financial management

MultiMedia by Stephen M. Peters © 2001 South-Western College Publishing

Chapter16Financial Management

Introduction to


Sasaran Pembelajaran

Menjelaskan bagaimana perusahaan menggunakan akuntansi.

Menjelaskan bagimana untuk menginterpretasikan laporan keuangan.

Menjelaskan bagaimana mengevaluasi sebuah kondisi keuangan perusahaan.


Analisis Akuntansi dan

Keuangan

Earnings of Firm

Value of Firm

Accounting Function

Summary and Analysis of a

Firm’s Financial Condition

Management decisions such as

how much to produce and how many employees

to hire

Marketing decisions such as pricing and the

amount of promotion necessary

Finance decisions such as

the amount of debt financing versus equity

financing that is appropriate


Akuntansi

Perusahaan menggunakan akuntansi untuk :

Proses :• Laporan kondisi keuangan• Mendukung keputusan• Pengendalian operasional perusahaan

Proses :• Laporan kondisi keuangan• Mendukung keputusan• Pengendalian operasional perusahaan


Pedoman

• GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles)• FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board)• SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)• IRS (Internal Revenue Service)

• GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles)• FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board)• SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)• IRS (Internal Revenue Service)


Dua Jenis Akuntansi

Manajerial (Managerial): konsern dengan menyiapkan informasi untuk riview pihak dalam perusahaan.

Keuangan (Financial): konsern dengan penyiapan informasi untuk review oleh pihak luar perusahaan.

Business Online: Rutgers Accounting


Pemriksaan untuk Pengendalian

Adalah sebuah evaluasi formal catatan-catatan yang telah digunakan untuk menyiapkan laporan keuangan perusahaan.

Internal AuditorsInternal Auditors

External AuditorsExternal Auditors

Karyawan yang menganalisa dan mengevaluasi perusahaan.

Akuntan Publik yang bekerja untuk akuntan independen


Dua Tugas pokok laporan keuangan

R/L (Income) R/L (Income)

Neraca (Balance Sheet)Neraca (Balance Sheet)

Laporan Nilai buku harta (assets), hutang (liabilities), dan Modal (owner’s equity) daripada sebuah perusahaan pada saat tertentu.

Mengindentifikasikan penghasilan, biaya-biaya, dan keuntungan perusahaan dalam kurun waktu tertentu.


Contoh Laporan Rugi Laba

Net sales $20,000

Cost of goods sold 16,000

Gross profit $ 4,000

Selling expense $1,500

General & administrative 1,000

Total operating expense 2,500

Earnings before interest and taxes 1,500

Interest expense 500

Earnings before tax $1,000

Income tax (at 30%) 300

Net income $ 700

Net sales $20,000

Cost of goods sold 16,000

Gross profit $ 4,000

Selling expense $1,500

General & administrative 1,000

Total operating expense 2,500

Earnings before interest and taxes 1,500

Interest expense 500

Earnings before tax $1,000

Income tax (at 30%) 300

Net income $ 700


Assets (in thousands)Current assets Cash $ 200Marketable securities 300Accounts receivable 500Inventory 1,000Total current assets $ 2,000Fixed assetsPlant and equipment $10,000 Less accumulated depreciation 2,000Net fixed assets 8,000Total assets $10,000Liabilities & Owner’s Equity (in thousands)Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 600Notes payable 400Total current liabilities $ 1,000Long-term debt $ 5,000 Common stockholder’s equity Common stock $ 1,000Additional paid-in capital 2,000 Retained earnings 1,000Total owner’s equity $ 4,000Total liabilities and owner’s equity $10,000

Assets (in thousands)Current assets Cash $ 200Marketable securities 300Accounts receivable 500Inventory 1,000Total current assets $ 2,000Fixed assetsPlant and equipment $10,000 Less accumulated depreciation 2,000Net fixed assets 8,000Total assets $10,000Liabilities & Owner’s Equity (in thousands)Current liabilities Accounts payable $ 600Notes payable 400Total current liabilities $ 1,000Long-term debt $ 5,000 Common stockholder’s equity Common stock $ 1,000Additional paid-in capital 2,000 Retained earnings 1,000Total owner’s equity $ 4,000Total liabilities and owner’s equity $10,000

Contoh Neraca


Analisis Rasio

• Likuiditas (Liquidity)• Efisiensi (Efficiency)• Leverage (Pengungkitan

hutang)• Profitabilitas (Profitability)

• Likuiditas (Liquidity)• Efisiensi (Efficiency)• Leverage (Pengungkitan

hutang)• Profitabilitas (Profitability)

Ukuran kuantitas yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja laporan keuangan.


Tiga rasio Profitabilitas

Mengindentifikasi kinerja perusahaan untuk mendapatkan pengahasilan melebihi biaya-biaya.

Return on Assets = Net Income/ Total assets

Net Profit Margin = Net Income/Net Sales

Return on Equity = Net Income/ Total Owners’ Equity


Likuiditas

Ukuran kemampuan perusahaan untuk membayar kewajiban jangka pendek.

Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities

Acid-Test Ratio or Quick Ratio = Quick Assets/Current Liabilities


Ukuran Efisiensi

Inventory Turnover = Costs of Goods Sold/Average Value of Inventory For A Period of Time

Asset Turnover = Net Sales/Total Assets

Digunakan untuk menganalisa bagaimana perusahaan mengelola assetnya dengan baik.


Rasio Hutang(Leverage or Debt Ratios)

Derajat yang menggambarkan kemampuan perusahaan membayar kewajibannya jangka panjang.

Debt to Owners’ Equity = Long-Term Debt/Owners’ Equity

Times Interest Earned = Earnings Before Interest & Taxes/Annual Interest Expense