8ouv 'orris

6ela$are = 8eo# &ead, 8unning Bedford ;un, John 6ic5inson, &ichard Bassett, Jaco# Broom

'aryland = James 'c%enry, 6an of St Tho Jenifer, 6anl !arroll

7irginia = John Blair, James 'adison Jr#

+orth !arolina = Wm Blount, &ichd 6obbs Spaight, %u Williamson

South !arolina = J# &utledge, !harles !otes$orth Pinc5ney, !harles Pinc5ney, Pierce Butler

8eorgia = William >e$, "br Bald$in

"ttest: William Jac5son, Secretary

The "mendments +ote

The follo$ing are the "mendments to the !onstitution# The first ten "mendments collectively are

commonly 5no$n as the Bill of &ights# %istory

Amendment " - ;reedom of ,eligion( Press( '5+ression< ,atified "#="*="/3"< Note

!ongress shall ma5e no la$ respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free e/ercise


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thereof4 or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press4 or the right of the people peaceably to

assemble, and to petition the 8overnment for a redress of grievances#

Amendment # - ,ight to !ear Arms< ,atified "#="*="/3"< Note

" $ell regulated 'ilitia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to 5eep

and bear "rms, shall not be infringed#

Amendment % - >uartering of Soldiers< ,atified "#="*="/3"< Note

+o Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, $ithout the consent of the O$ner, nor in

time of $ar, but in a manner to be prescribed by la$#

Amendment & - Search and Sei:ure< ,atified "#="*="/3"ederal0 adalah untu5 mendengar5an 5asasi=5asasi dalam 5asus=5asus 5hususseperti misalnya 5asus=5asus yang menyang5ut undang=undang paten dan gugatan=gugatan terhadap

pemerintah federal#

Punca5 dari sistim pengadilan federal adalah 'ah5amah "gung "meri5a Seri5at, yang dibentu5 dari F

ha5im agung yang dudu5 bersama=sama dalam mendengar5an 5asus=5asus# "tas 5ebi;a5sanaannya,

'ah5amah "gung "meri5a Seri5at mung5in a5an mendengar5an 5asasi=5asasi dari rang5aianpengadilan=pengadilan banding federal, seperti ;uga yang a5an dila5u5an oleh pengadilan=pengadilan

tertinggi negeri ;i5a 5asasi tersebut menyang5ut @onstitusi "meri5a Seri5at atau undang=undang

federal#

Struktur dari Sistim Pengadilan Negeri

Stru5tur dari sistim=sistim pengadilan negeri berbeda=beda antara satu negara bagian dengan negarabagian lainnya# Setiap sistim pengadilan negeri memili5i ciri=ciri yang uni54 $alaupun demi5ian,

beberapa penyamarataan umum dapat dibuat# Sebagian besar negara=negara bagian "S memili5i

pengadilan=pengadilan dengan yurisdi5si terbatas yang di5etuai oleh seorang ha5im dimana beliaumendengar5an 5asus=5asus sipil=ringan dan 5riminal# Selain itu negara=negara bagian ;uga memili5i

pengadilan=pengadilan umum yurisdi5si ting5at pertama yang di5etuai oleh seorang ha5im#

Pengadilan=pengadilan ting5at pertama ini biasanya disebut pengadilan=pengadilan rang5aian atau

pengadilan=pengadilan superior dan fungsinya mendengar5an 5asus=5asus sipil=utama dan 5riminal#Beberapa negara bagian lainnya memili5i pengadilan=pengadilan 5husus yang hanya mendengar5an

