ebook pembuatan cat besi

8/14/2019 ebook pembuatan cat besi

1/101

XOLA_C[CN IC[ AOYF

Xqm{o`yf {oqeckcx `mqmyf

Cg`vk Ciqvgfi Nf{qmyogugmyo Oxmv Logclfn


2/101

KCD[CQ FYF

_icxcn {oqflc `cyfe

@c{c Xonbcn{cq

ACA F Xonkceugucn

ACA FF Acecn Xonvuyun Ic{

ACAFFF Xogcqu{

ACA FT Afnkoq

ACA T Xfblon{

ACA TF Xgcy{fifzoq

ACATFF Kqvoq

ACA TFFF Ckf{fdACA FU Loyfn Xqmku`yf

ACA U Sucgf{v @mn{qmg

ACAUF Lo{mko Cxgf`cyf

ACA UFF Xqmagol xoqlu`ccn xckc Ic{' Tcqnfye kcn Gcisuoq

ACA UFF Xqfnyfx Dmqlugcyf Ic{

Kcd{cq Xuy{c`c

Gclxfqcn


3/101

ACA F

XONKCE_G_CN

3.3 Xonboq{fcn ic{

Ic{ ckcgce yuc{u xqmku` vcnb aoqdunbyf un{u` logfnkunbf %xqm{o`yf& kcn c{culonbefcyf %ko`mqcyf& konbcn c{cu {cnxc rcqnc %{qcnyxcqcn& yuc{u majo` c{cu xoqlu`ccn

konbcn icqc lonb`mtoqnvc konbcn yuc{u gcxfycn. Ic{ kcxc{ kfcxgf`cyf`cn ò eclxfq

yoguque majo`' xckc {olam`' `cvu' gmbcl' xgcy{f`' `cntcy yclxcf xckc xoqlu`ccn jcgcn

qcvc.

[oqkcxc{ gflc `mlxmnon u{clc xckc ic{' vcf{u kfguon{ %xogcqu{&' afnkoq %xonbf`c{&'

xorcqnc' o`y{onkoq' kcn ckf{fd. Afnkoq ckcgce vcnb xcgfnb xon{fnb òaoqckccnnvc' afnkoq

ckcgce acbfcn kcqf ic{ kflcnc xckc cèfqnvc lolaon{u` yuc{u gcxfycn dfgl ic{ vcnbòqfnb. Dunbyf kfguon{ ckcgce un{u` lonbc{uq òòn{cgcn kcqf ic{. Kfguon{ ckcgce aoqyfdc{

lonbucx kcn {fkc` fù{ {oqaon{u` lonjckf gcxfycn dfgl. Dunbyf ckf{fd ckcgce aoqlcicl,

lcicl' ckf{fd ckcgce yuc{u `mlxmnon vcnb kf{clace`cn xckc ic{ vcnb aoqdunbyf un{u`

lonclace c{cu lonfnb`c{`cn xqmxoq{f %yfdc{,yfdc{-df{uq,df{uq òxolfgf`cn& kcqf yuc{u ic{'

yoxoq{f `fgcx {fkc`nvc' kcvc yoacq xfblon' y{cafgf{cy' kcn gcfn,gcfn. Xorcqnc aoqdunbyf

yoacbcf xonvokfc rcqnc xckc ic{' xorcqnc afyc yoacbcf xfblon c{cu kvo. Jf`c ic{ {fkc`

kfaoqf xorcqnc' lc`c ic{ kcxc{ kf`c{c`cn yoacbcf ic{ toqnfye c{cu igocqimc{. O`y{onkoq

c{cu dfggoq aoqdunbyf un{u` lonfnb`c{`cn ò{oacgcn kcn òòqcycn gcxfycn dfgl ic{ kcn jubc

yoacbcf xoluqce %aug`fnb cbon{&.

3.1 Yojcqce

Fnkuy{qf ic{ ckcgce ycgce yc{u fnkuy{qf {oq{uc kf kunfc. Yo`f{cq 18.888 {ceun gcgu'

lcnuyfc vcnb efkux kf buc,buc lonbbunc`cn ic{ un{u` òbfc{cn `mlunf`cyf' ko`mqcyf kcn

xqm{o`yf. Loqo`c lonbbunc`cn lo{qfcg,lc{oqfcg vcnb {oqyokfc kf cgcl yoxoq{f cqcnb

%`cqamn&' kcqce' yuyu' kcn yckcxcn kcqf {cnclcn,{cnclcn vcnb lolfgf`f rcqnc vcnb

loncqf`. Vcnb lonboju{`cn' ic{,ic{ fnf lolxunvcf òcro{cn vcnb acf`' yoxoq{f vcnb

kf{unju``cn xckc gu`fycn buc kf Cg{clfqc Yxcnvmg' Gcyicu Yxcnvmg' ic{ ac{u mqcnb

Camqfbfn kf Cqneol Gcnk Cuy{qcgfc' kcn gu`fycn,gu`fycn xqcyojcqce gcfnnvc vcnb

kf{olu`cn. Mqcnb,mqcnb Loyfq ùnm lonbolacnb`cn ic{ lonjckf goafe `cvc rcqnc'

loqo`c lonolu`cn ic{ rcqnc afqu' loqce' kcn ef{cl konbcn lonbclafgnvc kcqf c`cq

{cnclcn {oq{on{u. @olukfcn mqcnb,mqcnb Loyfq f{u lonolu`cn `cyofn yoacbcf xoqo`c{nvc.

Yofqfnb konbcn rc`{u' lcnuyfc lugcf lonolu`cn lfnvc` {cnclcn kcn qoyfn kcqf dmyfg

un{u` lonbbcn{f kcqce kcn yuyu yoacbcf xoqo`c{ ic{.


4/101

Ycc{ fnf rcgcuxun {ogce kf{olu`cn xoqo`c{-qoyfn vcnb yolc`fn acf` konbcn

aoqòlacnbnvc {o`nmgmbf `flfc' qoyfn,qoyfn nc{uqcg efnbbc `fnf lcyfe acnvc` kfxc`cf.

[caog 3.3 lonunju``cn xoqòlacnbcn xonolucn xckc kunfc ic{.

[caog 3.3 Xoqòlacnbcn xonolucn xckc kunfc ic{.

[ceun Xonolucn

3619 Nf{qmioggugmyo

Cg`vk

361; [f{cnful Kfm`yfkc

3615 Xeonmgfi gcqu{ lfnvc`

3698 Cg`vk uqoc,dmqlcgkoevko

3699 @mxmgfloq Tfnvgiegmqfko

369; Olugyf acyfy lfnvc`

3694 C`qfgf` [eoqlmyo{

3692 Xmgvuqo{ecno

3696 Cg`vk logclfno,dmqlcgkoevko

36;; Ic{ aoqacyfy yfgf`mn

36;2 Qoyfn oxm`yf

36?8 XTC kcn ic{ c`qfgf`

36?? Xmrkoq imc{fnb36?5 Ic{ c`qfgf` un{u` m{mlm{fd

Ic{ {olam` gc{o`y

3648 Ic{ rc{oq,amqno

3641 Cnmkfi ogoi{qmimc{fnb

3649 Ic{ _T kcn OA iuqfnb

3623 Ic{fmnfi ogo{qmimc{fnb

362; Igocq,mtoq,imgmuq {mximc{

@flfcrcn,`flfcrcn jclcn kceugu lonbcnkcg`cn acecn nc{uqcg kcn qoyfn kcqf dmyfg un{u`

xqmku`,xqmku` ic{. @olukfcn luniug uycec,uycec un{u` lolmkfdf`cyf qoyfn nc{uqcg

lonjckf qoyfn nc{uqcg yfn{o{fy. Xckc yuc{u xonogf{fcn kf{olu`cn acerc lc{oqfcg

ioggugmyo kcxc{ kflmkfdf`cyf konbcn cycl nf{qc{ un{u` lolaon{u` oy{oq nf{qc{o. Xckc 3619

kf{olu`cngce nf{qmioggugmyo yoacbcf acecn kcycqgcisuoq.Yc{u xonolucn xon{fnb ckcgce ò{f`c xgc{f` yfn{o{fy un{u` xoq{clc `cgfnvc afyc

kfbunc`cn yoacbcf lc{oqfcg ic{' ckcgce Gom Acògcnk vcnb lonolu`cn qoyfn xeonmgfi' kcn


5/101

lcyfe kfbunc`cn yclxcf ycc{ fnf. Xckc 3619 Qmv @fongo lonolu`cn qoyfn cg`vk' ecg fnf

kffù{f konbcn xonolucn,xonolucn xon{fnb yoxoq{f iclxuqcn uqoc,dmqlcgkoevko kcn

logclfno,dmqlcgkoevko kficlxuq konbcn cg`vk un{u` ic{,ic{ m{mlm{fd' xoqcgc{cn' kcn

fnkuy{qf.

Qoyfn cg`vk aoq{cecn aobf{u gclc yclxcf kf{olu`cnnvc qoyfn c`qfgf` {eoqlmyo{.C`qfgf` lolxunvcf xqmxoq{f vcnb acf` un{u` ic{ m{mlm{fd' nclun yfdc{ {oqlmxgcy{f`nvc

lolauc{nvc golce {oqeckcx ymgton{ kcn iucic. Fnf yoluc aoquace ò{f`c Y{qcfn

lonolu`cn c`qfgf` {eolmyo{.. Xonolucn xon{fnb gcfnnvc ckcgce ò{f`c kf{olu`cn xfblon

xu{fe {f{cnful kfmfko un{u` lonbbcn{f`cn xfblon xu{fe gock vcnb aoqciun. Xckc 3692

kf{olu`cngce uqo{ecno' 36;; qoyfn yfgf`mn' 36;2 qoyfn oxm`yf' 36?8 XTCi %Xmgv Tfnvg

Cio{c{o&' kcn yo{oquynvc.

3.9 Cxgf`cyf ic{ xckc òqjc aoyf acjc

C. @mqmyf .

@mqmyf kfyoaca`cn mgoe qoc`yf gmbcl konbcn unyuq vcnb au`cn gmbcl kcqf

gfnbùnbcnnvc. Xqmku`nvc afcycnvc m`yfkc c{cu bcqclnvc' vcnb xckc bfgfqcnnvc {uqu{

lolxonbcquef jcgcnnvc qoc`yf gcnju{. Lonbonkcgf`cn `mqmyf gmbcl kcxc{ kf{olxue konbcn

aoqacbcf icqc.

Qoc`yf `mqmyf kcxc{ kfògmlxm`cn c{cy aoqacbcf jonfy' yoicqc ulul ckc kuc

lcicl %yoyucf xoqfy{frcnvc& vc`nf xonbbcaunbcn gcnbyunb gmbcl %c{cu fmn gmbcl&

konbcn unyuq,unyuq au`cn gmbcl' yoq{c qoc`yf xogcqu{cn gmbcl %afcycnvc kfgfnbùnbcn

aoqcfq& gcgu aoqbcaunb konbcn acecn gmbcl lolaon{u` xqmku` `mqmyf %qoc`yf

xonbbcn{fcn&. Qoc`yf gcnbyunb kfyoau{ jubc `mqmyf òqfnb' qoc`yf xonbbcn{fcn kfyoau{

qoc`yf acyce.

Qoc`yf gcnbyunb %`mqmyf òqfnb& {oqlcyu` m`yfkcyf kf ukcqc' qoc`yf konbcn ucx

aogoqcnb efkqmbon yugdfkc kcn `cnkunbcn ukcqc òqfnb gcfnvc' jubc qoc`yf konbcn gmbcl

icfq lfycgnvc nc{qful. Qoc`yf kolf`fcn nvc{c kcn gczfl xckc yueu qogc{fd {fnbbf.

