KKKH 4284 PERANCANGAN BANDAR LESTARI

TASK 9

KAJANG LOCAL PLAN FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

NAMA NO MATRIK

AMAR SYAFUDIN BIN AHMAD A 131973

MUHAMMAD ‘ARIFF PUTRA BIN ANSARUDDIN AGUS A 132588

WAN FAWWAZUL HAKIM BIN WAN GHAZALI A 135749

PENSYARAH

Prof. Ir. Dr. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH BIN O.K. RAHMAT

Dr. MUHAMAD NAZRI BIN BORHAN

Puan NORLIZA BINTI MOHD AKHIR

INTRODUCTION

Kajang is a town in the eastern part of Selangor, Malaysia. Kajang is the district capital of Hulu

Langat. It is located 21 kilometers (13 mi) from Malaysia's capital, Kuala Lumpur. The current

locational gravity of growth in Kajang would be Sungai Chua. The total population of Kajang

has grown rapidly in the past few years, with estimated population growth of 9% per annum. The

soon-to-be-realised Klang Valley MRT station in Bandar Kajang will boost the property value in

Sungai Chua.

As of 2004, a few townships have been developed in Kajang, such as Taman Prima Saujana

(straight from Jalan Cheras), Sungai Chua, Taman Kajang Perdana (Kajang Highlands). Lately,

many high-end developments has mushroomed in Kajang such as Twin Palms, Sri Banyan,

Country Heights, Jade Hills and Prima Paramount. Areas surrounding these new townships are

easily accessible via the SILK Expressway. Kajang is governed by the Majlis Perbandaran

Kajang.

Kajang's population of 342,657 is 60.4% Malay, 19.3% Chinese, 9.7% Indians, and 10.6% other

ethnic groups. Kajang's main population centres are Sg. Kantan, Sg.Jelok, Sg.Ramal, Sungai

Chua, Sg. Sekamat, Bandar Mahkota, Jalan Reko, Jalan Bukit, Bandar Sungai Long, Bandar Tun

Hussein Onn, Cheras Perdana, Taman Prima Saujana, Taman Kantan Permai, Taman Kajang

Perdana, Taman Sri Ramal, Taman Kajang Prima.

Districts under Kajang Municipal Hall (MPKj)

The center of Kajang is the bustling Old Town, where all the roads meet. Most of the colonial-

era buildings were constructed around the 1920s to 1930s. The architecture of these shophouses

is a combination of traditional Chinese and European designs. The ground floor was used mostly

for commercial activities and the upper floor as the family living quarter.

One of Kajang's landmarks is Stadium Kajang which is situated in the heart of the town. It is

near a popular hangout place among the locals named Haji Samuri, which is also home to the

famous dish satay Kajang. People come from all over Malaysia to taste the satay here. The

stadium can accommodate up to 5,000 people and is used throughout the year for the community

soccer competitions.

Another landmark is the Kajang Mosque or Masjid Kajang, which is easily recognisable by its

bright yellow facade. The mosque was painted and decorated by a local wealthy man, Datuk

Ujang bin Bagong, for the benefit of the local Muslims. The mosque is lively at night with

Islamic activities.

Kajang is inside the Dashed Red Line

Kajang is famous for its sate (alternate spelling satay), a form of skewered barbecued meat.

Informally, Kajang is known as the "Satay Town", and is famous among tourists and locals alike.

The most famous place to eat satay is Haji Samuri as well as Restoran Malaysia. Overnight

accommodations include Metro Inn, Crystal Oriental Hotel, Hotel Kajang, Uptown Hotel and

Kah Chong Hotels which are located within a 2 km (1.2 mi) radius of the town center.

Kajang has a number of new and old shopping complexes. The Billion Shopping Center in

Kajang town has been around for more than 20 years. It was originally located in the heart of

Kajang town and now has a new and larger branch in Bandar Technologi Kajang. Other

shopping centres located in Kajang are Metro Plaza Kajang, Metro Point, and Kompleks Kota

Kajang. Metro Avenue is a new shopping district located opposite SMJK Yu Hua Kajang and

Kajang High School. There has been a boom of hypermarkets in Kajang in the past 5 years,

marked by the emergence of Giant stores, Tesco Kajang and Jusco Cheras Selatan.

