ikatan kimia dan mineralogi

8/15/2019 Ikatan Kimia Dan Mineralogi

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NAMA : DHANI HENDRAWAN

NIM : F1D113008

PRODI : TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN

MATA KULIAH : KRISTALOGI DAN MINERALOGI

MINERALOGI

1) Ikatan kimia (ion,atom, dan tabel periodik). Jawab :

Ikatan ion terbentu ! "b!t !#!n$! %e&e'!( !t!u %ener"%!e&e tr)n )&e* !t)%+!t)% $!n, ber" !t!n- At)%+!t)% $!n, %e&e'!( e&e tr)n

%en.!#" ")n ')("t"/ !t")n (e#!n,

!t)%+!t)% $!n, %ener"%! e&e tr)n %en.!#" ")n ne,!t"/ !n")n - I !t!n ")n

b"!(!n$! #"(ebut " !t!n e&e tr)2!&en- Sen$! ! $!n, %e%"&" " " !t!n ")n #"(ebut

(en$! ! ")n" -

Sen$! ! ")n" b"!(!n$! terbentu !nt!r! !t)%+!t)% un(ur &),!% #!n

n)n&),!%- At)% un(ur &),!% 4en#erun, %e&e'!( e&e tr)n %e%bentu ")n

')("t"/5 #!n !t)% un(ur n)n&),!% 4en#erun, %en!n, !' e&e tr)n %e%bentu

")n ne,!t"/-

6)nt)*: N!6&5 M,O5 6!F75 L"7O5 A&F35 #!n &!"n+&!"n-

S"/!t+("/!t (" ! (en$! ! ")n" '!#! u%u%n$!:

1- '!#! (u*u !%!r ber u.u# '!#!t9

7- (tru tur r"(t!&n$! er!( t!'" r!'u*9

3- %e%'un$!" t"t" #"#"* #!n t"t" &e&e* t"n,,"9

- &!rut #!&!% 'e&!rut !"r tet!'" t"#! &!rut #!&!% 'e&!rut )r,!n" 9

;- t"#! %en,*!nt!r !n &"(tr" '!#! /!(e '!#!t5 tet!'" '!#!

/!(e 4!"r &e&e*!n #!n &!rut!nn$! %en,*!nt!r !n &"(tr" -IKATAN KOVALEN ter.!#" !ren! 'e%! !"!n ber(!%!

'!(!n,!n e&e tr)n )&e* !t)%+!t)% $!n, ber" !t!n- P!(!n,!n e&e tr)n $!n,

#"'! !" ber(!%! #"(ebut '!(!n,!n e&e tr)n

" !t!n PEI #!n '!(!n,!n e&e tr)n 2!&en(" $!n, t"#! ter&"b!t #!&!%

'e%bentu !n " !t!n )2!&en #"(ebut '!(!n,!n e&e tr)n beb!( PEB - I !t!n

)2!&en u%u%n$! ter.!#" !nt!r!

!t)%+!t)% un(ur n)n&),!%5 b"(! (e.en"( 4)nt)*: H75 N75 O75 6&7 5 F75 Br75 I7 #!n

berbe#! .en"( 4)nt)*: H7O5 6O 7 5 #!n &!"n+&!"n - Sen$! ! $!n, *!n$!


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%en,!n#un, " !t!n )2!&en #"(ebut (en$! ! )2!&en- Ber#!(!r !n &!%b!n,

t"t" Le "( #!'!t #"bu!t (tru tur Le "( !t!u ru%u( Le "(- Stru tur Le "( !#!&!*

'en,,!%b!r!n " !t!n )2!&en $!n, %en,,un! !n &!%b!n, t"t" Le "( #" %!n!

PEI #"n$!t! !n #en,!n (!tu ,!r"( !t!u (e'!(!n, t"t" $!n, #"&et! !n #" !nt!r!

e#u! !t)% #!n PEB #"n$!t! !n #en,!n t"t" +t"t" '!#! %!("n,+%!("n, !t)%-

Macam-macam ikatan ko alen!