M`yfkcyf gmbcl yo`fgcy {c` {clxc` logfac{`cn lo`cnfylo ogo`{qm`flfc.' {cxf

yoaoncqnvc aon{u` `mqmyf f{uxun {oqbcn{unb xckc lo`cnfylo xoq{u`cqcn ogo`{qmn konbcn

bojcgc cquy gfy{qf` xugc. Yoicqc yokoqecnc m`yfbon lmgoùg {oqyoqcx ò xoqlu`ccn gmbcl.

Gcgu lonbuqcf lonjckf c{ml kcn lonbfmn. Gmbclnvc jubc lonbfmn. Fmn gmbcl kcn

m`yfkc aoqbcaunb lolaon{u` gcxfycn crcg m`yfkcnvc. Fmn gmbcl {oquy {oqaon{u` kf

xoqlu`ccn' ogo`{qmn aoqkfduyf gorc{ gcxfycn m`yfkc lonbfmn`cn m`yfbon kf xoqlu`ccn. Fmn

m`yfkc aoqkfduyf ò gcxfycn m`yfkc kcn aoqoc`yf konbcn fmn gmbcl. Gcxfycn m`yfkc lc`fn

{oacg. Kcxc{ xugc gmbcl vcnb lonbfmn kcn aoqkfduyf òxoqlu`ccn ecyfgnvc yoquxc. @mqmyf


6/101

fnf aoqgcnbyunbnvc {oqbcn{unb xckc yfdc{ m`yfkc gmbcl yoaoqcxc xoqlocaog kcn aoqcxc

ùc{ f`c{cnnvc ò xoqlu`ccn gmbcl.

@mqmyf kcxc{ kf{fckc`cn afgc {fkc` {oqkcxc{ ogo`{qmgf{ yuc{u ecg vcnb yugf{ `cqonc

`mqmyf ckcgce yuc{u bojcgc bcgtcnf`. `mqmyf kcxc{ {oqjckf afgc ckc kuc gmbcl vcnb aoqgcfncn.

Mgoe xcqc cegf ecg fnf afcycnvc c`cn kfefnkcqf lfycgnvc acu{ ùnfnbcn ifnifn acjc. Yuc{uecg vcnb `ckcnb ùqcnb kfxceclf fcgce ònvc{ccn acerc kcgcl yuc{u acecn {oq{on{u

{oqkcxc{ `c{mkc kcn cnmkc `cqonc y{qu`{uq lf`qm' `mnyon{qcyf {obcnbcn c{cu eo{oqmbonf{cy

ogo`{qmgf{. Ecg vcnb xoqgu kfxoqec{f`cn afgc c`cn lonbonkcgf`cn `mqmyf ckcgce yoacbcf

aoqfù{:

3. Lonbckc`cn gcxfycn xogfnkunb

Logfnkunbf xoqlu`ccn gmbcl ckcgce icqc xoniobcecn `mqmyf {oq{uc kcn vcnb afcyc

kf{oqcx`cn {o{cxf xoqgfnkunbcn {fkc` {oqac{cy konbcn acecn mqbcnf` ycjc. Imn{menvc {flce xu{fe kcxc{ kfbunc`cn yoacbcf gcxfycn !fnoq{! xckc xoqlu`ccn acjc. Golacqcn {olacbc'

golacqcn nfòg' golacqcn xoqc` loquxc`cn xoqlu`ccn vcnb {cecn `mqmyf. Gmbcl kcxc{

kfgcxfyf konbcn gmbcl gcfnnvc konbcn xqmyoy xonioguxcn ò kcgcl gmbcl icfq xqmyoy fnf

kfyoau{ bcgtcnfycyf. Acecn òqclf` fnoq{ kcxc{ jubc kfbunc`cn yoacbcf gcxfycn xogfnkunb.

Yoacbcf imn{me onclog ckcgce gcxfycn m`yfkc aoqaon{u` yoqau` bogcy kcn icfqcn' yoefnbbc

{oqaon{u` gcxfycn yoxoq{f `cic. Xckc gcxfycn mqbcnf` lfycg gcxfycn ic{ lonbfymgfq gmbcl

kfacrcenvc kcqf ogo`{qmgf{ vcnb kcxc{ lonflaug`cn `mqmyf. Ac{cy òclxuecn icqc fnf

kf{on{u`cn mgoe xoqfgcù gcxfycn xogfnkunb fnf yogclc xolc`cfcn. Gcxfycn mqbcnf` fnf {fkc`

{cecn yueu {fnbbf kcn boyo`cn. Xckc bojcgc xcyftcyf kflcnc aoaoqcxc jonfy gmbcl

lolaon{u` gcxfycn xogfnkunb yoxoq{f imn{me %gmbcl cgulunful kcn acjc {cecn `cqc{&

lunb`fn {oqxcyfdcyf `cqonc aoqoc`yf konbcn m`yfbon xckc xoqlu`ccn {oqaon{u` gcxfycn

xogfnkunb gmbcl vcnb {oqfymgcyf gfy{qf` {fkc` lunb`fn {oq`mqmyf.

Yogcxu{ gcxfycn fnf ycnbc{ xon{fnb èuyuynvc un{u` cgulunful kcn acjc {cecn `cqc{

vcnb lonbcnkunb `qml' fnefaf{mq ckcgce f`c{cn,f`c{cn {oq{on{u vcnb kf{clace`cn xckc

ogo`{qmgf{ un{u` lolac{cyf `mqmyf aojcnc gmbcl fnefaf{mq `cqc{ acnvc` kfbunc`cn un{u`

lonbeclac{ `mqmyf kcgcl qckfc{mq ònkcqccn aoqlm{mq. Fnefaf{mq {oqkfqf kcqf cnfmn c{ml

bcnkc vcnb kcxc{ lcyu` ò xoqlu`ccn gmbcl kcn konbcn kolf`fcn lonbecyfg`cn yogcxu{

gcxfycn {unbbcg vcnb `cvc m`yfbon. Yogcxu{ fnf lonvoquxcf gcxfycn vcnb {oqaon{u` xckc

xcyftcyf. Afcycnvc fnefaf{mq {oqkfqf kcqf f`c{cn vcnb lonbcnkunb `qmlc{' dmydc{ c{cu fmn

ogolon {qcnyfyf gcfnnvc vcnb lukce {oqm`yfkcyf.

1. Lonbefnkcq`cn {oqjckfnvc xcycnbcn bcgtcnf`.

Icqc {oqlukce un{u` lonbefnkcq`cn {oqjckfnvc xcycnbcn bcgtcnf` ckcgce

xonbbunccn yuc{u jonfy gmbcl ycjc nclun ecg fnf {fkc` yogcgu lunb`fn. Xckc òckccn


7/101

èuyuy {oqaon{u`nvc yog kcxc{ kfiobce konbcn fymgcyf gfy{qf` kcqf gmbcl konbcn `mlxmyfyf

vcnb aoqaokc. Icqc vcnb goafe yokoqecnc lonbbunc`cn acjc {cecn `cqc{. Ckc aoqacbcf

jonfy konbcn `ckcq èqml vcnb aoqtcqfcyf cn{cqc 39/ yclxcf 12/. @eqml aoqbunc un{u`

xolaon{u`cn f`c{cn xckc xoqlu`ccn vcnb aoqyfdc{ xcyfd. Acjc {cecn `cqc{ afcycnvc

lonbcnkunb nfòg cn{cqc 5/ yclxcf 38/ nfòg goafe lugfc kcqf aoyf.

9. Xoqgfnkunbcn bcgtcnf`

@mqmyf kcxc{ kfac{cyf kcn lo`cnfylo `mqmyf f{u yonkfqf kfbunc`cn un{u`

logfnkunbfnvc. Imn{me vcnb ycnbc{ acf` ckcgce golacqcn acjc vcnb kf bcgtcnfycyf gcxfycn

yonb aoqdunbyf yoacbcf cnmkc vcnb kf`mqacn`cn vcnb {oq`f`fy `mqmyf yonkfqf acjcnvc {o{cx

u{ue. Lo{mkc fnf kcxc{ kfbunc`cn un{u` xolc`cfcn gcfnnvc.

Bclacq 3.3 [fboq auye imn{me cnmko vcnb kf`mqacn`cn

c. Golxonb lcbnoyful %Lb& kcgcl {cnce yoxcnjcnb jcguq xfxc.

a. Golxonb yonb xckc ackcn `cxcg.

i. Ac{cnb lcbnoyful %Lb& kcgcl {cnb`f cfq xcncy kf fnkuy{qf.

Cnmkc vcnb kf`mqacn`cn fnf kcxc{ kfbcn{f`cn konbcn lukce. Aonkc c{cu

cgc{ f{u yonkfqf lonjckf `c{mkc. Lo{mkc xoqgfnkunbcn bcgtcnf` òkuc ckcgce

xonbbunccn {obcnbcn {oqxcycnb xckc gmbcl. Acf` lo{mkc cnmkc vcnb kf`mqacn`cn

lcuxun lo{mkc {obcnbcn {oqxcycnb aoqòqjc aoqkcycq`cn xqfnyfx xoqgfnkunbcn

vcnb yclc vcf{u kfecyfg`cn ogo`{qmn {clacecn yoefnbbc gmbcl lonjckf `c{mkc kcn

qoc`yf `mqmyf {fkc` {oqjckf.


8/101


9/101

xqmku`nvc ckcgce : Zn1Do %XM;&1.;E1M kcn Zn9Do %XM;&1.;E1M' @mnkfyf dmydc{ vcnb

{oqacf` xckc xE.9'3 , 9';

@obunccn dmydc{fnb

, Xmydc{ aoyf' _n{u` logfnkunbf dfgfnb `cafno{' loaog' kcn yoacbcf cgcy xonboic{cn.

, Xmydc{ yonb' _n{u` xoqyfcxcn cu{m lmafg kcn amkf {qu` kcn xonoqcxcn yoaogulxonboic{cn.

, Xmydc{ lcnbcn' _n{u` xoqlu`ccn boyo`cn kcn gc`oq yoxoq{f xckc qfnb xfy{mn' bocq'

{fkc` un{u` cgcy xonboic{cn.

I. Ic{ yoacbcf Gcxfycn xogfnkunb {oqeckcx `mqmyf.

I.3 Xqm{oi{fto loiecnfyly

Imc{fnb y{oog rf{e c dfqlgv ckeoqok lc{oqfcg yuie cy zfni refie fy lmqo cnmkfi {ecn fqmnxqoton{y {eo imqqmyfmn xqmioyy dqml miiuqqfnb. Refgo zfni fneoqon{gv kobqckoy goyy qcxfkgv

{ecn y{oog' xcfn{fnb qo{cqky {eo c{lmyxeoqfi c{{ci` mn zfni ym luie {ec{ {eo kuqcafgf{v md

xcfn{ok bcgtcnfyok y{oog oiooky {eo imlafnok gfdo{floy md xcfn{ok acqo y{oog cnk unxcfn{ok

bcgtcnfyfnb av c dci{mq md 3.? mq lmqo.

Fn ymlo yf{uc{fmny' bcgtcnfi xqm{oi{fmn lcv ao olxgmvok av c{{ciefnb agmi`y md zfni mq

m{eoq lo{cg c{ xmfn{y %qc{eoq {ecn fn c imn{fnumuy gcvoq& {m {eo y{oog cnk imn{fnumuygv

xcyyfnb cn ogoi{qfi iuqqon{ {eqmube {eo cyyolagv' ym {ec{ imqqmyfmn miiuqy mngv dqml {eo

xqm{oi{fto cnmko.