Public hospitals are found within and around Kajang town are Hospital Kajang, Hospital Serdang

and Hospital Putrajaya. There are also private medical centers functioning 24 hours and other 24-

hour clinics such as Klinik Mediviron Prima Saujana, Kajang Plaza Medical Centre (KPMC) and

KPJ Kajang Specialist Hospital. Colombia Asia hospital has started operations since 2011 near

Jusco Cheras Selatan.

The Hulu Langat District Police Headquarters are located in the town center. Other services

include the post office, government clinics, a stadium, food court and a wet market. Many

federal government agencies are open their branch in Kajang including the National Registration

Department, Immigration Department and Hulu Langat Education Office. Transportation

Department offices have start the operation at Section 7, Bandar Baru Bangi in 2010.

OBJECTIVES

The plan shall address four broad sustainable development objectives:

1. Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment

2. Social progress which recognizes the needs of everyone

3. Effective protection of the environment

4. Prudent use of natural resources

PRINCIPLES

The plan shall include the Sustainable Development Principles as follows:

1. Quality of Development

2. Integrating Transport and Development

3. Minimum environmental impact due to surge in travel demands

4. Development Access: Pedestrians, disabled people, cyclists, public transport, private

transport

5. Parking

6. Urban Design Principles

7. Context: compatible with existing landforms and natural features, retain, and where

possible enhance important existing urban spaces, townscape, parkland, natural or

historical features; respect the existing layout of buildings within the street space,

integrate into the local community

8. Safety and Security

9. Landscape and Biodiversity

10. Renewable Energy

11. Air Quality

12. Water Quality and Drainage

1. Quality of Development

Kajang has the potential to developed into big cities as of many urbanized cities in the whole

world. Existing building should be upgraded into a more urban conceptual-based building

following the needs of peoples for more comforts and luxurius lifestyles. Besides, in the future,

Kajang should produce a self reliance town with a higher quality of living in Kajang that make

up the community by providing a healthy, productive, meaningful life for all community

residents, present and future. There are several concept that should be taken:

Using the masjid centred concept where masjid will be the center of the city

A clean, appealing environment, a talented workforce and responsive public services will

attract and find a base for diverse, value-adding industries that provide well-paying jobs.

Reduce poverty and crime, and revenues for excellent public schools, services and

facilities will result in a clean, appealing environment, a talented workforce and

responsive government

More public service like health, education, food, security, and clean environment should

be provided

Existing facilities will be upgraded for people’s economic and social progress

More opportunities of works should be provided by providing more commercial area

2. Integrating Transport and Development

Integrated Transport Plans priorities and schedule project such as bicycle plan, walking

networks, education initiatives alongside car and truck based policy. These planning scheme

outcome to create urban town, neighborhood and an activity center, bringing people closer to

shops, services and job reducing the need to travel long distances and using a car. Here are

several strategies:

Commuter is the main modes of transportation to the Kuala Lumpur city, so the station

should be located nearer to the city so that the user would not have problems getting to

the station.

Proper bus stand should be constructed along the way from out of Kajang to the city

especially from Bangi because there are a lot of potential visitors from here due to the

existing of educational institution such as UKM.

Besides that, Kajang should have Kajang Sentral. A hub where the all the buses, trains

and taxis were gather and integrated together.

Public transport should have proper coordination among them. Excess of public

transportation could lead to several major problems to the city.

3. Minimun Travel Impact Due to Surge in Travel Demand

Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission.

However, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and more use of each

vehicle. Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles have been studied.

Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a

transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, and increase transport

electrification and energy efficiency.

Recent traffic condition shows that the registered car owner had increased due to the

decreasing of world’s oil price. In most of the traffic capacity, private cars account for the largest

percentage of all the motorized trips. The Kajang council had taken extra actions in order to

reduce the number of private cars enter the town of Kajang. Among the actions are to reduce the

number of parking lots and to increase the rate of parking charges to the shopping complex.

Here are several strategies to handle the problems:

Redirecting the movement pattern of using the private transport to the public transport.

Improving the quality and as well as extending the services for public transport especially

commuter trains and local buses

Improve the traffic management system by implementing the smart system.

Lower the traffic speed limits

Cultivation of green strips and green trees.

