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Islam/ islamofobia

wacana clash of civilizations

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Orient Occident

Timur Barat

Islam Barat

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tampaknya ada oposisi mendasar antara Islam dan Barat

- mesti kita sikapi dengan cara apa?

mengikuti pendekatan Edward Said, oposisi binerini dapat kita

pandang sebagai bagian dari wacana tertentu, serta sebagai

wujud/efek nyata dari wacana tersebut

artinya, kita tidak perlu bertanyaBudaya Barat yang sebenarnya itu apa, dan apa budaya Islam yang

sebenarnya Apa perbedaan antara keduanya?

tapi lebih relevan kita bertanya

Dari mana munculnya gagasan bahwa ada Barat dan

Timur/Islam, dan keduanya bertentangan? Mengapa

wacana itu begitu emosional? Apa ciri wacana tersebut, di

mana wacana itu berkembang, dan siapa yang

berkepentingan dalam wacana itu?

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Apa kaitannya dengan kolonialisme?

imaji stereotipikal tentang Islam sebagai bagian dari wacana

kolonialpengetahuan tentang Islam sebagai hasil kerja para

orientalis (mengetahui = memiliki otoritas = menguasai)

Islam = statis tertinggal kotor

primitif bodoh irasional

bejat dogmatis haus seks

seksis agresif tertutup

imajinasi Barat tentang Islam cenderung lebih negatif

daripada tentang budaya non-Barat lainnya

rasa benci, rasa takut (islamofobia)

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Samuel P. Huntington

(1927-2008)

bidang: ilmu politik, Harvard University

1993 artikel The Clash of Civilizations?

1996 buku The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

Pandangan Huntington di sini kita baca sebagai bagian dari

wacana neokolonial yang perlu kita kritik.

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asal usul istilah the clash of civilization

Bernard Lewis, The Roots of Muslim Rage, 1990

salah satu orientalis AS yang dikritik

Edward Said

This is no less than a clash of

civilizations the perhaps irrational

but surely historic reaction of an

ancient rival against our Judeo-

Christian heritage, our secular present,

and the worldwide expansion of both. It

is crucially important that we on ourside should not be provoked into an

equally historic but also equally

irrational reaction against that rival.

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contoh kasus wacana islamofobia

Ayaan Hirsi Ali

lahir 1969 di Somalia

1992 mencari suaka di Belanda, dengan alasan

dipaksa menikah dengan orang yang tidak

disukainya

2002 meninggalkan Islam dan menjadi atheis

aktif menulis mengenai Islam, cenderung

memberi imaji yang sangat negatif (membenci

Islam)

Bergabung antara lain dengan American

Enterprise Institute (think tankkonservatif yang

mendukung pemerintahan Bush)

native orientalist?

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Reason: Do you think Islam could bring about

[positive] social and political changes?

Hirsi Ali: Only if Islam is defeated. Because right

now, the political side of Islam, the power-hungryexpansionist side of Islam, has become superior

to the Sufis and the Ismailis and the peace-

seeking Muslims.

Reason: Dont you mean defeating radicalIslam?

Hirsi Ali: No. Islam, period. Once its defeated, it

can mutate into something peaceful. Its very

difficult to even talk about peace now. Theyre not

interested in peace.

Reason: We have to crush the worlds 1.5 billion

Muslims under our boot? In concrete terms, what

does that mean, defeat Islam?

Hirsi Ali: I think that we are at war with Islam. []

wawancara dengan

Ayaan Hirsi AliNovember 2007

reason.com

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binerisme

we theyBarat Islam

- menciptakan batas yang tegas

menghilangkan segala posisi yang ambivalen,hibrid, melintas

- identitas yang monolitik (Islam yang seragam,

Barat yang seragam)

- memandang keduanya sebagai bertentangan

tanpa merasa perlu membahas konteks

historis yang konkrit

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Reason: When I read Ian Burumas review of your book in

The New York Times, I felt he wasnt being fair to you

when he wrote that you espouse an absolutist way of aperfectly enlightened west at war with the demonic world

of Islam. But maybe thats a pretty apt description of what

you believe.

Hirsi Ali: No, thats not fair. I dont think that the West isperfect, and I think that standing up and defending modern

society from going back to the law of the jungle is not

being absolutist.

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modernitas law of the jungle

Islam = terkebelakang

masa lalu ( going back to)

imaji khusus berkaitan dengan Islam:Islam sebagai ancaman ( defending modern

society)

bukan hanya: Islam berbeda secara fundamental

dari Barat

tapi juga: Islam membenci Barat

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Hirsi Ali: Where I come from, in Islam, the only concept of

God is you submit to Him and you obey His commands, no

quarreling allowed. Quarreling or even asking questionsmeans you raise yourself to the same level as Him, and in

Islam thats the worst sin you can commit. Jews should be

proselytizing about a God that you can quarrel with.

Catholics should be proselytizing about a God who is love,

who represents a hereafter where theres no hell, whowants you to lead a life where you can confess your sins

and feel much better afterwards. Those are lovely

concepts of God. They cant compare to the fire-breathing

Allah who inspires jihadism and totalitarianism.

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Reason: Here in the United States, youd advocate the

abolition of

Hirsi Ali: All Muslim schools. Close them down. Yeah, that

sounds absolutist. I think 10 years ago things were

different, but now the jihadi genie is out of the bottle. Ive

been saying this in Australia and in the U.K. and so on,

and I get exactly the same arguments: The Constitutiondoesnt allow it. But we need to ask where these

constitutions came from to start withwhats the history of

Article 23 in the Netherlands, for instance? There were no

Muslim schools when the constitution was written. There

were no jihadists. They had no idea.

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standar ganda: Barat itu lebih baik karena

kebebasannya, modernitasnya, toleransinya, filsafat

Pencerahannya

tapi: terhadap Islam, Barat tidak boleh toleran

alasan: Islam = the Other, berbeda secara fundamental,musuh abadi ( sekolah bukan diatur tapi dilarang, Islam

harus dibasmi secara keseluruhan)

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Hirsi Ali: But I dont even think that the trouble is

Islam. The trouble is the West, because in

the West theres this notion that we are

invincible and that everyone willmodernize anyway, and that what we are

seeing now in Muslim countries is a

craving for respect. Or its poverty, or its

caused by colonization.

The Western mind-setthat if we respect

them, theyre going to respect us, that if

we indulge and appease and condone

and so on, the problem will go awayis

delusional. The problem is not going to go

away. Confront it, or its only going to get

bigger.

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bukan kolonialisme, bukan kemiskinan

lalu apa?

alasan Islam memusuhi Barat seakan-akan tidak

perlu dijelaskan

murni karena mereka berbeda

esensialisme karakteristik budaya/manusia Islam seakan-

akan tanpa sejarah, statis, kodrati (mereka

memang seperti itu tanpa perlu dijelaskan,seakan akan bersumber pada sebuah esensi

yang sudah dari sononya begitu)

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We must be patient.America needs to empowerthoseindividuals and groups who are already disenchanted with

political Islam by helping find and develop an alternative. At

the heart of that alternative are the ideals of the rule of lawand freedom of thought, worship, and expression. For

these values there can and should be no

apologies, no groveling, no hesitation.

(Ayaan Hirsi Ali, 2012)

Islamofobia dan wacana clash

of civilizations digunakan sebagailegitimasi hak AS untuk ber-

intervensi.

neokolonialisme

wacana pemberadaban

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pertanyaan berikut:

Apa implikasi kesadaran akan wacana islamofobiaitu dalam analisis kita tentang wacana Islam sendiri?

- wacana bukan sekadar omongan (teks, imaji), tapi

diwujudkan secara konkrit dalam bentuk kebijakan(neo)kolonial

usaha mempengaruhi/mengarahkan wacana Islam

usaha meminggirkan Islam

perang, kekerasan

- berbagai perkembangan dalam pemikiran Islam dapat

dipahami sebagai respon terhadap wacana kolonial, atau

impliksi darinya

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Hanif Kureishi

lahir 1954

penulis dan sutradara Inggris

ayahnya asal Pakistan, ibunya Inggris

topik: migrasi, dislokasi, ras