Emrotoq' uyfnb {efy yvy{ol {m onecnio {eo xoqdmqlcnio md c yuqdcio imc{fnb xgcioy {eo

imc{fnb f{yogd unkoq y{qoyy c{ {efn xmfn{y. Evkqmvg fmny' lmfy{uqo cnk evkqmbon bcy

ciiulugc{o c{ ic{emkfi cqocy' iqoc{fnb am{e gmicgfyok cg`cgfno imnkf{fmny cnk {eo xm{on{fcg

dmq agfy{oqfnb.

Refgo imc{fnby refie mxoqc{o av c xuqo acqqfoq oddoi{ rfgg qo{cqk imqqmyfmn' f{ ecy aoon

nm{ok {ec{' {m oy{cagfye {eo oddoi{ftonoyy md {eo imc{fnb cy c acqqfoq fn bonoqcg {oqly %fo'

cyyulfnb f{ fy amnkok oddoi{ftogv {m {eo yuqdcio& mno yemugk locyuqo nm{ yflxgv f{y


10/101

xoqlocafgf{v {m rc{oq cnk mvbon au{ cgym {m fmny fn ymgu{fmn %remyo xqoyonio icn ao

ko{oi{ok av c qokui{fmn fn {eo flxokcnio md {eo imc{fnb&. Fn ckkf{fmn' {oy{y dmq xm{on{fcg

gociefnb md imlxmnon{y fn {eo xqoyonio md lmfy{uqo' rc{oq ux{c`o av {eo imc{fnb cnk KI

iuqqon{ qoyfy{cnio {eqmube {eo {efi`noyy md {eo imc{fnb cqo qogotcn{ locyuqoy md

xoqdmqlcnio.

[eo uyo md ciiogoqc{ok imqqmyfmn {oy{fnb fy %cy rf{e ciiogoqc{ok roc{eoqfnb& oyyon{fcg au{

nm{ on{fqogv yc{fydci{mqv. Lcnv xfblon{y mro {eofq xqm{oi{fto oddoi{y {m {eofq cafgf{v {m

unkoqbm qoci{fmny fn {eo xqoyonio md imqqmyfto ycg{y. Ciiogoqc{ok ycg{yxqcv {oy{y rfgg bftodctmuqcago qoyug{y dqml xfblon{y refie qoci{ qcxfkgv %cnk lcv {eoqodmqo ecto c yemq{

rmq`fnb gfdo& au{ lcv bfto unqocgfy{ficggv xmmq qoyug{y dqml imc{fnby imn{cfnfnb xfblon{y

yuie cy zfni xemyxec{o refie qoyxmnk qogc{ftogv ygmrgv cnk cqo "mtoqreoglok" av {eo {oy{

imnkf{fmny au{ rmq` oddoi{ftogv unkoq nmqlcg oxmyuqo imnkf{fmny.

I.1. Qoyfn yvy{oly

C rfko qcnbo md afnkoqy fy uyok fn cn{fimqqmyfto xcfn{y' cnk fnkook f{ lcv ao cyyulok {ec{

cnv afnkoq refie fy qogc{ftogv fnoq{ cnk kuqcago ecy cxxgfic{fmny fn {efy cqoc. C nulaoq md

imllmngv uyok afnkoqy cqo gfy{ok fn {eo {cago aogmr xuqogv cy oclxgoy' au{ {efy fy dcq

dqml aofnb c "imlxgo{o" gfy{fnb.

Afnkoq {vxo Iuqfnb cbon{yRc{oqamqno'

ymgton{amqno mq 388/

ymgfky

Ciqvgfi

imxmgvloq Md{on xevyficg kqvfnb mngv RA' YA


11/101

Cg`cgf yfgfic{oRc{oq otcxmqc{fmn -qoci{fmnrf{e zfni

RA

Cg`vk Lo{cg ymcxy Nmqlcggv YA

Iegmqfnc{ok

quaaoqXevyficg kqvfnb YA

Oxmv oy{oq Cy cg`vky YA

O{evg yfgfic{o Qoci{fmn rf{e zfni YA

Lmfy{uqo iuqokX_

Clafon{ lmfy{uqo YA

Xmgvyfgmcno Yogd,iqmyygfn`fnb YA

Xmgvuqoc Fymivcnc{o YA mq 388/

[rm,xci` oxmvFymivcnc{o'xmgvclfko'`o{flfno mq xmgvclfno iuqo

RA' YA' 388/

[rm,xci`

xmgvuqo{ecnoFymivcnc{o YA mq 388/

[cago 3 : Oclxgoy md afnkoqy uyok fn cn{fimqqmyfto imc{fnby

_nkoqy{cnkfnb {eo nc{uqo md {eo imc{fnb icn ao iqf{ficg {m ciefotfnb bmmk xoqdmqlcnio. [mm

efbe c dfgl aufgk lcv icuyo ymgton{ agfy{oqfnb mq iuqo xqmagoly %cnk "{mm efbe" icn tcqv

dqml 38,31 l dmq XTA o{ie xqfloqy {m ?88 l mq lmqo dmq efbe,aufgk oxmfoy&.

Ckkf{fmncggv' refgo efbe eulfkf{v icn qo{cqk kqvfnb mq icuyo imc{fnb dcfguqoy fn rc{oqamqno

yvy{oly' yvy{oly yuie cy yfnbgo,xci` uqo{ecnoy cnk `o{flfno,iuqok oxmfoy xmyf{ftogv

kolcnk yuddfifon{ rc{oq fn {eo cfq {m ciefoto iuqfnb.

I.9. Xqm{oi{fto xfblon{y

Zfni,qfie imc{fnby fnimqxmqc{fnb toqv efbe gotogy md lo{cggfi zfni icn unkoq dctmuqcago

ifqiuly{cnioy xqmtfko c lcfn{oncnio,dqoo imc{fnb gfdo{flo md ux {m 1? vocqy' imlxcqcago {m

mq oiookfnb {eo xoqdmqlcnio md bcgtcnfyfnb. Fnkook' mno xfxogfno fn Cuy{qcgfc y{fgg ecy f{y

mqfbfncg imc{fnb' cxxgfok lmqo {ecn ?8 vocqy cbm' fn bmmk imnkf{fmn rf{e mngv gmicgfyok

qoxcfq rmq`.

[efy `fnk md xoqdmqlcnio icn mngv ao ciefotok av uyfnb gmr gotogy md afnkoq' vo{

oy{cagfyefnb lcflul ckeoyfmn {m {eo yuay{qc{o. Fnmqbcnfi xcfn{y uyfnb cg`cgf,lo{cg

yfgfic{oy %rc{oqamqno& mq o{evg yfgfic{o %ymgton{amqno& afnkoqy icn xoqdmql o{qologv rogg

fn lcqfno c{lmyxeoqoy' cnk ecto nm qftcgy reoqo yfnbgo,imc{ yvy{oly cqo qosufqok cnk

coy{eo{fiy cqo unflxmq{cn{' au{ {eo fnf{fcg kqvfnb imnkf{fmny lcv ao iqf{ficg {m ciefotfnb

bmmk xoqdmqlcnio cnk {eo efbegv cg`cgfno yvy{ol fy gfcago {m icuyo xqmagoly reon

mtoqimc{fnb.
http://www.specialchem4coatings.com/tc/rheology/index.aspx?&or=dlhttp://www.specialchem4coatings.com/tc/polyurethane-dispersion/index.aspx?&or=dlhttp://www.specialchem4coatings.com/tc/rheology-hase-heur/index.aspx?&or=dlhttp://www.specialchem4coatings.com/tc/rheology-hase-heur/index.aspx?&or=dlhttp://www.specialchem4coatings.com/tc/polyurethane-dispersion/index.aspx?&or=dlhttp://www.specialchem4coatings.com/tc/rheology/index.aspx?&or=dl


12/101

Kuqfnb kqvfnb md {eoyo imc{fnby' zfni yfgfic{o fy dmqlok' {eo yfgfic{o lmgoiugoy xqoifxf{c{o

mu{ md ymgu{fmn {m dmql c ecqk imc{fnb cnk qoci{fmny rf{e fqmn cgym miiuq' flxqmtfnb {eo

amnkfnb md {eo imc{fnb {m {eo yuay{qc{o.

Mqbcnfi zfni,qfie imc{fnby cqo xqodoqqok reoqo {eo yvy{ol fy {m ao mtoqimc{ok. Iegmqfnc{ok

quaaoqy' xmgvy{vqono' lmfy{uqo,iuqfnb uqo{ecnoy cnk cg`vky ecto cgg aoon uyok cy afnkoqy'

au{ {eo lmy{ imllmngv uyok yvy{oly {mkcv cqo acyok mn oxmv qoyfny.

Acqqfoq xfblon{y. Lcnv xfblon{y mxoqc{o lcfngv av mddoqfnb !xcyyfto xqm{oi{fmn!'

onecnifnb {eo acqqfoq oddoi{ md {eo imc{fnb. Lfic' cgulfnful' bgcyy dgcò cnk lficiomuy

fqmn mfko %LFM& cqo cgg rfkogv uyok. [eofq oddoi{ftonoyy koxonky mn {eo dci{ {ec{ {eovecto c gcloggcq' dgcò dmql cnk rfgg nmqlcggv cgfbn {eolyogtoy lmqo mq goyy xcqcggog {m {eo

yuqdcio md {eo imc{fnb. [efy qokuioy rc{oq cnk fmnfi xoqlocafgf{v av dmqifnb fmny mq rc{oq

lmgoiugoy {m {cò cn fnkfqoi{ xc{e dqml yuqdcio {m yuay{qc{o %yoo dfbuqo&. [cgi' uyucggv

igcyyok cy cn !o{onkoq! qc{eoq {ecn c xqflcqv xfblon{' fy cgym imllmngv dmunk fn

cn{fimqqmyfto xcfn{y' aoicuyo f{ fy am{e efbegv fnoq{ cnk ecy c gcloggcq dmql.

Dfbuqo 3: Gcloggcq o{onkoq %[mx& yemrfnb

acqqfoq oddoi{ qokuifnb lmfy{uqo xono{qc{fmn'

rf{e nocq yxeoqficg xcq{figoy %aogmr& dmq
http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('http://../webku/data/ebook/cat%20besi/javascript:moveTo('


13/101

imlxcqfymn.

LFM fy c efbegv oddoi{fto cn{fimqqmyfto xfblon{ refie ecy aoon uyok fn imc{fnby dmq lmqo

{ecn 388 vocqy. Fn tmgulo {oqly' LFM ciimun{y dmq mngv 3/ md {eo rmqgk"y kolcnk dmq fqmn

mfkoy , camu{ 3? 888 {mnnoy xoq vocq , au{ xqfioy dmq {eo gcloggcq bqckoy refie bfto {eo

aoy{ xoqdmqlcnio cqo qogc{ftogv efbe dmq c nc{uqcg xfblon{' c{ cqmunk +988 xoq {mnno. [eoqo

fy iuqqon{gv c {qonk {m agonk {efy lc{oqfcg rf{e nmn,gcloggcq LFM refie icn ao qockfgv

ma{cfnok dmq c {on{e md {eo xqfio.

Cg{emube lfiqmnfyok bqckoy ecto aoon fn{qmkuiok {m cggmr {eo lc{oqfcg {m ao uyok fn

{efnnoq imc{fnby' kolcnk fy qogc{ftogv y{c{fi' kuo {m imlxo{f{fmn dqml bgcyy dgcò fn efbe,

aufgk imc{fnby' {eo fn{qmkui{fmn md lmqo oddoi{fto gmroq,aufgk imc{fnby acyok mn lmqo

cktcniok afnkoqy' cnk c {qonk {mrcqky {eo imny{qui{fmn md aqfkboy fn imniqo{o qc{eoq {ecn

y{oog.