Improve the existing transportation infrastructure for shared use of streets and roads by

bicycle and motor vehicle

4. Development Access: Pedestrians, disabled people, cyclists, public transport, private

transport

In Kajang, the pedestrian networks were not progressively implemented in the town. There are

not single pedestrian bridges in town. There were also no zebra crossings around the town. These

make it hard for the people to cross the road during peak hour. The feelings of being hit by the

vehicle coming through were always on their mind.

Cycling has been incorporated into the housing area and recreational areas. But in the

town of Kajang, bicyclists are rarely seen. The conditions make it hard for the people to cycle

under the hot burning sun. Sometimes, only the construction workers were seen using the

bicycle.

In Kajang also, there were not much seen the facility for the disabled people. In using the

public transport, there are no landing ramps for the disabled people. There were still using steps,

this make it harder for the people with wheelchair or cane stick. Besides that, there are no

braille’s sign for people with low visual impairment.

In most of the traffic capacity, private cars account for the largest percentage of all the

motorized trips. The Kajang council had taken extra actions in order to reduce the number of

private cars enter the town of Kajang. Among the actions are to reduce the number of parking

lots and to increase the rate of parking charges to the shopping complex.

5. Parking

In Kajang, the parking provided by the council was not sufficient enough. This could be seen

when the peak hour, the cars will be parked double or where it could be parked. This could cause

massive traffic jam due to the attitude of the drivers.

Parking lots should be designed to allow for users and deliveries to reach easily on site,

circulate through the parking lots and exit the site. Clear, easily understandable circulation

should be designed into the project to allow drivers and pedestrian to move through the site

without confusion. Besides, the parking here in the town were not centralized. Parking were

scattered everywhere in the town. Besides that, there is parking that was not supervised by the

Kajang council.

Futhermore, in Kajang, most of the parking was flexible pavement. There is not even a

single porous parking. Sometimes, if the heavy load vehicles enter the town, the pavement will

be damaged. This could bring danger to the motorcyclist especially during the rainy season.

Besides, this leads to flashflood in Kajang town.

Here are several steps to be taken as improvements:

Increase the parking charges so that people will use the public transport and hence

reducing the usage of private transport.

Paved only the pathway and utilize porous paving materials in parking spaces.

Pervious pavement could be used, such as the grass and gravel pave lot above to reduce

the impact of parking lot runoff.

The council should tighten the security and laws so that there will no longer be illegal

parking around the town.

Paved area could be sized to accommodate expected daily use which will likely required

less paved area.

6. Urban Design Principles

In Kajang, especially during nights, the condition of the street are quite dark. Lack of efficient

street lighting make it Kajang is not safe enough during that particular time of day. Besides, there

are no parks here in Kajang. The town does not have green area to be made as recreational parks.

Futhermore, in terms of development, there are plenty of shopping complexes, schools,

police station, fire station, market, hospital, post office and religious worship around the town. A

lot of old building that were keep, where this building can be upgraded into futher

functionalization to people without changing its original shape.

Here are several recommendations to developed Kajang:

Implementation the suitable hardscape, softscape street furniture and signage.

Streets comprise the greatest portion of the town and dominate the sense of traveling

public and the pedestrian.

High quality of street lighting creates scene of safety for the users.

Gateways are the main zones of the Kajang city that could make people realize that they

were entering the Kajang town.

The major corridors that relatives to the building must be identified preserved and

enhanced.

Built up a statue or monument that could represent Kajang town to the visitors

Require to create flexible development blocks which can support mixed-use including

entertainment, office, retail, education, recreation and mixed-income housing.

Installation of fountains, sculptures, water gardens and special lighting that can contribute

to the life of Kajang and make the experience more meaningful.

Design public spaces “ Kajang Theme Park “ and parks which create memorable

addresses and animate Kajang

7. CONTEXT

The strategy of balanced growth across the City, this project will come out with a fundamental

principle. The development strategy is based on the concept of a hierarchy of urban centers in

order to achieve balanced growth across the city. The fundamental principle that will proposed

was the Central Planning Area (City Centre) would still maintain its role and function as the

business and commercial core of Kajang, and some growth areas were proposed. Measures shall

be introduced to consolidate these centers and enhance their amenity value to the community as

well as to extend the function of urban centers and improve accessibility. To reinforce these

measures, a strong emphasis shall be placed on integrating development and public

transportation strategies.