5asus=5asus tertentu, misalnya 5asus=5asus lalu=lintas atau perti5aian 5eluarga#

Semua negara=negara bagian di "S memili5i satu pengadilan tertinggi, yang biasanya disebut

mah5amah agung negeri yang fungsinya sama seperti pengadilan tinggi# Banya5 ;uga negara=negara

bagian di "S yang memili5i pengadilan negeri menengah yang ;uga disebut pengadilan banding yangtugasnya mendengar5an 5asasi=5asasi dari sidang pengadilan# Piha5 yang ber5asus umumnya memili5i

ha5 satu 5ali untu5 nai5 banding#

Administrasi Pengadilan

!abang=cabang yudi5atif dari pemerintah federal dan pemerintah negara bagian adalah terpisah

fungsinya dari cabang=cabang legislatif dan e5se5utif# Untu5 memasti5an 5emandirian ;alannyaperadilan, cabang=cabang yudi5atif dari pemerintah federal dan pemerintah negara bagian mengontrol

fungsi administrasi pengadilan# Tugas=tugas di administrasi pengadilan termasu5 mengelola anggaran=

anggaran belan;a pengadilan, menulis peraturan=peraturan sidang pengadilan dan prosedur pengadilantinggi, memeri5sa per5ara=per5ara disiplin yudi5atif, mena$ar5an program=program pendidi5an

berlan;ut bagi para ha5im, dan meng5a;i pela5sanaan sidang pengadilan#

6i dalam sistim pengadilan federal, 'u5tamar (udisial "meri5a Seri5at, dibentu5 dari 39 anggota

.@epala %a5im "meri5a Seri5at dan 3? ha5im=ha5im dari setiap $ilayah geografis di "S0, mengemban

segenap tanggung ;a$ab administrasi dari seluruh pengadilan dan memili5i 5e5uasaan utama


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dalam membuat 5ebi;a5an yang berhubungan dengan pela5sanaan cabang yudi5atif dari pemerintah#

'u5tamar (udisial ini dibantu oleh se;umlah besar 5omite=5omite yang dibentu5 dari ha5im=ha5im

federal .dan 5adang=5adang ;uga dari ha5im=ha5im pengadilan negeri serta pengacara=pengacara0

dimana mere5a mempela;ari berbagai sistim pengadilan federal yang berbeda dan membuatre5omendasi=re5omendasi# Satu tanggung ;a$ab penting dari 'u5tamar Peradilan adalah untu5

mere5omendasi perubahan=perubahan di dalam aturan=aturan prosedur yang diguna5an oleh seluruh

pengadilan=pengadilan federal#

@ongres telah me$u;ud5an tiga buah badan=badan administrasi pemerintah di dalam cabang

pengadilan# @antor "dministrasi Pengadilan "meri5a Seri5at adalah yang mengelola pela5sanaanpengadilan sehari=hari, termasu5 hal=hal yang menyang5ut ga;i, peralatan, dan persediaan# Pusat

@eha5iman >ederal adalah yang mela5sana5an program=program pendidi5an dan pelatihan bagi para

ha5im dan para 5arya$an pengadilan, selain ;uga mela5u5an penelitian=penelitian di bidang=bidangpela5sanaan pengadilan dan administrasi# @omisi Penghu5uman "meri5a Seri5at berfungsi

mengembang5an garis=garis besar petun;u5 berupa peringatanGnasihat bagi ha5im=ha5im federal dalam

tugasnya membeban5an hu5uman=hu5uman pidana#

6alam sebagian besar sistim pengadilan negeri, mah5amah agung negeri memili5i segenap $e$enangadministratif dalam menga$asi sistim pengadilan# -a dibantu oleh 5antor administratif# @epala ha5im

mah5amah agung negeri biasanya menun;u5 dire5tur dari 5antor administratif pengadilan negeri untu5membantunya#

$akim

Para ha5im agung dari 'ah5amah "gung "meri5a Seri5at dan dari rang5aian serta ha5im=ha5im

distri5, semuanya ditun;u5 oleh Presiden "meri5a Seri5at ;i5a disetu;ui oleh mayoritas suara dari Senat

