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Formulating Valid and Reliable Research Questions, Hypotheses through

Critical Analysis and Interpretation of Information

Dr. Nancy Agens, Head,

Technical Operations, Phdassistance

info@phdassistance.com

In Brief

You will find the best critical analysis and

interpretation of information for future

researchers enrolled in Business and

Management. In order to identify the

future research topics, we have reviewed

the business and management (recent peer-

reviewed studies) on critical analysis.

Formulating hypothesis based on the

reliable research questions. Interpretation

and critically evaluating the information

based on the research questions and

drawing a hypothesis around it.

Keywords: Critical Analysis, Valid

Research questions, Reliable research

questions,

I. HYPOTHESIS

Formulating valid and reliable research

questions is important link to find out and

create a hypothesis through researching and

providing a critical analysis. Good

hypotheses should have meaningful

characteristics, and should draw a clear

rationale. It should be linked with the

description of the relationship and help in

finding variables of interest. While

formulating the hypothesis, it should be

linked to the research questions, findings

and relating with the relationship having the

first variable (number of bystanders) along

with balancing it with the second variable

(likelihood of receiving help) and finding

the if-then format.

Fig 1. Discuss

Define problem Specify research

questions or hypotheses Design Research

Units of study Collect Data Drawing interpretation

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II. FORMULATING A VALID

HYPOTHESIS

When formulating valid research

and literature, it is important to develop a

hypothesis. The predictions for and against a

statement can happen, depending on the

particular research topic and through the

reliable research questions. To formulate

valid research the first step is to have the

research question and prepare a specific

analysis around it (Ghauri, 2020). It can help

to give a direction to the future study.

Subsequently, there can be a particular

situation to the given condition involves the

collection and relating it with the

hypothesis, to derive logical meaning about

the findings. The prediction can be around a

particular theory.

To understand the hypotheses it

should be linked with what the other

individual can draw the matter out of it. It

can have a clear rationale if necessary (Jung,

2019). Through the publications by

researchers, it can help to provide the

hypotheses. For example, as per the

research, gender equity in college is related

to the athletic programs, and the hypothesis

was about the “female students showing the

positive attitudes related to gender equity".

From another research study, it helped the

identified the “people which can rate

representatives and link with the own culture

considering the attractiveness around the

representatives of other cultures” As drawn

from another research the formulation

hypothesis can be based on the evidence,

past instances and can be due to the

research studies.

III. RELIABLE RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To be a good researcher, it is

important to draw research-related content

based on the research question originates

with the idea. While formulating the

hypothesis and having a valid formulation, it

is important to have the research questions

based on the research finding and finding

adequate validated sources. While

researching, the reliable research question

can be based on the specific research

hypothesis that can be done through the

relationship evaluated from the validated

hypothesis of independent and dependent

variables. The researcher must carefully

select and draw the interpretation of the

formulated hypothesis which can be done

through the appropriate levels of the

independent variable and then linking it with

the dependent variable (Villiers et al., 2019).

Reliable research is done through an

identification of a problem and then the

process of the research questions or

objectives helps to evaluate the best to

answer such questions based on the findings

of the information collected and how it has

been collected, then subsequently how it can

be formulated in the research question.

IV. HYPOTHESIS THROUGH THE

CRITICAL ANALYSIS

The hypothesis route generally

begins with the problem and finding

research. Due to the intentional research,

the hypothesis through the critical analysis

needs to be identified through research

questions and finding the answers. It should

also follow the choice of method and that

can be linked with the question. It is

important to choose the method that can

provide the information you need to answer

your research question that can be best.

This is one reason why it is very important

to be clear as to what you are asking. To

identify the hypothesis, it has to involve the

numerous choices and relate with the

research process (Kumar, 2019). In the

process of the hypothesis findings, it

involves the four overlapping themes to find

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out the conceptual approach and relate with

the philosophical underpinnings of research,

having a research design and then finding

the data collection along with finding a

techniques. There is also assignment

writing guidance, PhD dissertation

writing help and more on various topics.

V. INTERPRETATION OF

INFORMATION

The interpretation of information is

based on the reliable research questions,

formulation of hypothesis and finding key

observations related to the selection of

topics. The interpretation of the information

is on the researched reliable questions and

problems that can formulate hypothesis and

including information.

VI. CONCLUSION

To conclude, research is defined as

the process along with finding the key stages

involving a basic plan that can help to find

out a conducted research. The research

process involves a formulation of the value

and the reliable research questions and

finding a hypothesis based on the data,

generating information and having a set

knowledge, decision-making, which can

help in an interpretation of information.

Formulating valid and reliable research is an

important step that involves reliable

researched questions and creating a

hypothesis through active research and

providing a critical analysis around it.

REFERENCES

[1] Ghauri, P. Research Methods in Business Studies.

https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6tL

KDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR14&dq=Ghauri,+P.,

+Gr%C3%B8nhaug,+K.,+%26+Strange,+R.+(2020).

+Research+methods+in+business+studies.+Cambrid

ge+University+Press&ots=7aj8Wk8Wpl&sig=B9tfw

WfrQMgiLrMS0abX6y76Tkg#v=onepage&q=Ghau

ri%2C P.%2C Gr%C3%B8nhaug%2C K.%2C %26

Strange%2C R. (2020). Research methods in

business studies. Cambridge University

Press&f=false

[2] Jung, D. “Assessing citizen adoption of e-government

initiatives in Gambia: A validation of the technology

acceptance model in information systems success”.

A critical article review, with questions to its

publishers. Government Information Quarterly, 36 1,

(2019), pp. 5–7. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2018.11.003

[3] Kumar, R. Research methodology: A step-by-step guide

for beginners. Sage Publications Limited.

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=J2J

7DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=Kumar,+R.+(

2019).+Research+methodology:+A+step-by-

step+guide+for+beginners.+Sage+Publications+Lim

ited.&ots=cutkAxLElh&sig=CXqJ-

rBKWP6VGVGQ40e-U-1rjqs

[4] Villiers, C., Dumay, J., & Maroun, W. Qualitative

accounting research: dispelling myths and

developing a new research agenda. Accounting &

Finance, 59 3, (2019), pp. 1459–1487. doi:

10.1111/acfi.12487