Strategies are introduced which are directed towards in proving the living environment of the

City to a level commensurate with that enhancement of the natural and build environment and

the quality housing and working environment.

The development strategies that will propose are summarized below:

Decrease the working, living and business environment of the city centre

Ensure complete and integrated city linkages

Ensure the functional distribution of centers and facilities

Consolidate the development and enhance the environment of stable areas

Consolidate the development and enhance the environment of major entry points

This community facilities were include education, facilities, religious, cemetery and other

facilities. All of these facilities were use in 13495.247 acre. These community facilities

centralized at centre of town. When the facilities centralized caused traffic congestion at the

centre of town and many people centralized at the centre.

Kajang Hospital

Commercial lands use growth more at the city centre of Kajang. But, there also have some

commercial lands use near residential area. The growth area of Kampung Sungai Chua has had

respectable increase in industrial and commercial lands use.

Commercial Area in Kampung Sungai Chua, Kajang

Table below shows the existing land uses by sector based on Kajang Municipal Hall (MPKJ).

This land uses included six districts such as Hulu Langat District, Cheras District, Hulu

Semenyih District, Semenyih District, Beranang District, and Kajang District.

Land Use Category Area (in Acre) Percentage (%)

Residential 30700.227 25.09

Commercial 2169.7024 1.77

Industrial 5963.5418 4.87

Institute (UKM) 1177.3220 0.96

Open Space 5403.9046 4.42

Golf Field 2504.5622 2.05

Enterprise Zone 1392.7813 1.14

Reserved Forest 10725.029 8.77

Agriculture 47796.263 39.06

Undeveloped Land 601.41602 0.49

Community Facilities :

a) Education

b) Facilities

c) Religious

d) Cemetery

e) Other Facilities

Total :

601.41602

1545.0371

113.67897

405.58580

10829.529

13495.247 11.03

Utilities :

a) Oxidation Pond

b) Pond/Lake

c) Sanitary Landfill

76.115193

46.648005

306.43553

Total : 429.19873 0.35

Total 122359.1951 100

The development strategies for next 20 years are focused on Kajang to become an urban town.

The population in Kajang now 229,655 people and set to increase until 300,000 over next 20

years. This city need to be devised based on the context of a city is already have a limited space

to expand.

Article that Proposed Kajang Stadium to be a Recreation Site

To upgrade Kajang as Sustainable Town:

Reduce the working, living and business environment of the town

Ensure complete and integrated town linkages with outside area

Ensure the functional distribution of centers and facilities such as hospital that are in

crowded road

Merge the development and enhance the environment of stable areas such as at town

centre itself

8. SAFETY AND SECURITY

Kajang is one of the cities that always have crime cases. Parallel with Kuala Lumpur Structure

Plan, where more cities in Malaysia, a true microcosm of the country, and it leads by example in

the harmonious coexistence of its multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, Kajang Structure Plan

will propose and take other initiatives to make Kajang is one of the safety city. Over the next 20

years, Kajang City aims to build on this achievement to create a society secure in its community

integration and social harmony that does none the less celebrate the diversity of its culture.

The provision of a secure and safe environment for its residents is a significant concern of any

major city. In Kajang, more crime like robbery activities and pick pocket. Police station is

supplemented by police posts and in addition, there is a system of neighborhood watch centre.

To improve safety in the city, the Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation launched the Safe

City Programmed where the communities themselves participate in ensuring the security of their

areas. Security and emergency facilities include police station, police posts, neighborhood watch

centers and fire station.

“Naked Street, Shared Spaces” is a concept pioneered by Hans Monderman, a Dutch traffic

engineer where, it removes all the things that were supposed to make it safe for the pedestrian

such as, traffic lights, railings, signs, road markings, curbs and pedestrian barriers. The concept

creates a completely open and even surface on which motorists and pedestrians negotiated with

each other by eye contact.

Urban areas have become completely focused on the transportation of vehicles through the

public space as use of cars increased, than the ability of people to enjoy the space. Thus, shared

spaces is seen as more than just a way to design street but about reclaiming the public space from

the domination of cars and achieving a better balance between the street’s social and movement

roles.

