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Rashi's daughtersYocheved, Miriam, and Rachel(Hebrew: ,, ) (11th-12th century) weredaughter !" the #ed$e%a&'aud$cch!&ar abb$ *h&!#! +$t,cha$ better n!wn by theacr!ny# ah$ wh! had n! !n. 'hee w!#en #arr$ed three !" the$r "ather/ 0nettudent and were the #!ther !" the &eader !" the net generat$!n !" rench 'aud$c

ch!&ar.

3any !" the$r decendant were n!wn a Baalei Tosafot('!a0t) wh! wr!te cr$t$ca& and

e4&anat!ry g&!e !n the 'aud. 5n a&& 4r$nted %er$!n !" the 'aud the c!##entary

!" ah$ a44ear !n the $n$de c!&u#n (net t! the b$nd$ng) and that !" the '!a0t !n the

!ut$de c!&u#n.

+!che%ed and 3$r$a# were b!rn $n'r!ye rance(ca4$ta& !" the 4r!%$nce !" 6ha#4agne)between the year 1789 and 172. 5t $ n!t n!wn wh$ch $ the e&det. ache& wa b!rn $n'r!ye ar!und 17;7.$%a#>) *a#ue& (>ahba#>) (1797?11;@) *!&!#!n the gra##ar$an and the$r

y!unget ch$&d Aac!b (>abbenu 'a#>) (c. 1177-11;1). Be4$te the

#!dernChena,$na#$ng cut!# A!he%edD !n *!&!#!n wa b!rn dur$ng her "ather/

&$"et$#e.

*a#ue& beca#e head !" the 'r!ye yeh$%aa"ter the death !" h$ grand"ather ah$ wh$&e

Aac!b etab&$hed a ec!nd ch!!& at a#eru4t. 5aac d$ed dur$ng h$ 4arent/ &$"et$#e

&ea%$ng e%en !r4han.

+!che%ed and 3e$r had at &eat tw! daughter wh! #arr$ed ah$/ tudent. Hannah a

teacher !" &aw and cut!# re&e%ant t! w!#en #arr$ed *a#ue& ben *$#cha. 'he$r

!n 5aac !" Ba#4$erre(>$>) beca#e the &ead$ng 'aud$c ch!&ar !" h$ generat$!n.

Cn!ther daughter wh!e na#e $ unn!wn #arr$ed *a#!n ben A!e4h.

+!che%ed d$ed $n 11E8 $n a#eru4t. 3e$r d$ed there a "ew #!nth &ater.

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ha%$ng a grand!n *he#$ah and a granddaughter 3$r$a# wh!e #!ther wa ne$therA!he%ed n!r 3$r$a#. Audy 6h$cag! $n her c!#4end$u# !" $gn$0cant w!#en $n h$t!ry!n !" #y daughter> $ntead !" Mut >#y daughter.> H!we%er $t ee# un&$e&y that ah$w!u&d ue the awward e4re$!n >!n !" #y daughter> $ntead !" >#y grand!n> and#!re &$e&y that >!n !"> wa added $n &ater. 'here $ a&! e%$dence that ah$/ daughterand granddaughter taught '!rah t! &!ca& w!#en and er%ed a #!de& "!r the 4r!4er4er"!r#ance !" Aew$h r$tua&.

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dec$$!n. 5t wa 3eRr ben *a#ue& wh! changed the tet !" the V!&G$dre"!r#u&a.Cb! &e"anea> wh$ch ha been tran&ated $nt! Ner#an byXun,$%a#>) andAac!b ben 3e$r(>abbe$nu 'a#>) and a c!&&eague !"

abb$A!e4h Vara.

F$e h$ #aterna& grand"ather the ahba# wa a b$b&$ca& c!##entat!r and'aud$t. He&earned "r!# ah$ and "r!# 5aac ben Cher ha-Fe%$(>$%a>). He wa the teacher !" h$br!ther abbe$nu 'a# and h$ #eth!d !" $nter4retat$!n d$Yered "r!# that !" h$grand"ather.

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Rabbeinu TamJacob ben Meir(1177 $n a#eru4t K Aune 11;1 (@ ta##u,) $n'r!ye)abbe$nu> (!ur teacher) he acUu$red the Hebrew u]>'a#> #ean$ng

tra$ght"!rward^ $t wa !r$g$na&&y ued $n the S!! !" Nene$t! decr$be h$ b$b&$ca&

na#eaeAac!b.