"meri5a Seri5at# Para ha5im agung dan ha5im=ha5im lain ini dapat terus mengabdi selamaber5ela5uan bai5 yang berla5u, dengan ;ang5a $a5tu ta5 terbatas sampai a5hir hidup# Biasanya orang=

orang yang dicalon5an oleh Presiden untu5 men;adi ha5im=ha5im adalah mere5a yang ;uga merupa5an

anggota=anggota dari partai politi5 yang sama# Orang=orang yang ditun;u5 biasanya adalah pengacaraterhormat, guru besar hu5um, ha5im pengadilan rendah federal atau ha5im pengadilan negeri# Begitu

para ha5im ini ditun;u5 untu5 men;alan5an tugasnya, ga;i mere5a tida5 dapat diturun5an# Para ha5im

federal hanya mung5in dipecat dari posisinya melalui proses penda5$aan 5arena menyalahguna5an;abatan, yang mana da5$aannya dila5u5an oleh 6e$an Per$a5ilan &a5yat .%ouse of &epresentatives0

dan sidang pengu;iannya dila5sana5an oleh Senat# 6alam seantero se;arah "meri5a Seri5at, hanya

beberapa ha5im sa;a yang pernah dida5$a dan dari mere5a yang dipecat ditemu5an telah mela5u5anperbuatan buru5 yang serius# 6engan adanya perlindungan=perlindungan ini para ha5im federal dapat

menerap5an pertimbangannya secara mandiri tanpa mendapat te5anan politi5 atau campur tangan

orang luar#

'etode=metode dalam memilih ha5im=ha5im negeri sangat berbeda dari satu negara bagian 5e negara

bagian lainnya dan bah5an sering5ali berbeda di dalam satu negara bagian sa;a, tergantung pada ;enis

pengadilannya# Sistim pemilihan yang sangat laim umumnya melalui nominasi dari 5omisi danmelalui pemilihan siapa yang populer# 6alam sistim menominasi sebuah 5omisi, ha5im=ha5im ditun;u5

oleh gubernur .sebagai 5epala e5se5utif negara bagian0 yang harus menentu5an pilihannya dari daftar

calon=calon yang telah dipilih oleh 5omisi independen yang terbentu5 dari 5umpulan para pengacara,legislator, $arga biasa, dan 5adang=5adang ha5im# 6i banya5 negara bagian "S, ha5im=ha5im dipilih

melalui pemilihan siapa yang paling populer# Pemilihan=pemilihan ini mung5in mendapat du5ungan

sepiha5 atau mung5in ;uga tida5 mendapat du5ungan# !alon=calon untu5 ;abatan yudisial atau untu5


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dipilih harus memenuhi 5ualifi5asi=5ualifi5asi tertentu, seperti misalnya telah men;alani profesi

pengacara selama ;ang5a $a5tu .se5ian tahun0 tertentu# 6engan hanya sedi5it pengecualian=

pengecualian, para ha5im negeri mengabdi dalam ;ang5a $a5tu tertentu, yang dapat pula diperpan;ang#

Seluruh negara bagian "S memili5i prosedur=prosedur untu5 memerintah5an pela5sanaan yudisial,disiplin dan pencopotan ;abatan#

6alam 5edua sistim, bai5 federal maupun negeri, calon=calon untu5 posisi yudisial adalah hampirselalu para pengacara yang berpengalaman bertahun=tahun# Tida5 ada pelatihan mata=pela;aran 5husus

untu5 para ha5im dan ;uga tida5 ada u;ian# Beberapa negara bagian me$a;ib5an para ha5im untu5

menghadiri program=program pendidi5an berlan;ut dengan ma5sud untu5 mengetahui per5embangan=per5embangan dini yang ter;adi di seputar hu5um# Jaringan=;aringan pengadilan bai5 federal maupun

negeri, 5eduanya mena$ar5an berbagai program pendidi5an a$al dan berlan;ut bagi para ha5im#

aksa Penuntut

Ja5sa=;a5sa penuntut di dalam sistim federal adalah merupa5an bagian dari 6epartemen @eha5iman "S

di dalam cabang e5se5utif# Ja5sa "gung "meri5a Seri5at, yang mengepalai 6epartemen @eha5iman,

ditun;u5 oleh Presiden dengan mendapat 5onfirmasi dari Senat# @etua ;a5sa penuntut di dalam distri5=distri5 pengadilan federal disebut Pengacara=pengacara "meri5a Seri5at dan mere5a ;uga ditun;u5 oleh