However, there are concerns been raised about the impacts of the shared spaces on more

vulnerable road users such as the elderly, children and people with disability. It is indeed a

challenge for traffic engineers to modify the concept of shared spaces and retain the sense of

“subjective safety” for these vulnerable road users, without giving motorists too much

confidence about their right of way. New Road, a non-residential street in Brighton, United

Kingdom is one of the examples where the concept is implemented.

Example of the "Naked Street Shared Spaces" Concept

According to Gehl Architects, New Road has become one of the most popular places in

Brighton. Major achievements include 62% increase in pedestrian traffic, 93% reduction in

motorized traffic, 600% more staying activity and 22% increase in cycling activity.

To overcome this problem:

Place the closed-circuit television (CCTV) at the hidden place, especially that always

happen crime activities

The residents must have civic intention and always help people when they in difficult

situation

Kajang Municipal Council and police must do their own job

Put more number of the police posts and police in-duty as much as helping the residents

and visitors, especially weekend or public holiday

Example of Spot that Can Place the CCTV

9. LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY

Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land including physical element such as

landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements like human activity and build

environment. Parallel with Local Agenda 21, the diversity of nature is valued and protected. The

initiative has contributed to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity as well as to the

fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from genetic resources. Biodiversity boosts ecosystem

productivity where each species have an important role to play and that it is this combination that

enables the ecosystems to posses the ability to prevent and recover from a variety disasters

In Kajang Town, there have place that do not have any landscape and also have some landscape.

Even there have some landscape at certain place, it still not enough to sustain the Earth. The

landscape at town also not protected.

Existing Landscape in Kajang

Genetic diversity is divided by two parts which are flora and fauna. Some of plants become

disappeared when the city become bigger and progressive. Besides that, the climate change like

global warming can affect the plants to grow up. Same with plants, animal also gradually

disappeared when the city become larger. The forest was intruded.

Kajang has a small of species of plants means less variety of crops and small species of animals

not ensure that the ecosystem is naturally sustained. These flora and fauna have no place to go

and most of the place was replaced with building and roads or other facilities.

One of the Playground Areas in Kajang

To overcome this problem:

Do not disturb the reserved forest

Planted forest at undeveloped land areas

Do the landscape at town and home

Build more recreation garden

Build a garden for those have big yard at home

More open spaces and children’s plays area needed for residents

10. RENEWABLE ENERGY

Energy or more we know as energy resources are natural resources that can be processed by

humans, so it can be used for energy needs. This energy resources is called as primary energy

source, namely the energy resources in the form it is available in nature.

In general, energy resources can be divided into:

Conventional energy resources

Nuclear energy resources

Renewable energy resources

Based on its origin, energy resources can be classified as fossil and non-fossil. Petroleum, natural

gas, and coal called a fossil fuel because, according to the prevailing theory today, is derived

from the bodies of organic (living beings) are undergoing a process of sedimentation over

millions of years. Meanwhile, non-fossil energy is the energy source that its formation is not

derived from organic bodies. Including non-fossil energy source is sunlight, water, wind, and

geothermal.

In terms of energy use consists of primary energy and secondary energy. Energy is directly given

by nature in its original form and has not undergone a change (conversion) is referred to as

primary energy. While the secondary energy is the primary energy that has undergone further

processing.

In terms of commercial value, the energy source can be classified as commercial, non-

commercial, and new energy. Commercial energy is the energy that has to be used and traded in

economies of scale. Non-commercial energy is energy that has to be used and can be traded but

not yet reached the scale economical. While the new energy is the energy utilization is still very

limited and is under development (pilot project). This energy cannot be traded because not

achieve economies of scale. Classification is based on the economic value can vary by time and

place. Non-commercial energy or new energy could someday become a commercial energy. Or

non-commercial energy in one place could be a commercial energy elsewhere.

Availability of energy resources is defined as the human ability to acquire energy resources is

based on technology that has been developed and in a way that is economically acceptable.

Government, private and NGOs offices are proposed to be relocated in multi storey buildings

that apply the same concept of Urban Transformations Centre (UTC) such as UTC Kuala

Lumpur. It is a one-stop centre that brings together multiple government and private agencies

under one roof for the convenience of the public. This building with modern architectural

concept will be the new landmark for the Kajang city center. Next to this building will be a

multiple storey parking building. Meanwhile, on the other side of the main road, will be high rise

residential buildings. People that are affected by the new development will be given a

house/apartment unit based on their affected land area. It is proposed that at minimum, they will

get one house/apartment unit and some of them may be provided with 3 houses/apartment units.