Biography[edit]

Aac!b ben 3e$r wa b!rn $n the rench c!untry %$&&age !" a#eru4t $n

the Cubed_4arte#ent!" n!rthern-centra& rancet! 3e$r ben *h#ue&and+!che%ed daughter !" ah$. H$ 4r$#ary teacher were h$ "ather and h$ br!ther *h#ue&

ben 3e$r n!wn a ahba#. H$ !ther br!ther were 5aac n!wn a the $%a# and

*!&!#!n the Nra##ar$an. He #arr$ed 3$r$a# the $ter !" . *h$#h!n ben +!e"

!" a&a$e 6a&%ad! a&th!ugh he #ay ha%e been h$ ec!nd w$"e.

H$ re4utat$!n a a &ega& ch!&ar 4read "ar bey!nd rance. C%raha# $bn Baud

the *4an$hchr!n$c&er !" the age #ent$!ned abbe$nu 'a# $n h$ *e"er HaVabba&ah but

n!t ah$. abbe$nu 'a#D w!r $ a&! c$ted by abb$ Xerachya HaFe%$ a r!%en`a&cr$t$c.

He a&! rece$%ed Uuet$!n "r!# tudent thr!ugh!ut rance and "r!#

the 5ta&$anc!##un$t$e !" Sar$and Jtrant!.

abbe$nu 'a# ga%e h$ Seth B$nthe t$t&e !" >the generat$!nD and

$ndeed he $ n!wn "!r c!##una& enact#ent $#4r!%$ng Aew$h "a#$&y &$"e educat$!n and

w!#enD tatu. Ct t$#e he cr$t$c$ed Ha&ah$c !44!nent n!tab&y $n h$ c!ntr!%er$e

w$th 3ehu&&a# !" 3e&unand I"ra$# !" egenburg.

Halakhic disputes[edit]

Fegend ha $t that when ah$wa h!&d$ng h$ $n"ant grand!n the baby t!uched

the te0&&$nthat were !n ah$D head. ah$ 4red$cted that th$ grand!n w!u&d &aterd$agree w$th h$# ab!ut the !rder !" the cr$4t that are 4ut $n the head te0&&$n. egard&e!" the e4$!deD %erac$ty abbe$nu 'a# d$d d$agree w$th the !4$n$!n !" h$ antecedent.'!day b!th >ah$ te0&&$n> and >abbe$nu 'a# te0&&$n> are 4r!duced: the *hu&chanCruchreUu$re wear$ng ah$D %er$!n and rec!##end that N!d-"ear$ng Aew wear b!th$n !rder t! at$"y b!th ha&ah$c !4$n$!n. H!we%er:5t $ w!rth n!t$ng that the *hu&chan Cruch ... ru&e that abbe$nu 'a# 'e0&&$n

h!u&d be w!rn !n&y by !ne wh! $ n!wn t! be a %ery 4$!u 4er!n^

the 3$hnah Serurah... e4&a$n that $t $ a $gn !" haught$ne "!r any!ne e&e

t! d! th$ becaue the acce4ted 4ract$ce $ t! wear ah$ 'e0&&$n.>

H!we%er #any *e4hard$cand cha$d$cAew

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c!##entar$e auth!red thr!ugh!ut the ear&y-#!dern and #!dern era. 'he r$e andart$cu&at$!n !" cha$d$c 4h$&!!4hy ha c!nated the abba&$t$c and ha&ah$c a4ect !"abbe$nu 'a#D 4!$t$!n 4!4u&ar$,$ng the cut!# t! wear b!th 4a$r e%ery day. Lear$ngabbe$nu 'a# te0&&$n $ an a!t un$%era& cut!# a#!ng the #any and d$%erec!##un$t$e that "!&&!w the teach$ng !" the Saa& *he# '!% and h$ tudent. 4ayyean$c> #!de !" e4re$!n t! the #!re grace"u& "!r#!" the *4an$h ch!!&. Ccc!rd$ng t! Xun, $n "!ur #etr$ctr!4he (Kerem emed %$$.E8). Cn!ther w!r !" h$ $n #etr$c "!r# $ h$ 4!e# !n the accent

wh$ch c!nta$n "!rty-0%e tr!4he r$#$ng $n^ $t $ "!und $n %ar$!u &$brar$e (adua

Ha#burg ar#a) and $ ent$t&ed Maberet.Fu,,att! ha g$%en the 0rt "!ur tr!4he

$n Kerem emed(%$$.E9) and Ha&berta# ha 4r$nted the wh!&e 4!e# $n V!baD

>Aechurun> (%.12E).