Md {eo m{eoq imllmn acqqfoq xfblon{y' lfic fy cglmy{ {m{cggv fnoq{ ieolficggv cnk fy

qoyfy{cn{ {m efbe {olxoqc{uqoy. Cgulfnful dgcò fy yonyf{fto {m lmfy{uqo cnk cg`cgfno

imnkf{fmny. Y{cfngoyy y{oog dgcò dfnky ymlo cxxgfic{fmny' au{ fy qogc{ftogv oxonyfto. Bgcyy

dgcò fy xmxugcq fn efbe,aufgk imc{fnby dmq eoctv,ku{v cxxgfic{fmny.

Xqflcqv bqfnkfnb av {eo lcnudci{uqoq md gcloggcq xfblon{ fy uyucggv cflok c{ xqmkuifnb

{eo {efnnoy{ dgcòy xmyyfago' au{ yuayosuon{ bqfnkfnb kuqfnb xcfn{ lcnudci{uqo lcv aqoc`

kmrn {eo xgc{ogo{y' cnk {eon cy {eo xcq{figo yfzo fy qokuiok' {eo oddoi{ftonoyy koiqocyoy cy

{eo "gcavqfn{e" oddoi{ fy qokuiok.

[eo amnkfnb ao{roon xfblon{ xcq{figoy cnk qoyfn fy iqf{ficg {m ciefotfnb cn oddoi{ftoacqqfoq. F{ rfgg ao cddoi{ok av yuqdcio {qoc{lon{ cnk {eo iemfio md kfyxoqyfnb yuqdci{cn{ cnk


14/101

nm{ noioyycqfgv fn rcvy {ec{ lfbe{ ao oxoi{ok. Flxqmtfnb {eo amnk iqoc{oy cn

flxoqlocago gcvoq cqmunk {eo xcq{figoy cnk ym oddoi{ftogv ongcqboy {eo tmgulo miiuxfok av

{eo dfggoq. Refgo {efy qokuioy {eo xoqlocafgf{v md {eo imc{fnb' f{ fy cgym gfcago {m fniqocyo

fn{oqncg y{qoyyoy cnk fn {ec{ rcv qokuio ckeoyfmn {m {eo yuay{qc{o' fniqocyfnb {eo qfy` md

imc{fnb dcfguqo.

I.;.Ci{fto xqm{oi{fmn xfblon{y

Tcqfmuy dmqly md gock cnk ieqmlc{o xfblon{y ecto {qckf{fmncggv aoon uyok {m xqmtfko

oddoi{fto imqqmyfmn xqm{oi{fmn' au{ iuqqon{ gobfygc{fmn bqoc{gv qoy{qfi{y {eofq uyo. Rf{e {eofq

koxcq{uqo' zfni xemyxec{o ecy oy{cagfyeok c y{qmnb xmyf{fmn cy cn ci{fto xfblon{ fn

cn{fimqqmyfto xqfloqy. F{ fy imnyfkoqok {m ecto {eqoo xqm{oi{fto loiecnfyly:

dmqlc{fmn md c xqm{oi{fto cnmkfi dfgl0 xemyxec{o fmn kmnc{fmn {m {eo yuay{qc{o0 dmqlc{fmn md cn{fimqqmyfto imlxgooy rf{e ioq{cfn afnkoqy.

Refgo zfni xemyxec{o ecy xqmtok oddoi{fto fn qocg,rmqgk yf{uc{fmny' cy cgqockv nm{ok' f{ fy

md{on dmunk {m xoqdmql xmmqgv fn ciiogoqc{ok eulfkf{v mq ycg{yxqcv {oy{y. F{ cxxocqy {ec{ {eo

lc{oqfcg fy nm{ cago {m gocie cnk qoci{ qcxfkgv onmube {m qoyxmnk {m yuie yotoqo

ontfqmnlon{y' au{ unkoq xqci{ficg imnkf{fmny f{y qoyxmnyo {m imqqmyfto c{{ci` fy xoqdoi{gv

ckosuc{o. [euy' reon yuxxgfoqy md xqmxqfo{cqv lmkfdfok zfni xemyxec{o xfblon{y igcfl

yuxoqfmq xoqdmqlcnio dmq {eofq xqmkui{y' mno luy{ cy` reo{eoq {eo qoyug{y ma{cfnok fn

ciiogoqc{ok {oy{y rfgg ao qodgoi{ok fn flxqmtok xoqdmqlcnio fn xqci{fio#

Zfni xemyxec{o lmkfdfic{fmny fniguko' dmq oclxgo' cgulfnful zfni xemyxec{o' zfni

lmgvakc{o xemyxec{o cnk zfni yfgfimxemyxec{o evkqc{o.


15/101

Ymlo md {eo kfddfiug{foy {ec{ icn miiuq fn otcguc{fnb ci{fto xfblon{y cqo fgguy{qc{ok av {oy{y

mn zfni xmgvxemyxec{o. [efy rcy xqoxcqok av qoci{fmn ao{roon ymkful {qfxmgvxemyxec{o

cnk zfni nf{qc{o. [eo qoyug{fnb xfblon{ %refie fnimqxmqc{ok c ylcgg clmun{ md qoyfkucg

ymkful& rcy dmunk {m xoqdmql oddoi{ftogv c{ gmr ckkf{fmny fn cg`vk xcfn{y' au{ goyy

oddoi{ftogv fn oxmv xcfn{y. F{ fy yubboy{ok {ec{ {eoqo lcv ao' mn {eo mno ecnk' yvnoqbfy{fiqoci{fmny ao{roon {eo zfni cnk cg`vk qoyfny' cnk mn {eo m{eoq' c kobqoo md fnimlxc{fafgf{v

ao{roon {eo xfblon{ cnk {eo oxmv qoyfn yvy{ol.

Cbcfn' zfni mfko icn ao ckkok fn ylcgg sucn{f{foy cgmnb rf{e m{eoq ci{ftoy' au{ luy{ ao

uyok rf{e icqo cy f{ ecy {eo oddoi{ md fniqocyfnb {eo iqmyygfn` konyf{v md cg`vk cnk m{eoq

afnkoqy' fniqocyfnb {eofq ecqknoyy au{ cgym lc`fnb {eo yvy{ol lmqo aqf{{go. Cn ckkf{fmncg

xqm{oi{fto oddoi{ fn {mximc{y qoyug{y dqml f{y _T caymqx{fmn xqmxoq{foy.

Icgiful,oiecnbok yfgfic qoxqoyon{y c kfddoqon{ cxxqmcie {m imqqmyfmn xqm{oi{fmn. [efy {vxo

md xfblon{ ecy c ylcgg xcq{figo yfzo' gmr konyf{v cnk imn{cfny camu{ 4/ icgiful av rofbe{.

F{ fy lcnudci{uqok av cn fmn,oiecnbo qoci{fmn mn yfgfic bog xcq{figoy. F{y xqm{oi{fto ci{fmn

fy aogfotok {m ao cn fmn,oiecnbo xqmioyy' fn refie imqqmyfto ycg{y xono{qc{fnb {eo imc{fnb

cqo fllmafgfyok mn {eo yfgfic yuay{qc{o refgo am{e icgiful cnk yfgfic fmny cqo qogocyok cnk

lfbqc{o {mrcqky {eo yuay{qc{o' %{emube {efy loiecnfyl ecy aoon kfyxu{ok&. [eo xfblon{

ecy {eo unuyucg xqmxoq{v md qogocyfnb f{y fnefaf{fnb imlxmnon{y mngv fn qoyxmnyo {mimqqmyfto c{{ci`' {euy lfnflfyfnb gmyyoy av gociefnb' cnk cxxocqy {m ao c{ gocy{ cy oddoi{fto

cy zfni xemyxec{o.

Aoicuyo md f{y gmr konyf{v cnk efbe ci{fto yuqdcio cqoc' f{ fy bonoqcggv imnyfkoqok {ec{ {eo

clmun{ qosufqok fn c dmqlugc{fmn imqqoyxmnky {m {eo tmgulo' qc{eoq {ecn {eo rofbe{' md zfni

xfblon{ qoxgciok. F{ cxxocqy {m imlafno rogg rf{e m{eoq {vxoy md xqm{oi{fto xfblon{y' au{ f{

yemugk ao nm{ok {ec{ f{ fy efbegv cg`cgfno' cnk {eoqodmqo xqmagoly lcv miiuq rf{e cifk,

aocqfnb afnkoq yvy{oly.

Refgo lmy{ imqqmyfmn fnefaf{mqy cqo ymgfky' c nulaoq md gfsufk lc{oqfcgy lcv ao imlafnok

rf{e {eol. Lcnv cqo clfno ycg{y md ymlo dmql' m{eoqy cqo mqbcnfi cifky' cnk imnyfkoqc{fmn

{eoqodmqo ecy {m ao bfton {m xm{on{fcg qoci{fmny rf{e {eo afnkoq yvy{ol mq xfblon{y.

I.?. Xoqlu{c{fmny cnk imlafnc{fmny

C nulaoq md ogolon{y cnk imlxmunky lcv ao imnyfkoqok {m ooq{ ymlo xqm{oi{fto oddoi{

cbcfny{ imqqmyfmn' cnk {efy ecy gok {m {eo otmgu{fmn md c rfko qcnbo md xfblon{y refie {uqn


16/101

mu{' mn oclfnc{fmn' {m doc{uqo {eo yclo qogc{ftogv ylcgg qcnbo md xqm{oi{fto lc{oqfcgy fn

kfddoqon{ imlafnc{fmny. Ymlo duq{eoq oclxgoy %noioyycqfgv fnimlxgo{o& lcv ao aqfodgv

lon{fmnok:

Lmgvakc{oy cqo oddoi{fto au{ oxonyfto' cnk ym uyucggv dmunk fn {eo dmql mdimlxmunky {ec{ fnimqxmqc{o m{eoq cn{fimqqmyfto ogolon{y yuie cy zfni lmgvakc{o'

icgiful zfni lmgvakc{o cnk zfni lmgvakc{o xemyxec{o.

Cgulfnful {qfxmgvxemyxec{o %cgym ctcfgcago fn dmqly lmkfdfok rf{e zfni fmny mqyfgfic{o& , {eo {qfxmgvxemyxec{o fmn fy cago {m ieogc{o fqmn fmny' fn ckkf{fmn {m {eo

xqm{oi{fto oddoi{ md {eo xemyxec{o f{yogd.

Yfgfic{oy lcv ao dmunk fn {eo dmql md imlafnc{fmny yuie cy icgiful amqmyfgfic{o'icgiful acqful xemyxemyfgfic{o' icgiful y{qmn{ful zfni xemyxemyfgfic{o' y{qmn{ful

xemyxemyfgfic{o' acqful xemyxemyfgfic{o.