The construction of the new buildings and houses in this new Kajang city will use the energy

efficient concept as EU practices:

Large windows to let in sufficient daylight, high ceilings for better air circulation and

optimized layout to make the best use of available space.

Situate the house to take advantage of prevailing breezes. Not only are these breezes

valuable for cross-ventilation in the house, but they can make screened-in rooms and

porches more comfortable.

Installation of solar panel in every new building constructed.

Solar Panel That Has Been Using in a House

Sustainable buildings improve lives by providing healthier environments through the use of non-

toxic building materials, efficient mechanical systems and access to day light and views to the

outside world. The construction of these buildings should also practice sustainable working

environment that minimize the effects of construction to the public.

Use materials and systems that simplify and reduce maintenance requirements, require

less water and energy, power saving energy bulb, minimal or toxic free, cost-effective

and reduce life-cycle costs.

Concrete that uses ground granulated blasted slag (an industrial waste) to replace cement,

resulting in a reduction of the concrete carbon footprint by 30-40% of CO2

Water-based paints that have no volatile organic compound which harm human health.

Reinforcing bars made of 100% recycled steel.

Water Appliances with highly efficient fittings, fixtures and appliances, smart water

meters that inform consumers of their consumption, and smart meters to identify leakage

across the system.

Washing machines, shower heads, etc. should be as water efficient as possible and toilets

should have variable flushes.

Smaller, compact houses that are located near to working areas, public transportations

and community services to reduce fuel consumption and money.

Houses are clustered closer together, leaving more open space for residents to enjoy and

to preserve the natural landscape.

Rooftop gardens can also be used for food production such as simple container gardening

while providing green roofs.

For the existing houses and shop lot that will be maintained as they are, the proposed

development will involve in introducing energy efficient appliances and renewable source of

energy.

To maintain the renewable energy:

Plant the trees

Turn off unused lights

Use the smaller power of electronic goods

Prevent to use the motorcycle or car if the distance travelled is near

Use compact fluorescent light bulbs to replace the lamp.

Buy products that have the Energy Star label on them.

Use solar power to heat water and pools, cook, and light homes and buildings

11. AIR QUALITY

One reason factories were and remain separated from residential areas is that many processes

resulted in the release of particulates and gases which are offensive or toxic or both, even if they

are not greenhouse gases .The dust and grit deposited on households from factory emissions may

not be injurious to health, although some are, and some contribute to the greenhouse effect, but

they add to the discomfort of life and the cost of cleanliness for those nearby. Higher density

development, in which industrial or commercial processes are allowed in residential areas,

increases the risk of such exposure.

A second source of air pollution is that which comes from the conscription of residents in the

olfactory delights of neighbors‟ meals or activities. Invasions of privacy may be experienced by

households living at higher densities when they can tell from the breeze that their neighbors are

about to feast on some aromatic dish. Living near a restaurant or even a sidewalk cafe can result

in exposure to aromas which all do not find pleasing all the time. These experiences are rare in

traditional Australian housing but would be common in the type of high density, mixed use

development promoted by the proponents of the compact city.

The improvement of air quality in Kajang is dependent upon the other sustainable development

and is the result of different cumulative efforts. The industrial sector located in Kajang generates

harmful emissions into the air that may compromise the health of the general public. To counter

this, the factories and other industrial buildings could be monitored and the emission quality

could be enhanced through:

Requiring the industry to prepare permit applications for construction or operation

permits, annual operation reports, renewal application, permit transfers and permit

modification.

Air pollution control equipment feasibility and design studies

Air dispersion modeling

Air toxics monitoring

Air curtain, solid and bio-hazardous waste incinerator consulting

Resource for energy recovery and source testing.

Catalytic or thermal incinerator consulting

Air quality is defined as a measure of the condition of air relative to the requirements of one or

more biotic species or to any human need or purpose. To compute the Air Quality Index requires

an air pollutant concentration from a monitor or model. The function used to convert from air

pollutant concentration to Air Quality Index varies by pollutant, and is different in different

countries. Air quality index values are divided into ranges, and each range is assigned a

descriptor and a color code. Standardized public health advisories are associated with each Air

Quality Index range.

The Air Quality Index can go up (meaning worse air quality) due to a lack of dilution of air

pollutants. Stagnant air, often caused by an anticyclone, temperature inversion, or low wind

speeds lets air pollution remain in a local area, leading to high concentrations of pollutants and

hazy conditions. An agency might encourage members of the public to take public transportation

or work from home when Air Quality Index levels are high.

Most air contaminants do not have an associated Air Quality Index. Many countries monitor

ground-level ozone, particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide and

calculate air quality indices for these pollutants.

12. WATER QUALITY AND DRAINAGE

The growth of the major cities and the increase in per capita consumption of water has reached

the point where there is a crisis in the capacity to meet the demand. The high variability of

rainfall in Australia has led urban water authorities to build dams and water storages capable of

holding enough water to sustain urban areas for long periods.

The profligate attitude to water consumption has had the effect of creating a serious problem of

drainage in urban areas. As areas become more built-up, the volume of water draining off can

cause acute local flooding and can also cause massive pollution in the receiving waterways

because of the material transported by the surface water. Sewage from residential areas is

relatively benign but, when mixed with water-borne wastes from industry and commerce,

produces a waste stream which can be difficult to process. The volume of sewage produced in

large cities and discharged to the ocean through a small number of outfalls may also lead to high

point sources of pollution which exceed the local capacity of the ocean to receive the wastes,

leading to local destruction of the ecosystem. The high volumes discharged may also lead to

wastes being washed up on local beaches, destroying their amenity and presenting local health

hazards.

The compact city concentrates the population in one area, which has the effect of concentrating

demand for water supply and drainage; local problems may therefore be more acute. With more

impervious surfaces and hard standing, drainage is more difficult, and increased development

begins to preclude the operation of natural drainage.

An important key to improving sustainability would be to reduce consumption through education

and consequent moderation of the behaviour of present residential, industrial and commercial

water-users. This could be aided through pricing strategies, particularly for industrial users.

Education programmes have proved to be successful with residential users, but less so for

industrial and commercial users; for this group a combination of enforcement of regulations and

pricing signals is more effective. Pricing water and sewerage appropriately has led to a dramatic

reduction in water consumption for industry and commerce. In addition consumption could be

reduced further through on-site recycling. Residents can be encouraged to install tanks to store

rain for domestic consumption. New housing can be constructed to harvest rain water for

domestic uses and to make better use of recycled water for toilet flushing and so on.

The gardens and dwellings are then designed to reduce water use. The sewerage system could be

redeveloped to encourage the use of ‘dry’ sewage systems or local treatment plants using new

technologies in such a way that most of the treated effluent could be recycled for use in the same

area. Drainage demands can be minimized by adopting the principle of natural drainage. This

new approach to design requires a new approach to paving and hard standing. Roads and

footpaths would be designed to be less impervious so that they shed less of the water which falls

on them, or shed it in such a way that it is directed into public and private gardens and ponds,

and its run-off is slowed. The major benefit of the alternative approach would flow both from the

reduced need for large scale investment in dams, trunk mains and pumping systems, and from a

reduction in the load on the existing systems.

Because of the concentrated demand and lack of impervious surfaces, higher densities hinder

rather than help the sustainability of water supply and drainage. Space is crucial in order to

recycle and store water on-site and to install local treatment systems. Green space in the city

would be particularly important for the integration of drainage channels and ponds. The

traditional low density form of Australian cities favors sustainable drainage systems.

Flash Flood in Kajang

The current state of drainage in Kajang is worrying as flash floods occur almost every time

intense rainfall happened.

The livelihoods of Kajang residents are constantly crippled by this phenomenon. To reduce the

occurrence of flash floods, the urban water management needs to be upgraded to increase the

infiltration rate of the city as well as reducing total runoff. The concept to be employed is the

Sponge City concept where the living system utilizes trees as well as other natural landscape and

soft infrastructure to slow and absorb runoff before it causes flooding.

To overcome this problem:

Maintenance to the sewerage system to prevent from flood problem.

Maintaining the flow capacity of the rivers and ensuring there is no clogging.

Constructions to be carried out during appropriate season (practiced before)

Install silt trap during construction like as Bandar Maharani did, or provide treatment

system for surface water runoff (Melaka)