Gravesite[edit]

abbe$nu 'a# and h$ br!ther the ahba# and the $%a# a we&& a !ther '!a0twere bur$ed $n a#eru4t. 'he un#ared anc$ent ce#etery $n wh$ch they are bur$ed &$eadMacent t! a treet ca&&ed *treet !" the Nreat 6e#etery. 5n 2778 abb$+$r!e& 3e$rNabba$ a Sre&!%erHa$dwh! ren!%ate and re4a$r neg&ected gra%e$te !" Aew$h&eader ar!und the w!r&d he&4ed t! deter#$ne the eact b!undar$e !" the ce#etery. 5nadd$t$!n a #e#ber !" the Aew$h re&$g$!u c!##un$ty $n ar$b!ught a h!ue at the $teand c!n%erted $t $nt! a beth #$drah.

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c!&&ected "r!# $t. "esponsa of "abbeinu #acob of "amerupt(Hebrew) wa 4ub&$hed byabb$+!e" Va0h$n 1K9.Aac!b Sen 3eRr 'a# (n!wn a&! a abbenu'a#)>. The $%&' #e(ish )ncyclopedia. etr$e%ed K Bece#ber 2711.

2. Jump up arha S!: abbe$nu 'a# 'e0&&$nCrch$%edAu&y 1E 277; at the Laybac 3ach$ne.E. Jump up >'!rah cr!&& *e"er '!rah 4r!Mect te0&&$n #e,u,ah cr!&& 3eg$&&ah cr!&& "r!# 5rae&>.*ta#.net. etr$e%ed 271E-7@-78.

@. Jump up htt4:www.b$u.ac.$&AHarahaee%e&$.ht#&8. Jump up >!c.cu&ture.Mew$h Cf: '!rah and Ha&ach$c Cuth!r$ty (E12)*ect$!n ? fuet$!n @.12: Lh! wa

abbe$nu 'a#>.aU.!rg. 2712-79-79. etr$e%ed 271E-7@-78.. Jump up Xun, *iteratur+esch.44. 28 et eU.;. Jump up ee Fu,,att! $n Kerem emed %$$.E89. Jump up ee a&! >Gacha&at *HeBaF> $n Ser&$nerD Ma+a,inJar !b>= 1997 4. E.K. Jump up *eeFandhuth >DC##ude ha-DCb!dah> 4. 17^ c!#4. a&! Hara%y >iadah$# ga#

+ehan$#> u44&e#ent t! the Hebrew ed$t$!n !" Nraet, >H$t.> %. EK^ Sr!dy >junra ha-$yyu$#> 4. ;217. Jump up^r$ed#an +$r!e& (; Aanuary 277@). >C 3an w$th a Nra%e 3$$!n ? art 5>. Be$Dah

TeB$bur. etr$e%ed 29 Bece#ber 2717.11. Jump up^ub&$hed by 3e$,e G$rda#$# $n V!be, C& +ad new er$e b!! ; (1;) Aerua&e#

1K9 4age 91-177. (e4r$nted $n abb$ Va0hD ollected Papers T!&u#e 1 4age @8E-@;7.)

(List o) Tosafistsot to be confused (ithTosefta.

Tosafstswere#ed$e%a&rabb$"r!# rance and Ner#any wh! are a#!ng th!e n!wn $n

'aud$ca& ch!&arh$4 a $h!n$#(there were $h!n$# $n *4a$n a&!) wh! createdcr$t$ca& and e4&anat!ry g&!e(Uuet$!n n!te $nter4retat$!n ru&$ng and !urce) !nthe'aud. 'hee were c!&&ect$%e&y ca&&ed'!a"!t(>add$t$!n>) becaue they wereadd$t$!n !n the c!##entary !" ah$. 'he Tosa/sts&$%ed "r!# the 12th century t! the#$dd&e !" the 18th century and the '!a"!t are a c!#4$&at$!n !" the Uuet$!n anwer and!4$n$!n !" th!e rabb$. 'he '!a"!t are %ery $#4!rtant t! the 4ract$ca& a44&$cat$!n !"Aew$h &aw becaue the &aw w$&& d$Yer de4end$ng !n h!w the 'aud $ undert!!d and$nter4reted.

Iach generat$!n !" the Tosa/stsw!u&d add t! th!e c!#4$&at$!n and there"!re there are

#any d$Yerent %er$!n !" the Tosafos. 5n add$t$!n each c!#4$&at$!n !" the Tosafosd$d n!t

c!nta$n e%eryth$ng that wa a$d by the Tosa/sts!n the ubMect ! c!#4$&at$!n w$&& d$Yer

$n what they ay. !r th$ rea!n !#e th$ng that were a$d by the Tosa/stsw$&& be "!und

!n&y $n !bcure %er$!n !" the Tosafos.