Presiden dengan mendapat 5onfirmasi dari Senat# 6i dalam 6epartemen @eha5iman terdapat ;uga BiroPenyelidi5an >ederal .>B-0 yang menyelidi5i semua 5e;ahatan yang ditu;u5an terhadap negara

"meri5a Seri5at#

Setiap negara bagian ;uga mempunyai seorang ;a5sa agung di dalam cabang e5se5utif negeri yang

biasanya dipilih oleh pendudu5 setempat# "da ;uga ;a5sa=;a5sa penuntut yang tersebar di berbagai

$ilayah negeri, yang disebut pengacara=pengacara negara atau pengacara=pengacara distri5# Para ;a5sa

penuntut ini ;uga biasanya dipilih#

Pembela $ukum

Sistem hu5um di "meri5a Seri5at mengguna5an proses pertentangan# Peran pembela=pembela hu5um

sangatlah penting dalam proses ini# Para pembela hu5um bertanggung ;a$ab dalam menga;u5an bu5ti

dari 5lien mere5a dan dalam menyampai5an debat=debat hu5um 5epada sidang pengadilan#Berdasar5an penya;ian=penya;ian yang disampai5an oleh pembela hu5um, ha5im sidang atau ;uri

memasti5an bu5ti=bu5ti dan menerap5an undang=undang dalam usahanya mencapai 5eputusan bersama

sebelum memasu5i saat 5eputusan ha5im#

Setiap individu bebas untu5 me$a5ili dirinya sendiri di pengadilan=pengadilan "meri5a, namun

pembela hu5um sering dibutuh5an 5eberadaannya untu5 menghadap5an 5asus=5asus secara lebih

efe5tif# Bagi perorangan yang tida5 sanggup membayar seorang pembela hu5um, ia dapat mencobauntu5 mendapat5annya tanpa bayar melalui sebuah perhimpunan bantuan hu5um lo5al# Bagi para

tertuduh 5e;ahatan yang tida5 sanggup membayar seorang pembela hu5um, mere5a a5an di$a5ili oleh

seorang pembela yang ditun;u5 oleh pengadilan atau oleh 5antor pembela masyara5at federal ataupunnegeri#

Para pembela hu5um "meri5a mendapat lisensiGiin dari masing=masing +egara bagian dimana mere5amen;alan5an profesi hu5umnya# Tida5 ada $e$enang nasional yang melisensi pembela=pembela

hu5um# @ebanya5an negara bagian me$a;ib5an para pemohon lisensi untu5 memili5i gelar hu5um

.Juris 6octor0 dari sebuah se5olah hu5um yang bera5reditasi# 8elar hu5um di "meri5a adalah sebuah


33/33

gelar sar;ana penuh .post=graduate0 yang dianugerahi pada a5hir tahun=5etiga setelah menyelesai5an

tiga=tahun pela;aran di se5olah hu5um# .Biasanya setiap individu telah lebih dulu menyelesai5an empat

tahun perguruan tinggiGuniversitas sebelum mengi5uti tiga=tahun pela;aran di se5olah hu5um0#

6isamping itu, 5ebanya5an negara bagian "S me$a;ib5an para pemohon lisensi yang a5an berpra5te5hu5um, harus lulus u;ian bar tertulis .u;ian untu5 mendapat5an lisensi0 dan memenuhi standar 5husus

perihal 5ara5ter# Beberapa negara bagian lainnya mengiin5an para pembela hu5um untu5 men;adi

anggota bar .per5umpulan pengacara hu5um0 berdasar5an 5eanggotaannya yang sudah ada di negarabagian lainnya# Seluruh negara bagian memberi5an 5esempatan bagi pembela hu5um pendatang=luar

dari negara bagian lain, untu5 men;alan5an profesinya di tempat baru saat menangani sebuah 5asus

5husus, diba$ah 5ondisi=5ondisi tertentu# Para pembela hu5um dapat terlibat dalam pra5te5 profesiyang berane5a ragam# Walaupun tida5 ada perbedaan yang resmi diantara ;enis=;enis pra5te5 hu5um,

ternyata ada banya5 spesialisasi yang ta5 resmi#

konstitusi amerika serikat.odt

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