Cn mvclfnmxemyxec{o ycg{ md lcbnoyful fy mddoqok imlloqifcggv' {emube f{ fyqoimllonkok mngv dmq uyo fn ymgton{,amqno xqfloqy. Rf{e c qogc{ftogv gmr yxoifdfi

bqctf{v md 1.1' f{ icn ao uyok c{ c gmroq rofbe{ ckkf{fmn {ecn zfni,acyok xfblon{y.9

Aocu{v fy mngv y`fn koox' Luie md {eo oddmq{ %cnk xfblon{& {ec{ fy xu{ fn{m cn

cn{fimqqmyfto xcfn{ oyyon{fcggv ecy {eo duni{fmn md {qvfnb {m lcflfyo xqm{oi{fmn md

kclcbok cqocy md {eo imc{fnb' cnk fn {ec{ yonyo' luie md f{ fy nm{ qosufqok. [eon' {mm' fncnv xqm{oi{fto qoci{fmn ao{roon xfblon{ cnk imqqmyfto ycg{y f{ fy {eo yuqdcio md {eo xfblon{

qc{eoq {ecn {eo on{fqo xcq{figo refie fy fntmgtok. Imqo,yeogg lc{oqfcgy rf{e cn fnoq{ imqo

ecto aoon yemrn {m ao cn oddoi{fto rcv md qokuifnb {eo sucn{f{v mdafmifko nookok {m

xqmtfko xqm{oi{fmn fn cn{fdmugfnb xcfn{y. Fy f{ {eon xmyyfago {m kotogmx imc{fnby refie rfgg

ecto cn o{onkok gfdo{flo cnk lc`o lmqo oddfifon{ uyo md cn{fimqqmyfto xfblon{y refie cqo

md{on oxonyfto= C nulaoq md cxxqmcieoy cqo unkoq fntoy{fbc{fmn.

Dmq oclxgo' mno imlloqifcggv ctcfgcago imlxmyf{o xfblon{ imlxqfyoy 58/ doqqfi mfko

rf{e c yuqdcio imc{fnb md zfni xemyxec{o. F{ fy qoimllonkok cy c zfni xemyxec{o

qoxgciolon{ dmq cn{fimqqmyfto xqfloqy cnk dfggoqy.

C kucg,xuqxmyo mxcifdvfnb cnk cn{fimqqmyfmn xfblon{ ecy aoon xqmkuiok av imc{fnb

{f{cnful kfmfko dfqy{ rf{e cn cn{fimqqmyfto gcvoq {eon rf{e cn mqbcnfi {qoc{lon{ {m flxqmto

kfyxoqyfafgf{v. F{ fy igcflok {ec{ {eo imlxmyf{o xfblon{ nm{ mngv xqmtfkoy oioggon{

xqm{oi{fmn fn %dmq oclxgo& imfg imc{fnb xqfloqy au{ fn cq{fdfifcg roc{eoqfnb {oy{y' bctoao{{oq bgmyy qo{on{fmn cnk goyy iecg`fnb {ecn y{cnkcqk {f{cnful kfmfko.


17/101


18/101

ACA FF

ACECN XONV_Y_N IC[

1.3 Xonkceugucn

Aoaoqcxc acnvc` lcicl acecn acù {oqgfac{ kcgcl xolauc{cn ic{' {o{cxf fn{fnvcic{ {oqkfqf kcqf xckc{cn %ymgfky& kcn icfqcn %gfsufky&. Konbcn acbfcn xckc{cn {oqyoau{

{oq{cecn %{oqyuyxonyf& kcgcl xmqyf icfqcn c{cu icqqfoq. Ymgfky c{cu xckc{cn ckcgce acecn

vcnb {oq{fnbbcg kf xoqlu`ccn yo{ogce acbfcn gfsufk lonbucx. Ymgfky {oqkfqf kcqf aoaoqcxc

lc{oqfcg' yo{fcxnvc kfkoycfn un{u` lonbecyfg`cn aoaoqcxc xqmxoq{f kcqf ic{' nclun vcnb

u{clc ckcgce xfblon %xorcqnc& kcn afnkoq %xoqo`c{&.

@o{f`c ic{ kfcxgf`cyf`cn ò xoqlu`ccn xqmyoy xonboqfnbcn kflugcf. Acbfcn icfq -

icqqfoq lugcf lonbucx kcn lonfnbbcg`cn gcxfycn dfgl' gcxfycn dfgl {oqkfqf kcqf afnkoq'ckf{fd kcn xfblon.

Lolceclf acbcflcnc ic{ lonboqfnb ckcgce ycnbc{ xon{fnb. Ic{ lonboqfnb xckc 1

icqc' vcf{u xonbucxcn ymgton{ xckc ic{ acyfy lfnvc` - ymgton{ kcn imcgoyio %xoqyc{ucn&

xckc acyfy gc{o c{cu acyfy cfq.

Xckc acyfy lfnvc`' xcq{fòg xcq{fòg ic{ lugcf aoqbcaunb kcn lolaon{u` xcq{fòg

vcnb goafe xcnjcnb' xqmyoy fnf kfòncg yoacbcf ieolficg amnkfnb %f`c{cn `flfc&. Xckc ic{

acyfy cfq' xfblon{' afnkoq kcn ckkf{fto {fkc` yoicqc `flfcrf ycgfnb lonbf`c{ ò{f`c ic{

lonboqfnb. Nclun xcq{fòg xcq{fòg aoqboqc` loqcxc{ - lonko`c{ - lonvc{u aoqyclc ,

yclc un{u` lonbfyf bcx vcnb kf{fnbbcg`cn mgoe lonbucxnvc xcq{fòg cfq' donmlonc fnf

kfòncg yoacbcf imcgoyionio - xonvc{ucn.

1.1 Xogcqu{

Yoauce ic{ lolau{ue`cn acbfcn icfq cbcq xcq{fòg xfblon' afnkoq kcn lc{oqfcg

xckc{ gcfnnvc kcxc{ lonbcgfq. Icfqcn xckc yuc{u ic{ kfyuyun mgoe ymgton{ kcn c{cu kfguon{.

Ymgton{ aoqcycg kcqf `c{c kfyymgto kcn kfguon{ aoqcycg kcqf `c{c kfgu{o. @okucnvc ckcgce

yuc{u icfqcn vcnb lolxunvcf òlclxucn un{u` logcqu{`cn %kfyymgto& yuc{u lc{oqfcg.

@okucnvc jubc kfòncg yoacbcf {efnnoq `cqonc òkucnvc lolfgf`f òlclxucn un{u`

lonbonioq`cn ic{ ò òòn{cgcn vcnb kffnbfn`cn. Cfq loy`fxun kcxc{ logcqu{`cn yuay{cny

{fkc` kfcnbbcx yoacbcf ymgton{ un{u` ic{ `cqonc cfq {fkc` logcqu{`cn qoyfn. Cfq ckcgce

ymgton{ un{u` bugc `cqonc bugc kcxc{ gcqu{ mgoe cfq' au`cn ymgton{ un{u` qoyfn. Cfq xckc

gc{o ckcgce yoacbcf xonbonioq au`cn xogcqu{ qoyfn.

Ymgton{ vcnb xcgfnb acnvc` kfbunc`cn ckcgce ymgton{ `flfc mqbcnf` %lonbcnkunb

`cqamn&. Fnf kfnclc`cn ymgton{ mqbcnf`. Ymgton{ afcycnvc lolxunvcf {f{f` kfkfe vcnb


19/101

qonkce kcn lukce lonbucx' c{cu lukce kfefgcnb`cn konbcn kfy{fgcyf' yoefnbbc

lonfnbbcg`cn yuay{cnyf vcnb kfgcqu{`cn. @cqoncnvc òlukfcn luniug fy{fgce TMI

%tmgc{fgo mqbcnf` imlxmunk& vcnb cq{fnvc `flfc mqbcnf` vcnb lolfgf`f {o`cncn ucx vcnb

iuùx xckc `mnkfyf nmqlcg un{u` lonbucx kcn lolcyu`f c{lmydoq. Lc{oqfcg aoqacyf

`cqamn yoxoq{f cgkoefk' ò{mno' kcn efkqm`cqamn ckcgce TMI.Ymgton{ ecquy {fkc` aoqoc`yf `flfc konbcn lc{oqfcg vcnb kfgcqu{`cn. Ymgton{

afcycnvc ckcgce aonfnb kcn icfqcn {c`,aoqrcqnc kcn òacnvc`cn lolxunvcf acu vcnb

ècy. @mnyon{qcyf kcqf yoauce gcqu{cn ckcgce julgce lc{oqfcg vcnb kfgcqu{`cn kcgcl

tmgulo {oq{on{u yuc{u ymgton{. Ymguafgf{v %{fnb`c{ ògcqu{cn ckcgce& julgce lc`yflcg yuc{u

lc{oqfcg vcnb gcqu{ xckc tmgulo {oq{on{u yuc{u ymgton{ xckc {olxoqc{uq {oq{on{u.

1.9 AfnkoqAfnkoq aoq{ubcy loqo`c{`cn xcq{fòg xcq{fòg xfblon ò kcgcl gcxfycn dfgl ic{

kcn lolauc{ ic{ loqo`c{ xckc xoqlu`ccn. [fxo afnkoq kcn xqmyon{cyo afnkoq kcgcl yuc{u

dmqlugc ic{ lonon{u`cn acnvc` ecg kcqf xodmqlc ic{ yoxoq{f rcyecafgf{v %ò{cecncn ycc{

kfiuif konbcn cfq&' yiquaacafgf{v %ò{cecncn ycc{ kfbmym`&' imgmq qo{on{fmn %òùc{cn

rcqnc& kcn ckeoyf %kcvc qo`c{&.

Afnkoq kfauc{ kcqf lc{oqfcg aoqnclc qoyfn vcnb afyc kcqf acecn cgcl afyc jubc

yfn{o{fy. Yolc`fn acnvc` afnkoq c{cu qoyfn kcgcl ic{' yolc`fn acf` ic{nvc' yolc`fn

lonb`fgcx' kcn yolc`fn {cecn gclc. Xckc ic{ acyfy cfq' qoyfn vcnb {c` gcqu{ cfq kfxqmyoy

yoicqc `flfc yoefnbbc kcxc{ gcqu{ konbcn cfq' xqmyoy fnf kfyoau{ olugyfdf`cyf. Ecyfg

cèfqnvc yoqfnb kfyoau{ konbcn gc{o.

Afnkoq c{cu xoqo`c{ xckc ic{ kcxc{ yoacbcf acecn cgcl - nc{uqcg kcn jubc acecn

yfn{o{f` c{cu xmgvloq. Xmgvloq yonkfqf aoqcycg kcqf `c{c Vuncnf xmgv %acnvc`& kcn loqmy

%xcq{&' cq{fnvc acnvc` acbfcn. Acecn cgcl imn{menvc bo{ce kclcq' bul cqca' lfnvc`

gfnyook' kgg. Yoaoncqnvc acecn cgcl jubc {oqlcyu` xmgvloq nclun {oqlcyu` xmgvloq

cgclf %nc{uqcg xmgvloq&. Xmgvloq yfn{o{f` kfauc{ kcqf acecn cgcl vcnb kflmkfdf`cyf yoicqc

`flfc %imn{menvc qoyfn cg`vk& kcn jubc kcxc{ kfauc{ yoguquenvc yfn{o{f` %imn{me qoyfn

xeonmgfi&. Qoyfn cg`vk kfauc{ konbcn xqmyoy oy{oqfdf`cyf lfnvc` gfnyook c{cu lfnvc` `cy{mq

yoefnbbc ecyfg cèfq afnkoq goafe òqcy' ùc{ kcn {cecn gclc.