'he 0na& %er$!n !" thee c!##entar$e wa 4ub&$hed !n the !uter $de !" the *!nc$n!

ed$t$!n !" the 'aud 4r$nted $n *!nc$n! 5ta&y (1th century) and wa the 0rt 4r$nted

ed$t$!n !" the "u&& 'aud. 'he 4ub&$her !" that ed$t$!n wa a ne4hew !" abb$ 3!he !"

*4$re (*ha4$r!) wh! wa !" the &at generat$!n !" Tosa/stsand wh! $n$t$ated a 4r!Mect !"

wr$t$ng a 0na& c!#4$&at$!n !" the Tosafos. Se"!re he 4ub&$hed h$ 'aud he tra%e&ed

thr!ugh!ut rance t! the ch!!& where the Tosa/sts&earned and gathered a&& !" the

d$Yerent #anucr$4t !" that 0na& %er$!n !" the Tosafosand 4r$nted the# $n h$ 'aud.*$nce then e%ery 4ub&$cat$!n !" the 'aud wa 4r$nted w$th theTosafos!n the !uter $de

http://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?13153&&lang=enghttp://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?13153&&lang=enghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Qafihhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabbeinu_Tam&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-1http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8436-jacob-ben-meir-tamhttp://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8436-jacob-ben-meir-tamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-2http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/bo.shtmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070713184523/http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/bo.shtmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070713184523/http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/bo.shtmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-3http://www.stam.net/what_is_stam.aspxhttp://www.stam.net/what_is_stam.aspxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-4http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/ekev/eli.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-5http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/section-61.htmlhttp://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/section-61.htmlhttp://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/section-61.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshuthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshuthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-10http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5764/VYC64features.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toseftahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toseftahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishonimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosafothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosafothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soncino,_Lombardyhttp://www.otzar.org/wotzar/book.aspx?13153&&lang=enghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosef_Qafihhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_note-11https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabbeinu_Tam&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-1http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8436-jacob-ben-meir-tamhttp://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8436-jacob-ben-meir-tamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-2http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/bo.shtmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070713184523/http://www.tzemachdovid.org/thepracticaltorah/bo.shtmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-3http://www.stam.net/what_is_stam.aspxhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-4http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/ekev/eli.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-5http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/section-61.htmlhttp://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/03-Torah-Halacha/section-61.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landshuthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-10http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5764/VYC64features.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbeinu_Tam#cite_ref-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toseftahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishonimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosafothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soncino,_Lombardy

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!" the 4age (the $nner $de ha the c!##entary !" ah$) and $ an $ntegra& 4art !" the

tudy !" the 'aud.

Bur$ng the 4er$!d !" the Tosa/ststhe church enacted a &aw that 4r!h$b$ted 4!e$!n !"

the 'aud under 4a$n !" death and 2@ wag!n &!ad !" cr!&& !" the 'aud were gathered

"r!# a&& !" rance and burned $n the center !" ar$. 'he $ntent$!n !" the church wa that

the tudy !" the 'aud h!u&d be "!rg!tten and !nce "!rg!tten $t w!u&d re#a$n "!rg!tten

"!r a&& generat$!n $nce there w!u&d be n!b!dy t! teach $t. C a reu&t

the Tosa/stsde%$ed a yte# where they c!u&d tudy the 'aud w$th!ut the e$tence !"

a tet de4$te the %atne !" the 'aud. 'hey a44!$nted ch!&ar each t! be e4ert $n

!ne the %!&u#e !" the 'aud t! n!w $t by heart and %ery we&& and ! thr!ugh thee

ch!&ar they w!u&d ha%e e4ert$e and n!w&edge $n a&& !" the 'aud. C they w!u&d

tudy a 4art$cu&ar tet $n !ne %!&u#e !" the 'aud th!e ch!&ar wh! were e4ert $n

d$Yerent %!&u#e !" the 'aud w!u&d te&& !" anyth$ng $n the %!&u#e !" the 'aud that

they were e4ert !n that w!u&d c!ntrad$ct the$r undertand$ng !" the tet at hand. 'hu an

$#4!rtant a4ect !" the ch!&arh$4 !" the Tosa/sts$ t! ue tet $n d$Yerent area !" the

'aud t! d$4r!%e certa$n $nter4retat$!n !" the 'aud (!"ten th!e !" ah$) and t!

deter#$ne the c!rrect way t! undertand the 'aud.

Rabbinical Eras

?haal

@u'ot

%annaim

moraim

3a$oraim

AeonimRishonim

charonim

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chazalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannaimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoraimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoraimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishonimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharonimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chazalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannaimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoraimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoraimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishonimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharonim