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Thinking & Language (Chapter 5)

Definitions Thinking involves cognitive rearrangements or

manipulation of information from the environmentalsymbols stored in Long Term Memory (L.T.M), Images,concepts/ideas & symbols of language are used in muchof ours thinking.

Thinking involves organizing, categorizing, planning,reasoning and problem solving. It is more of a processrather a product.

The manipulation of mental representations ofinformation.

Q? Which Parameter / Definition seems to be moreAttractive & Y? Justify by giving logics?


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Nature of Thinking

Involves motivation/ activity e.g. if we havemisplaced something-----start exploring-------motor exploration/activity.

Involves higher mental processes. Computer / Processor / CPU------Brain Programming------------------------Thinking

Not limited to humans, can teach to animals tosome extent. Q? Why to some extent? Discuss? Activity?


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Types of Thinking

1. Unrealistic / Autistic2. Realistic Problem Solving Reasoning

Judgment and Decision making Creativity Q? Creativity is somehow linked with Unrealistic Thinking?

Discuss? Activity? Q? Which Type of Thinking seems to be more attractive & having

practical utility in daily life? Justify? Activity? Importance of Autistic Thinking/Day Dreaming in daily life &

Relaxation. Discuss AUTISM Disorder? Autistic children? Activity?


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Intelligence (Chapter 6)Parameters / Aspects / Dimensions

Verbal ability Ability to understand and comprehend skill of efficient thinking

Problem solving skills Efficiently storing and retrieving memories effectively focusing attention rapidly processing information learning new things quickly Ability to adapt to & learn from lifes everyday

experiences (EQ) Emotional Quotient/Emotional StabilityQ.Which aspect of IQ seems to be more attractive and

Justified & Y?

Q. Which aspect of IQ has more practical utility in daily lifein your point of view? Justify?


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Concepts

Individual differences (No standards of IQ) Mental tests (for assessment of mental abilities) Characteristics of a test (Reliability, Validity,

Standardization and Norms) Reliabilityrefers how consistently an individual performson a test, also refers to stability.

Validityrefers extent to which a test measures what it isintended to measure.

Standardization refers the uniform procedures used inadministration and scoring a test. Test Normsrefers as to provide information about where

a score on a test ranks in relation to other scores on thetest.

Q. Y cant we have standards of IQ? Justify in terms ofcultural perspective.


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Concept of mental age

Mental AgeAn individuals level of mental development relative to others Achilds mental age/level indicates that he/she displays the mental ability

typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age E.g., a child of 5years can display a mental age of 4 years or 6 years

William Stern (1912)introduced the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)

Assessment of Intelligence IQ = Mental age/chronological age X 100 e.g., 7/6 x 100 = 116 . 6 Average IQ is 100. Below average was termed as mental retardation

(Types of MRs) cite examples Gifted children (Genius) cite examples Nature-Nurture controversy (Nature Nurture) Give example of (H20)

Q. How to assess IQ by using formula?Q. Y Nature Vs Nurture issue is still controversial in terms of IQ?


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Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The science of creating machines capable of performing activitiesthat require intelligence when they are done by people.

AI is especially helpful in tasks requiring speed, persistence andvast memory (Hancock, 1999).

AI is applied to playing chess, assistance in diagnosis andtreatment and advising students which courses they should studyetc.

Q. AI is helpful in tasks like?

Q. What is the major difference between Intelligence & ArtificialIntelligence?

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