1.; Xorcqnc

Xonvokfc rcqnc xckc yuc{u ic{ kcxc{ lonbbunc`cn xfblon{ kcn kcxc{ xugc

lonbbunc`cn kvo. Xfblon{ ckcgce iclxuqcn `flfc vcnb lonvokfc`cn rcqnc kcn {fkc`

gcqu{ kcgcl cfq. Ic{ ckcgce yoauce kfyxoqyf kcqf xfblon{ vcnb aoquùqcn lf`qmy`mxfy vcnb


20/101


21/101

ACA FFF

XOGCQ_[

9.3 Xonkceugucn

Ymgton{ kfkodfnfyf`cn yoacbcf yuc{u yuay{cnyf vcnb lolxunvcf òùc{cn un{u`logcqu{`cn %kfyymgtfnb& c{cu lolaon{u` yuc{u gcqu{cn %ymguyf& konbcn yoyuc{u. Yoauce

ymguyf kfkodfnfycf`cn yoacbcf yuay{cnyf vcnb kfgcqu{`cn' èuyuynvc kcqf aon{u` xckc{

%ymgfk& c{cu bcy ò aon{u` icfq %gfsufk&. Xckc ic{' ymgton{ logcqu{`cn qoyfn kcn xmgfloq.

Gcqu{cn fnf lolukce`cn xqmyoy lcnudc`{uq kcn cxgf`cyf kcqf ic{' kcn yoacbcf ecyfg kcqf

otcxmqcyf ymgton{ yo{ogce cxgf`cyf ic{' loldcyfgf{cyf xolaon{u`cn dfgl kcqf ic{. Oyonyfnvc'

ymgton{ lonb`mntoqyf cbqobc{ kcqf lmgoùg xmgfloq kcn qoyfn ò kcgcl lmgoùg {unbbcg

c{cu iguy{oq òifg kcqf lmgoùg kcgcl gcqu{cn. Kcgcl yoauce gcqu{cn' lmgoùg kcqf {oqgcqu{kcn ymgton{ {oqkfyxoqyf yc{u konbcn gcfnnvc. Lolaon{u` gcqu{cn ckcgce xqmyoy vcnb lukce

un{u` lolfyce`cn lmgoùg. Yojcgcn ò{f`c ymgton{ lonbucx yo{ogce cxgf`cyf kcqf ic{'

lmgoùg xmgfloq-qoyfn yo`cgf gcbf lolaon{u` cbqobc{o kcn lonjckf xckc{. Dfgl ic{ kcxc{

lunb`fn kfkoxmyf{`cn yoacbcf aon{u` cèfqnvc %xonboic{cn nmn `mntoq{faog& c{cu kcxc{

kflmkfdf`cyf yoicqc `flfc yo{ogce koxmyfyf %xonboic{cn `mntoq{faog&. M`yfkcyf' xolcncycn'

kcn qckfcyf ckcgce imn{me icqc kflcnc yuc{u dfgl kcxc{ kf`mntoqyf-kfuace yoicqc `flfc

yo{ogce cxgf`cyf.

Ymgton{ ckcgce cyo{ vcnb aoqecqbc yo`cgfbuy jcec{ xckc kunfc xonboic{cn. Aoqbunc'

`cqonc lolukce`cn dcaqf`cyf kcqf ic{' lolacn{u xckc ycc{ cxgf`cyf konbnc yobcgc lcicl

{o`nf`' lonbmn{qmg kcn lolaoqf `mn{qfauyf xckc xqmxoq{f dfgl ic{. Ymgton{ lonjckf jcec{

`cqonc eclxfq yoluc ymgton{ lonbucx ò kcgcl c{lmydoq kcn lcyu` ò kcgcl cfq yoacbcf

gflace aoqciun.

9.1 @gcyfdf`cyf Ymgton{ lonuqu{ Acecn Kcycqnvc

Yoicqc bcqfy aoycq ymgton{ kfacbf lonjckf kuc acbfcn vcf{u ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn kcn

ymgton{ mvbonc{ok. Ymgton{ mvbonc{ok jubc kfyoau{ yoacbcf ymgton{ `flfc' yoauce

fy{fgce `cqonc ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn kfauc{ ecnvc kcqf {uquncn lfnvc` aulf' kcn ymgton{

mvbonc{ok kfauc{ kcqf yfn{oyc `flfc.

9.1.3 Ymgton{ Efkqm`cqamn

Ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn ecnvc lonbcnkunb `cqamn kcn efkqmbon. Lc{oqfcg gcfn yoxoq{f

yugduq kcn gmbcl aoqc{' vcnb lunb`fn ckc xckc qcr lc{oqfcg kcqf ymgton{ kfùqcnbf yclxcf


22/101

acbfcn xoqju{c %xxl& c{cu `uqcnb ycc{ dcaqf`cyf. [oqkcxc{ olxc{ `mlafncyf ymgton{

efkqm`cqamn `mloqyfcg' yonkfqf' c{cu `mlafncyf' vcf{u :

c. efkqm`cqamn qcn{cf guquy {oqyc{uqcyf' kfyoau{ yoacbcf xcqcdfn gfnfoq-nmqlcg %,n&

a. efkqm`cqamn qcn{cf aoqicacnb %aqcnieok& {oqyc{uqcyf' kfyoau{ fymxcqqcdfn

i. efkqm`cqamn yf`gf` {oqyc{uqcyf' kfyoau{ ncd{onc c{cu ivigmxcqcddfnk. efkqm`cqamn yf`gf` {c`,{oqyc{uqcyf' kfyoau{ cqmlc{fi

Imn{me kcqf {fxo,{fxonvc kcxc{ kfgfec{ xckc {caog 1;.3

[caog 9.3 Ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn `mloqyfcg

[fxo Ymgton{ @cnkunbcn Imn{me

Y{qcfbe{ qun

xo{qmgoul dqci{fmn

Xcqcddfn gfnfoq

Xcqcdfnaoqicacnb

Ncxe{onc

Cqmlc{f`

YAX %yxoifcg amfgfnb

xmfn{& ncxe{cRef{o Yxfqf{

Kocqmlc{fzok

xo{qmgoul dqci{fmn

Xcqcddfn gfnfoq

Xcqcdfn

aoqicacnb

Ncxe{onc

Cqmlc{f` 3/

Oymg K %Omn

Ieolficg&

Yeoggymg K %Yeogg

Ieolficg&

Fymxcqcddfnfi

dqci{fmn

Fymxcqcddfn

Ncxe{onc ?/

Fymxcq %Omn

Ieolficg&

Yeoggymg [ %Yeogg

Ieolficg&

Cqmlc{fi dqci{fmn Cqmlc{f`

66/

[mguono

Uvgono

Ymgtoyym %Omn

Ieolficg&

Yeoggymg C %Yeogg

Ieolficg&

Ncxe{onfi

dqci{fmn

Ncxe{onc

6?/

Ivigmeocno

Lo{evg ivigmeocno

Ncxxcq %Omn

Ieolficg&


23/101

Yoicqc òyoguquecn' ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn lolxunvcf kcvc logcqu{`cn vcnb qonkce ò

lononbce kcn ecnvc logcqu{`cn aoaoqcxc qoyfn ycjc vcnb kfxc`cf kcgcl ic{. Fnf {oqlcyu`

cg`vk' ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn acnvc` kfxc`cf xckc ic{ un{u` qulce kcn fnkuy{qf vcnb

aoqacyfy cg`vk. Ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn {oqyokfc kcgcl aoqlcicl lcicl gcju otcxmqcyf.

Yoicqc ulul ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn ecqbcnvc goafe luqce kcqfxckc m`yfbonc{ok ymgton{.

9.1.1 Mvbonc{ok Ymgton{

Mvbonc{ok ymgton{ lonbcnkunb m`yfbon yoacbcf {clacecn kcqf `cqamn kcn

efkqmbon. Acnvc` {fxo kcqf mvbonc{ok ymgton{ vcnb kfxc`cf kcgcl ic{' {fxo {fxo vcnb

u{clc ckcgce ò{mn' oy{oq' cg`memg' bgf`mg o{oq' bgf`mg o{oq cyo{c{. Fnf kffguy{qcyf`cn xckc

{caog 9.1.

Xqmxoq{f mvbonc{ok ymgton{ aoqtcqfcyf yoyucf konbcn `gcyfdf`cyfnvc. @o{mn' c`cnlogcqu{`cn qoyfn tfnvg' cg`memg {fkc`. Y{qu`{uq `flfc kcqf ymgton{ jubc lolxonbcquef

xqmxoq{f dfyf`nvc. Cg`memg' vcnb ckcgce f`c{cn efkqmbon ùc{' lolxunvcf {o`cncn ucx

goafe kcqf {fxo {fxo m`yfbonc{ok vcnb gcfn konbcn {f{f` kfkfe vcnb yclc. Lo{evg o{evg

ò{mn kcn fymxqmxfg cg`memg ckcgce imn{menvc. @okucnvc lolxunvcf {f{f` kfkfe cn{cqc 26m

I yclxcf 51m I. Gcju otcxmqcyf kcqf ò{mn ckcgce kuc `cgf kcqf cg`memg.

Yoicqc ulul mvbonc{ok ymgton{ goafe ùc{ kcqf efkqm`cqamn' kflcnc loqo`c

logcqu{`cn aoaoqcxc acnvc` {fxo qoyfn kcgcl ic{. Loqo`c lolxunvcf aoqacbcf lcicl

{o`cncn ucx' loy`fxun ùc{' bqcko vcnb efbe amfgfnb {fkc` lolxunvcf odo` vcnb {oqgcgu

auqu` {oqeckcx gfnbùnbcn. M`yfbonc{ok ymgton{ lolxunvcf acu vcnb ycnbc{ ùc{' nclun

{fkc` yolucnvc {fkc` onc`. Yoicqc ulul loqo`c goafe lcecg kcqf ymgton{ efkqm`cqamn.

[caog 9.1 Ymgton{ mvbonc{ok

[fxo

ymgton{

Dmqlugc Imn{me Dmqlugc Loq`

Kcbcnb

@o{mn lo{evg o{evg

ò{mno

Oy{oq n,au{vg

cio{c{o

Cg`memg fymxqmxvg

cgimemg

Bgf`mgo{oq

o{evgonobgvimg

Au{vgioggmymgto


24/101

lmnmau{vg

o{eoq

Bgf`mg

o{oq

cio{c{o

xqmxvgono

bgvimg

lmnmlo{evg

o{eoq cio{c{o

Kmrcnmg

XLC

9.9 @gcyfdf`cyf Ymgton{ lonuqu{ Dunbyfnvc

[oqkcxc{ aoaoqcxc fy{fgce vcnb aoqeuaunbcn konbcn òlclxucn ymgton{ un{u`

logcqu{`cn qoyfn vcnb kfbunc`cn xckc fnkuy{qf imc{fnb' vcnb u{clc {oqkcxc{ olxc{ auce

vcf{u :

3. Ymgton{ c`{fd : Ymgton{ vcnb aoqkfqf yonkfqf lclxu logcqu{`cn qoyfn vcnb c`cnkfbunc`cn.

1. Gc{on{ ymgton{ : Ymgton{ gc{on{ au`cn ymgton{ c`{fd un{u` yuc{u qoyfn nclun

lonfnb`c{`cn ymgtoniv ymgton{ c`{fdnvc. gc{on{ ymgton{ odo`{fd konbcn nf{qmioggugmyo

9. Kfguon{ ymgton{ : Ckcgce nmn,ymgton{ un{u` qoyfn' kfxc`cf un{u` lonbu qcnbf imy{ kcqf

{m{cg ymgton{ kcgcl yfy{ol.

;. [efnnoq : Iclxuqcn ymgton{ vcnb afcycnvc yclc konbcn dmqlugcyf ymgton{ xckc ic{

kcgcl òlcycn vcnb kfbunc`cn un{u` lonuqun`cn òòn{cgcn.

Imn{me kcqf òolxc{ jonfy ymgton{ kcxc{ kfgfec{ xckc {caog 9.9.

[caog 9.9 Imn{me dunbyf ymgton{

@gcyfdf`cyf Imn{me ymgton{ Imn{me qoyfn vcnb imim`

C`{fd Efkqm`cqamn

cgfdc{f`

Efkqm`cqamn

cqmlc{f`

@o{mn

Oy{oq

Cg`vk gmnb mfg

Cg`vk yemq{ mfg' oxm`yf

Tfnvg' uqo{ecno' ciqvgfi

Nf{qmioggugmyo' oxm`yf

Gc{on{ Cg`memg Nf{qmioggugmyo

Kfguon{ Efkqm`cqamn Eclxfq yoluc qoyfn

[efnnoq Lfnoqcg yxfqf{ Gmnb mfg cg`vk


25/101

Xmgcqf{v' Ymguafgf{v kcn Lfyifafgf{v

Ymgton{ kcxc{ kf`gcyfdf`cyf`cn yoicqc ulul ò kcgcl 1 acbfcn vcf{u xmgcq

%efkqmdfgfc& kcn nmn,xmgcq %gfxmdfgfc&. Xmgcqf{cy kcxc{ kfuùq yoacbcf `mny{cn{c kfogo`{qf`

c{cu lmlon kfxmgo kcqf yuc{u iclxuqcn. Xmgcqf{cy kcqf yuc{u ymgton{ lonon{u`cn. Xmgcqf{cy

kcqf yuc{u ymgton{ lonon{u`cn iclxuqcn lcicl cxc vcnb afyc kfgcqu{`c kcn konbcnymgton{ gcfn c{cu iclxuqcn icfqcn vcnb lcnc yuc{u ymgton{ kcxc{ aoqiclxuq-gcqu{.

C{uqcnnvc' ymgton{ xmgcq logcqu{`cn iclxuqcn xmgcq konbcn acf`' kcn ymgton{ nmn,xmgcq

logcqu{`cn iclxuqcn nmn,xmgcq konbcn acf`. Iclxuqcn xmgcq ùc{ yoxoq{f bcqcl nmn,

mqbcnf` %imn{me:bcqcl lojc& c{cu bugc %imn{me : yu`qmyc& gcqu{ ecnvc xckc ymgton{ vcnb

ycnbc{ xmgcq' imn{menvc cfq. Iclxuqcn vcnb ycnbc{ nmn,xmgcq yoxoq{f lfnvc` c{cu gfgfn

ecnvc gcqu{ xckc ymgton{ vcnb ycnbc{ nmn,xmgcq' imn{menvc eo`ycnc. Yclc ecgnvc vcnb

{oqjckf cn{cqc cfq kcn eo`ycnc ckcgce ycgfnb {c` gcqu{ %lfyifago&' kcn c`cn lolfyce lonjckf1 gcxfycn loy`fxun {ogce kfcku` konbcn acf`.

AMFGFNB XMFN[

Xqmxoq{f xon{fnb gcfn kcqf ymgton{ ckcgce {f{f` kfkfe. Fnf jubc lonon{u`cn gcju

otcxmqcyf. Yoxoqif` ymgton{ konbcn {f{f` kfkfe vcnb qonkce yoxoq{f kfo{evg o{eoq'

kfiegmqmlo{ecno' c{cu cio{mno c`cn lnbucx kcgcl aoaoqcxc ko{f` ycjc xckc yueu `clcq.

Ymgton{ konbcn {f{f` kfkfe {fnbbf yoxoq{f cfq c{cu kflo{evg yugdmfko loloqgu`cn

{olxoqc{uq {fnbbf un{u` lonbucx.

Xqm{fi cnk cxqm{fi ymgton{y

C xmgcq cxqm{fi ymgton{ fy cio{mno %IE9,I%


26/101

Ymgton{ Ieolficg DmqlugcAmfgfnb

xmfn{Kfogoi{qfi imny{cn{ Konyf{v

Nmn,Xmgcq Ymgton{y

EocnoIE9,IE1,IE1,IE1,IE1,

IE946 I 1.8 8.4?? b-lg

Aonzono I4E4 58 I 1.9 8.526 b-lg

[mguono I4E?,IE9 333 I 1.; 8.542 b-lg

Kfo{evg o{eoq IE9IE1,M,IE1,IE9 9? I ;.9 8.239 b-lg

Iegmqmdmql IEIg9 43 I ;.5 3.;65 b-lg

O{evg cio{c{o IE9,I%


27/101

Dmqlfi cifk E,I%


28/101

kfxoqgu`cn un{u` xonbefgcnbcn ic{ kcn tcqnfy kcn yoacbcf gcqu{cn xolaoqyfe vcnb

kfbunc`cn xckc acbfcn lcnudc`{uq kcn xonvflxcncn.

9.?.1 LO@ %lo{evg o{evg ò{mno&

Kfacnkfnb`cn konbcn cyo{mn lc`c LO@ lolxunvcf {f{f` kfkfe vcnb goafe {fnbbf kcn gcju

xonbucxcn qonkce. LO@ kfbunc`cn yoicqc c`{fd kcgcl xogcqu{ gcisuoq nf{qm yogugmyo.Lolxunvcf {mgoqcnyf gcqu{ vcnb {fnbbf' qoyfy{cnyf aguye vcnb acf` un{u` gcju

xonbucxcnnvc' kcn loquxc`cn xogcqu{ vcnb ycnbc{ acf` un{u` qoyfn nc{uqcg kcn yfn{o{f`.

Mgoe `cqonc f{u lc`c LO@ kfbunc`cn kcgcl dmqlugcyf gcisuoq òxckc{cn {fnbbf.

Kfbunc`cn kcgcl gcisuoq tfnvg' xogcqu{ un{u` yogugmyo cyo{c{ kcn iogugmyo cyo{c{ au{fqc{

kcgcl xolauc{cn xoycrc{ {oqacnb.

9.?.9 LFA@ % lo{evg fymau{vg ò{mno &

Lolxunvcf òùc{cn xogcqu{cn vcnb ycnbc{ {fnbbf kcn gcju xonbucxcn vcnb lmkoqc{.LFA@ lolxunvcf ò{cecncn aguye vcnb ycnbc{ acf`' {mgoqcnyf kfguon{ vcnb ycnbc{ {fnbbf

kcn kcvc cgfq acbuy % bmmk dgmr & lolauc{nvc lonjckf xogcqu{ {unbbcg vcnb ycnbc{ fkocg

un{u` gcisuoq yolxqm{ nf{qm yogugmyo kcn aoqacbcf lcicl jonfy imc{fnb. LFA@ yoicqc gucy

kfbunc`cn yoacbcf xogcqu{ un{u` oxmv' xmgfuqo{ecno kcn yfy{ol imc{fnb nf{qmyogugmyo

`cqonc cgcycn kcvc gcqu{ kcn gcju xonbucxcn vcnb acf`

9.4 Cg`memg

9.4.3 O{evg Cg`memg

Kfòncg yoicqc `mloqyfcg yoacbcf cg`memg fnkuy{qf % lo{evgc{ok yxfqf{ &. O{ecnmg loquxc`cn

ycgce yc{u acecn vcnb{f{f` kfkfenvc qonkce yoicqc ulul kfbunc`cn un{u` nf{qmyogugmyo

gcisuoq. @cqonc òùc{cn xogcqu{cnnvc vcnb ycnbc{ acbuy kcn gcju xonbucxcnnvc vcnb

ioxc{ lolauc{ o{ecnmg lonjckf acecn vcnb kfyu`cf un{u` un{u` logcqu{`cn yeoggci.

Loquxc`cn xogcqu{ vcnb acf` un{u` qoyfn cgclf kcn yfn{o{f`.

9.4.1 FXC

Kfbunc`cn yoicqc gucy kcgcl gcisuoq NI kcn {efnnoq. FXC {oqyokfc kcgcl {fbc lcicl vcf{u

cnefkqmuy' 6?/' kcn 63/. Bqcko cnefkqmuy goafe kfyu`cf un{u` dmqlugcyf imc{fnb

xoqlu`ccn kcn xqmku` vcnb yojonfynvc. FXC kfbunc`cn yoacbcf xogcqu{ un{u` xeonmg kcn

qoyfn cgclf kcgcl toqnfy yxfqf{. FXC kficlxuq konbcn {mguon c{cu vgono kfbunc`cn

yoacbcf xogcqu{ yogugmyo' qoyfn cg`vk kcn toqnfy mgom qoyfn.

9.4.9 Au{vg cg`memg. Kfifqf`cn konbcn acu vcnb lonvonbc{ kfbunc`cn yoacbcf xogcqu{

gc{on un{u` gcisuoq NI. Loquxc`cn xogcqu{ vcnb acf` un{u` acnvc` jonfy lfnvc` kcn

qoyfn. Au{vg cg`memg kfbunc`cn yoacbcf xogcqu{ un{u` cg`vk kcn cg`vk lmkfdf`cyf clfnm

kcn kf{olu`cn kcgcl imc{fnb acyfy ciqfgf` kcn kcgcl toqnfy yoacbcf xogcqu{.


29/101

9.2 Oy{oq

9.2.3 O{evg cyo{c{

Loquxc`cn xogcqu{ c`{fd {f{f` kfkfe qonkce vcnb ulul un{u` nf{qm yogugmyo. Kfifqf`cn

konbcn yfdc{ gcju xonbucxcn vcnb ioxc{ kcn acu vcnb onc`' `cqonc acu vcnb cbc` onc`lc`c yoqfnb kfbunc`cn un{u` lonbbcn{f ò{mno kcgcl gcisuoq nf{qmyogugmyo.

9.2.9 Clvg cyo{c{

Ckcgce ymgton c`{fd un{u` nf{qmyogugmyo' lolxunvcf acu lcnfy yoxoq{f xqclamqy.

Lolacn{u lonfnb`c{`cn qoyfy{cnyf aguye' lonclace `fgcx. Kfbunc`cn kcgcl gcisuoq

kflcnc gcju otcxmqcyf qonkce vcnb kfxoqgu`cn.

9.2.; Au{vg cyo{c{

Lolxunvcf gcju xonbucxcn vcnb lmkoqc{ kcn aoqacu ècy auce aucecn. Ycnbc{lonkuùnb bmmk dgmr kcn aguye qoyfy{cny un{u` gcisuoq nf{qmyogugmyo. [oqu{clc

kfbunc`cn yoacbcf xogcqu{ c`{fd {f{f` kfkfe lmkoqc{ un{u` gcisuoq nf{qm yogugmyo kcn qoyfn

lmkfdf`cyf.

9.2.? Xqmxfg cyo{c{

Jubc yoxoq{f xogcqu{ oy{oq vcnb goafe kugu loquxc`cn xogcqu{ vcnb acf` un{u` nf{qmyogugmyo'

jubc un{u` xogcqu{ qoyfn cgclf kcn qoyfn yfn{o{fy. Lolxunvcf {f{f` kfkfe vcnb qonkce.

9.5 Bgf`mg o{oq

9.5.3 Lo{evg ioggmymgto

Loquxc`cn xogcqu{ vcnb acbuy un{u` nf{qmyogugmyo' yogugmyo cyo{c{ kcn o{evg yogugmyo'

{o{cxf `cqonc qoyfy{cnyf aguyenvc ùqcnb lc`c xonoqcxcnnvc {oqac{cy xckc NI gcisuoq.

Kfbunc`cn xckc xckc onclog vcnb ioxc{ òqfnb kcn toqnfy.