1. "erda#arkan $%mla& 'EI-n a ikatan ko alen diba i *!

a. Ikatan kovalen tunggal

I !t!n )2!&en tun,,!& $!"tu " !t!n )2!&en $!n, %e%"&" " 1 '!(!n, PEI-

b. Ikatan kovalen rangkap dua

I !t!n )2!&en r!n, !' 7 $!"tu " !t!n )2!&en $!n, %e%"&" " 7 '!(!n, PEI-

c. Ikatan kovalen rangkap tiga

I !t!n )2!&en r!n, !' 3 $!"tu " !t!n )2!&en $!n, %e%"&" " 3 '!(!n, PEI-

+. "erda#arkan kepolaran ikatan, ikatan ko alen diba i +!

a. Ikatan kovalen polar

I !t!n )2!&en ')&!r !#!&!* " !t!n )2!&en $!n, PEIn$! 4en#erun, tert!r" e

(!&!* (!tu !t)% $!n, ber" !t!n- Ke')&!r!n (u!tu " !t!n )2!&en #"tentu !n )&e*

ee&e tr)ne,!t"/!n (u!tu un(ur- Sen$! ! )2!&en ')&!r b"!(!n$! ter.!#" !nt!r!

!t)%+!t)% un(ur $!n, be#! ee&e tr)ne,!t"/!nn$! be(!r5 %e%'un$!" bentu

%)&e u&!("%etr"(5 %e%'un$!" %)%en #"')& < = *!("& !&" .u%&!* %u!t!n #en,!n

.!r! n$! -

b. Ikatan kovalen nonpolar

I !t!n )2!&en n)n')&!r $!"tu " !t!n )2!&en $!n, PEIn$! tert!r" (!%! u!t e

!r!* !t)%+!t)% $!n, ber" !t!n- Sen$! ! )2!&en n)n')&!r terbentu !nt!r!

!t)%+!t)% un(ur $!n, %e%'un$!" be#! ee&e tr)ne,!t"/!n n)& !t!u %e%'un$!"

%)%en #"')& = 0 n)& !t!u %e%'un$!" bentu %)&e u& ("%etr"-

Tabel periodik %n#%r-%n#%r kimia !#!&!* t!%'"&!n un(ur+un(ur"%"! #!&!% bentu t!be&- Un(ur+un(ur ter(ebut #"!tur ber#!(!r !n (tru tur

e&e tr)nn$! (e*"n,,! ("/!t "%"! un(ur+un(ur ter(ebut berub!*+ub!* (e4!r!

ter!tur (e'!n.!n, t!be&- Set"!' un(ur #"#!/t!r !n ber#!(!r !n n)%)r !t)% #!n

&!%b!n, un(urn$! - T!be& 'er")#" (t!n#!r %e%ber" !n "n/)r%!(" #!(!r

%en,en!" (u!tu un(ur- A#! .u,! 4!r! &!"n untu %en!%'"& !n un(ur+un(ur "%"!

#en,!n %e%u!t eter!n,!n &eb"* !t!u #!r" 'er(e'e t"/ $!n, berbe#!-

Kla#i ka#i

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifat_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomor_atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambang_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik#Tampilan_lainhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifat_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomor_atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lambang_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik#Tampilan_lain


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olon anK)&)% #!&!% t!be& 'er")#" #"(ebut ,)&)n,!n - A#! 18 ,)&)n,!n #!&!%

t!be& 'er")#" b! u- Un(ur+un(ur $!n, (e,)&)n,!n %e%'un$!" )n ,ur!("

e&e tr)n 2!&en(" $!n, %"r"'5 (e*"n,,! %e%'un$!" ("/!t $!n, %"r"' 'u&!-

'eriode

B!r"( #!&!% t!be& 'er")#" #"(ebut 'er")#e - W!&!u'un ,)&)n,!n !#!&!*

4!r! $!n, '!&"n, u%u% untu %en, &!(" !(" un(ur5 !#! beber!'! b!,"!n #"

t!be& un(ur $!n, e4en#erun,!n ("/!tn$! (e4!r! *)r"()nt!& #!n e(!%!!n

("/!tn$! &eb"* 'ent"n, #!n %en4)&) #!r"'!#! e4en#erun,!n 2ert" !&- Fen)%en!

"n" ter.!#" #" b&) +# !t!u >&),!% tr!n("("> 5 #!n terut!%! b&) +/5 #"%!n! &!nt"n"#!

#!n ! t"n"#! %enun.u !n ("/!t berurut!n $!n, (!n,!t %en4)&) -

e$ara& Tabel 'eriodik

T!be& 'er")#" '!#! %u&!n$! #"4"'t! !n t!n'! %en,et!*u" (tru tur #!&!%

!t)% : ." ! un(ur+un(ur #"urut !n ber#!(!r !n %!((! !t)% &!&u #"bu!t ,r! $!n,

%en,,!%b!r !n *ubun,!n !nt!r! beber!'! ("/!t tertentu #!n %!((! !t)%

un(ur+un(ur ter(ebut5 ! !n ter&"*!t (u!tu 'eru&!n,!n !t!u periodisitas ("/!t+("/!t

t!#" (eb!,!" /un,(" #!r" %!((! !t)%- Or!n, 'ert!%! $!n, %en,en!&"

eter!tur!n ter(ebut !#!&!* !*&" "%"! ?er%!n5 $!"tu ?)*!nn W)&/,!n,

D@bere"ner 5 $!n, '!#! t!*un 187 %e%'er*!t" !n !#!n$! beber!'! triade

un(ur+un(ur $!n, *!%'"r (!%!-

Te%u!n "n" e%u#"!n #"" ut" )&e* !*&" "%"! In,,r"(5 $!"tu ?)*n A&e !n#er

Re"n! Ne &!n#( 5 $!n, '!#! t!*un 18C; %e%'er*!t" !n b!* ! un(ur+un(ur $!n,

ber("/!t %"r"' "n" beru&!n, #!&!% "nter2!& #e&!'!n5 $!n, "! 'er(!%! !n #en,!n

) t!/ %u(" 5 %e( "'un hukum oktaf +n$! #"e.e )&e* re !n (e.! !tn$!- A *"rn$!5

'!#! t!*un 18C 5 !*&" "%"! ?er%!n L)t*!r Me$er #!n !*&" "%"! Ru("! D%"tr$

I2!n)2"4* Men#e&e$e2 *!%'"r (e4!r! ber(!%!!n %en,e%b!n, !n t!be& 'er")#"

'ert!%!5 %en,urut !n un(ur+un(ur ber#!(!r !n %!((!n$!- A !n tet!'"5

Men#e&e$e2 %e&et! !n beber!'! un(ur %en$"%'!n, #!r" !tur!n urut!n %!((!

!,!r un(ur+un(ur ter(ebut 4)4) #en,!n ("/!t+("/!t tet!n,,!n$! #!&!% t!be&5

%e%betu& !n e(!&!*!n beber!'! n"&!" %!((! !t)%5 #!n %er!%!& !n

eber!#!!n #!n ("/!t+("/!t beber!'! un(ur b!ru #!&!% (e&+(e& )()n, #" t!be&n$!-

Ke'utu(!n Men#e&e$e2 "tu be&! !n,!n terbu t" ben!r #en,!n #"te%u !nn$!

(tru tur e&e tr)n" un(ur+un(ur '!#! ! *"r !b!# e+1 #!n ! !& !b!# e+70 -

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodikhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_valensihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodikhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktafhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Ivanovich_Mendeleyevhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Ivanovich_Mendeleyevhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-19http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-20http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_tabel_periodikhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_valensihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_tabel_periodikhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massa_atomhttp://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1829http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Alexander_Reina_Newlands&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktafhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lothar_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Ivanovich_Mendeleyevhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Ivanovich_Mendeleyevhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-19http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-20


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+) Ikatan kimia dalam kri#tal. Jawab :

!t '!#!t %eru'! !n !t $!n, %e%"&" " (tru tur $!n, (t!b"& Ke(t!b"&!n

(ru tur !t '!#!t #"(eb!b !n )&e* !#!n$! "nter! (" !nt!r! !t)% %e%bentu

(u!tu " !t!n r"(t!& Seb!,!" 4)nt)*: Kr"(t!& ()#"u% 4&)r"#! N!6& %e%"&" "

(tru tur $!n, &eb"* (t!b"& #"b!n#"n, !n #en,!n (e u%'u&!n !t)%+!t)% beb!(

#!r" N! #!n 6&

(e*"n,,! "%'&" !("n$! :

!- At)%+!t)% beb!( N! #!n 6& ! !n (!&"n, ber"nter! (" (!tu (!%! &!"n untu

%e%bentu (tru tur $!n, (t!b"&b- Ter#!'!t ,!$! "nter! (" !nt!r !t)% untu %en," !t !t)% (!tu+(!%! &!"n4- Be(!rn$! ener," !t)%+!t)% beb!( 'en$u(un r"(t!& &eb"* be(!r #!r"'!#!

ener," r"(t!&n$!#- Ener," $!n, #"'er&u !n untu %e%"(!* !n !t)%+!t)% 'en$u(un r"(t!&

%en.!#" !t)%+!t)% beb!( #!n netr!& #"n!%! !n ener," )*e("/

G!$! "nter! (" !nt!r! !t)% #"tentu !n #!r" ,r!#"!n ener," ')ten("!& :

Untu R R) %! ! F R 0 ,!$! ber("/!t re'u&("/

Untu R R0 %! ! F R 0 ,!$! ber("/!t !tr! t"/

G!$! re'u&("/ #!n !tr! t"/ ! !n (!&"n, %en,*"&!n, !n '!#! e#u#u !n R0 $!n,

%eru'! !n e!#!!n (et"%b!n,-

G!$! !tr! t"/ ter(ebut %en,,!%b!r !n !#!n$! " !t!n !nt!r! !t)%#!&!%

!t '!#!t-

A#! beber!'! t"'e " !t!n r"(t!& : I !t!n ")n" - I !t!n K)2!&en5 I !t!n&),!% #!n

" !t!n !n #er W!!&(

G!$! re'u&("/ ter.!#" #" !ren! !n !#!n$! 'r"n("' &!r!n,!n '!u&" $!n,

%en$!t! !n T"#! #"ben!r !n !#!n$! #u! e&e tr)n ber!#! '!#! (!tu )rb"t!&

$!n, %e%"&" " b"&!n,!n u!ntu% $!n, (!%!J-A#! beber!'! t"'e " !t!n r"(t!& : I !t!n ")n" - I !t!n K)2!&en5 I !t!n &),!% #!n

" !t!n !n #er W!!&(-


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*) Kompo#i#i kimia kerak "%mi.

Jawab :

Kerak "%mi !#!&!* &!'"(!n ter&u!r Bu%" $!n, terb!," %en.!#" #u!

!te,)r"5 $!"tu er! (!%u#r! #!n er! benu! - Ker! (!%u#r! %e%'un$!"

eteb!&!n (e "t!r ;+10 % (e#!n, !n er! benu! %e%'un$!" eteb!&!n (e "t!r

70+ 0 %- Pen$u(un er! (!%u#r! $!n, ut!%! !#!&!* b!tu!n b!(!&t 5

(e#!n, !n b!tu!n 'en$u(un er! benu! $!n, ut!%! !#!&!* ,r!n"t 5 $!n, t"#!

(e'!#!t b!tu!n b!(!&t-

Ker! Bu%" #!n (eb!,"!n %!nte& Bu%" %e%bentu &!'"(!n &"t)(/er #en,!n

eteb!&!n t)t!& ur!n, &eb"* 80 %- Te%'er!tur er! %en"n, !t (e"r"n,

e#!&!%!nn$!- P!#! b!t!( terb! !*n$! te%'er!tur er! %en$entu* !n, !

700+ 00 ) 6- Ker! #!n b!,"!n %!nte& $!n, re&!t"/ '!#!t %e%bentu &!'"(!n

&"t)(/er- K!ren! )n2e (" '!#! %!nte& b!,"!n !t!( #!n !(ten)(/er 5 &"t)(/er

#"'e4!* %en.!#" &e%'en, te t)n" $!n, ber,er! - Te%'er!tur %en"n, !t 30 ) 6

(et"!' %5 n!%un ,r!#"en '!n!( Bu%" ! !n (e%! "n ren#!* '!#! &!'"(!n er!

$!n, &eb"* #!&!%-

Un(ur+ un(ur "%"! ut!%! 'e%bentu er! Bu%" !#!&!*: O (",en O

C5C 5 S"&" )n S" 7 5 5 A&u%"n"u% A& 851 5Be(" Fe ;50 5 K!&("u%

6! 35C 5 N!tr"u% N! 758 5 K!&"u% K 75C 5M!,ne("u% M, 751 -

/) 'en$ela#an men enai mineral.

Jawab :

a. Mineralo i

Mineral #!'!t "t! #e n"(" !n (eb!,!" b!*!n '!#!t !n)r,!n" $!n,

ter#!'!t (e4!r! !&!%"!*5

$!n, ter#"r" #!r" un(ur+un(ur "%"! " #!&!% 'erb!n#"n,!n tertentu5 #"%!n!

!t)%+!t)% #"#!&!%n$! ter(u(un %en," ut" (u!tu ')&! $!n, ("(t"%!t"(-M"ner!&)," !#!&!* (!&!* (!tu 4!b!n, "&%u ,e)&)," $!n, %e%'e&!.!r"

%en,en!" %"ner!&5 b!" #!&!% bentu "n#"2"#u %!u'un #!&!% bentu e(!tu!n5

!nt!r! &!"n %e%'e&!.!r" tent!n, ("/!t+("/!t (" 5 ("/!t+("/!t "%"!5 4!r!

ter#!'!tn$!5 4!r! ter.!#"n$! #!n e,un!!nn$!-

De n"(" %"ner!& %enurut beber!'! !*&":

1- L-G- Berr$ #!n B- M!()n5 1 ;

M"ner!& !#!&!* (u!tu ben#! '!#!t *)%),en $!n, ter#!'!t #" !&!%

terbentu (e4!r! !n)r,!n" 5 %e%'un$!" )%')("(" "%"! '!#! b!t!(+b!t!(tertentu #!n %e%'un$!" !t)%+!t)% $!n, ter(u(un (e4!r! ter!tur-

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_samudrahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_benuahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalthttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litosferhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosferhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempeng_tektonikhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigenhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikonhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_samudrahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerak_benuahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalthttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granithttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litosferhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosferhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempeng_tektonikhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimiahttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigenhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikonhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besihttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliumhttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium


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7- D-G-A W*"tten #!n ?-R- - Br)) (5 1 7

M"ner!& !#!&!* (u!tu b!*!n '!#!t $!n, (e4!r! (tru tur!& *)%),en

%e%'un$!" )%')("(" "%"! tertentu5 #"bentu )&e* 'r)(e( !&!% $!n, !n)r,!n" -

3- A-W-R- P)tter #!n H- R)b"n()n5 1

M"ner!& !#!&!* (u!tu b!*!n !t!u !t $!n, *)%),en %e%'un$!"

)%')("(" "%"! tertentu !t!u #!&!% b!t!(+b!t!( #!n %e%'un$!" ("/!t+("/!t

tet!'5 #"bentu #" !&!% #!n bu !n *!("& (u!tu e*"#u'!n-

Tet!'" #!r" et",! #e n"(" ter(ebut %ere ! %!("* %e%ber" !n !n)%!&"

!t!u (u!tu 'en,e4u!&"!n beber!'! !t !t!u b!*!n $!n, #"(ebut %"ner!&5

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#!'!t %en"%bu& !n e%"(" 4!*!$! (e'ert" P*)(')r5 R!#"u% #!n F&)ur"#e-

DAFTAR PUSTAKA :

- " "'e#"!-%"ner!&),"-4)%

- " "'e#"!-%"ner!&-4)%

http://www.wikipedia.mineralogi.com/http://www.wikipedia.mineral.com/http://www.wikipedia.mineralogi.com/http://www.wikipedia.mineral.com/


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