9.5.1 Ioggmymgto

C{cu o{evgon bgv`mg lmnmo{evg o{eoq' gcju xonbucxcnnvc gclac{ kfacnkfnb lo{evg

ioggmymgto. Ioggmymgto lolxunvcf {mgoqcnyf vcnb ycnbc{ {fnbbf {oqeckcx xogcqu{

cqmlc{f`{o{cxf ecnvc lmkoqc{ un{u` xogcqu{ cgfxec{fi. Aoqacu yokcnb c{cu lfgk kcn kcvc

gcqu{nvc un{u` nf{qm yogugmyo ycnbc{ acbuy. Ioggmymgto ycnbc{ lonkuùnb un{u` tfy`myf{cy

qonkce gcisuoq nf{qmyogugmyo kcn ycnbc{ imim` un{u` gcisuoq {fxo yolxqm{' gcisuoq yfg`

yiqoon' ic{ kcn un{u` lonbefgcnb`cn tcqnfy.

9.5.9 Icqaf{mg

Kfbunc`cn yoicqc gucy kcgcl gcisuoq nf{qmyogugmyo kcn eclxfq yoluc qoyfn vcnb

kfbunc`cn kcgcl imc{fnb xoqlu`ccn. Yoacbfcn kcqf icqaf{mg xogcqu{ vcnb ycnbc{ acf` un{u`


30/101


31/101

ACA FT AFNKOQ

;.3 Xonkceugucn

Afnkoq c{cu xoqo`c{ xckc ic{ kcxc{ yoacbcf acecn cgcl - nc{uqcg kcn jubc acecn

yfn{o{f` c{cu xmgvloq. Xmgvloq yonkfqf aoqcycg kcqf `c{c Vuncnf xmgv %acnvc`& kcn loqmy%xcq{&' cq{fnvc acnvc` acbfcn. Acecn cgcl imn{menvc bo{ce kclcq' bul cqca' lfnvc`

gfnyook' kgg. Yoaoncqnvc acecn cgcl jubc {oqlcyu` xmgvloq nclun {oqlcyu` xmgvloq

cgclf %nc{uqcg xmgvloq&. Xmgvloq yfn{o{f` kfauc{ kcqf acecn cgcl vcnb kflmkfdf`cyf yoicqc

`flfc %imn{menvc qoyfn cg`vk& kcn jubc kcxc{ kfauc{ yoguquenvc yfn{o{f` %imn{me qoyfn

ciqvgfi&. Qoyfn cg`vk kfauc{ konbcn xqmyoy oy{oqfdf`cyf lfnvc` gfnyook c{cu lfnvc` `cy{mq

yoefnbbc ecyfg cèfq afnkoq goafe òqcy' ùc{ kcn {cecn gclc.

;.3.3 Xmgvloqfycyf

Xmgvloq xcgfnb {oxc{ kfkodfnfyf`cn yoacbcf yxoyfoy vcnb lolxunvcf aoqc{ lmgoùg

vcnb {fnbbf' vcnb lolfgf`f unf{ xonbugcnb c{cu unf{ `flfc vcnb yclc' {oqeuaunb mgoe

f`c{cn `mtcgon xqfloq. Qoc`yf xmgvloqfycyf xcgfnb yflxog kfkodfnfyf`cn yoacbcf :

nL %,L,&n

kflcnc L logclacnb`cn lmnmloq kcn ,L, loncnkc`cn unf{ xonbugcnb f`c{cn `flfc.

Imn{menvc' jf`c L ckcgce tfnvg cio{c{o' lc`c konbcn qoc`yf xmgvloqfycyf c`cn {oqaon{u`

xmgv %tfnvg cio{c{o&.

nIE1 < IE % IE1 IE &n

M IMIE9 M IMIE9

Fy{fgce lciqmlmgoiugo yoqfnb kfbunc`cn aoqyfnmnfl konbcn xmgvloq un{u` lonb`mtoq

{fkc` ecnvc xmgvloq yfn{o{f` {cxf jubc xmgvloq nc{uqcg kcn lmkfdf`cyf `flfcnvc %xmgvloq

{uquncn&. Cq{f `c{c qoyfn acnvc` kfbunc`cn xckc kunfc ic{ loncnkc`cn yoluc {fxo

afnkoq %xoqo`c{& xmgfloqf` cxcxun cycgnvc loy`fxun kcqf bo{ce xmemn

Xmgvloq vcnb lonbcnkunb ecnvc yc{u unf{ xonbugcnb kfnclc`cn emlmxmgvloq

c{cu xmgvloq qobugoq. Yofqfnb konbcn xoqòlacnbcn' kf{olu`cn imxmgvloq' vcf{u xmgvloq

konbcn kuc c{cu goafe unf{ xonbugcnb yoefnbbc yuc{u xmgvloq - qoyfn - gc{o kcxc{ kfauc{


32/101

yoyucf òfnbfncn yoxoq{f goafe òqcy' goafe dgo`yfaog' goafe {cecn gclc kcn {on{u ycjc afcvc

xqmku`yf vcnb luqce.

_n{u` lolxqmku`yf xmgvloq' xqmyoy vcnb kfbunc`cn ckcgce xqmyoy xmgfloqfycyf'

{oqkcxc{ ? lcicl {o`nf` xmgfloqfycyf vcf{u :

3. Aug` Xmgvloqfzc{fmn

Xmgvloqfycyf aug` kfgc`ycnc`cn kcgcl lmnmloq cygf. Imn{menvc ckcgce xolauc{cn

Xoqyxo vcf{u golacqcn xgcy{f` un{u` gonyc mx{f`.

1. Ymgu{fmn Xmgvloqfzc{fmn

Xoqaokccn kcqf xmgvloqfycyf aug` konbcn xmgvloqfycyf ymguyf ckcgce xckc

xmgvloqfycyf ymguyf {oqkcxc{ ymgton{. Xmgvloqnvc jubc gcqu{ kcgcl ymgton{.

Xolfnkcecn xcncy kcqf qoc`yf xmgvloqfycyf ymguyf goafe lukce kfacnkfnb konbcn

aug` kf`cqonc`cn goafe qonkcenvc òòn{cgcn xmgvloq.9. Kfyxoqyfmn Xmgvloqfzc{fmn

Xckc xmgvloqfycyf kfyxoqyf' lmnmloq kfgcqu{`cn kcgcl ymgton{ %afcycnvc ymgton{

mqbcnf`&. Xmgvloq kfacnb`f{`cn' nclun {fkc` gcqu{ kcgcl iclxuqcn lmnmloq ,

ymgton{. Xmgvloq lonbonkcx kcn lolaon{u` xcq{fòg gc{o. @oun{unbcn kcqf

xmgvloqfycyf fnf ckcgce qonkcenvc òòn{cgcn xfblon{ yoefnbbc xolfnkcecn xcncy

qoc`yf goafe lukce.

;. Yuyxonyfmn Xmgvloqfzc{fmn

Xckc xmgvloqfycyf yuyxonyf' lmnmloq kfyuyxonyf`cn xckc gcqu{cn vcnb {c` gcqu{

lmnmloq f{u yonkfqf %cfq&' kcgcl aon{u` kqmxgo{ %uùqcn lf`qmn& konbcn

lonbbunc`cn yuqdci{cn{. @oun{unbcn {o`nf` fnf yclc konbcn xmgvloqfycyf kfyxoqyf'

ecnvc ycjc yuyxonkfnb cbon{ ecquy kfefgcnb`cn yo{ogce xqmyoy cbcq xmgvloqnvc {fkc`

yonyf{fd {oqeckcx cfq. Xmgv %tfnvg iegmqfko& kfyfcx`cn konbcn {o`nf` fnf.

?. Xmgvloqfycyf Olugyf

Ckcgce {o`nf` vcnb xcgfnb acnvc` kfbunc`cn kf kunfc ic{. Xqmku` cèfq vcnb

kfecyfg`cn ckcgce gc{o.

;.3.1 @gcyfdf`cyf Afnkoq

Ckc acnvc` xonb`gcyfdf`cyfcn afnkoq-qoyfn' nclun yoicqc bcqfy aoycq `gcyfdf`cyf f{u

kcxc{ kfqfnb`cy yoefnbbc lonjckf :

3. Lfnvc` @oqfnb-Kqvfnb mfg %lon{ce c{cu kfxqmyoy&' imn{menvc :Lfnvc` Gfnyook' Lfnvc` Icy{mq' Lfnvc` [unb

1. Qoyfn Cg`vk' imn{menvc :Cg`vk yemq{,mfg' cg`vk lokful,mfg' cg`vk gmnb mfg


33/101

9. Qoyfn Xmgvoy{oq %nmn,lfnvc`&;. Qoyfn Clfnm' imn{menvc :

_qoc,dmqlcgkoevko' Logclfno,Dmqlcgkoevko

?. Qoyfn Xeonmgfi4. Qoyfn Oxm`yf2. Qoyfn Efkqm`cqamn' imn{menvc :

Qoyfn imulcqmno,fnkono' qoyfn {oqxono' qoyfn y{vqono,au{ckfono

5. Qoyfn C`qfgf`' imn{menvc :6. Qoyfn Yogugmyf`' imn{menvc :

Nf{qmioggugmyo' ioggugmyo cio{c{o' ioggugmyo cio{c{o au{vqc{o

38.Qoyfn Tfnvg' imn{menvc :Xmgvtfnvg Iegmqfko' Xmgvtfnvg Cio{c{o

33.Iegmmqfnc{ok Quaaoq31.Xmgvuqo{ecno39.Qoyfn Yfgfimno3;.Qoyfn Nc{uqcg' imn{menvc :

Imnbm' @cuqf' Lcnfgc' Kcllcq' Qmyfn ' Yeoggci

3?.Cyxcg-[oq

Afnkoq,afnkoq {oqyoau{ kfc{cy kcxc{ kf`c{obmqf`cn gcbf lonjckf 1 acbfcn xon{fnb'

vcf{u kfbunc`cn un{u` ic{ `mntoq{faog c{cu nmn `mntoq{faog. Xckc au`u fnf ecnvc kfacecy

{on{cnb ic{ kcn afnkoq un{u` cxgf`cyf ic{ `mntoq{faog ycjc.

Ic{ nmn `mntoq{faog kcxc{ kfkodfnfyf`cn yoacbcf ic{ - imc{fnb vcnb lolaon{u` dfgl

yonkfqfcn logcguf xogoxcycn - otcxmqcyf ymgton{ kcn {cnxc qoc`yf `flfc. Ic{ fnf yoicqc

xoqlcnon gcqu{ kcgcl ymgton{ vcnb kfxc`cf un{u` xoqyfcxcn ic{ kcn kcxc{ gcqu{ gcbf xckc

ymgton{ fnf yo{ogce xolaon{u`cn dfgl. Loqo`c afcycnvc ckcgce {eoqlmxgcy{f` kcn

imn{menvc ckcgce nf{qmioggugmyo %NI&' ciqvgfi' iegmqfnc{ok quaaoq %iegmquaaoq&' yeoggci'

ioguggmyo cio{c{o au{vqc{o %ICA& kcn ic{ tfnvg. Ic{ nmn imntoq{faog yoqfnb kfyoau{ yoacbcf

gcisuoq.

Ic{ `mntoq{faog yoacgf`nvc kcxc{ kfkodfnfyf`cn yoacbcf yuc{u ic{ vcnb lolaon{u`

dfgl kflcnc `mlxmnon ic{ lonbcgclf qoc`yf `flfc. Ic{ fnf kcxc{ ycjc c{cu {fkc`

lonbcgclf otcxmqcyf ymgton{ yoxoq{f xckc ic{ `mntoq{faog. Imn{me ic{ `mntoq{faog fnf

ckcgce onclog cg`vk' oxmv 1 xci`' xmgvuqo{ecno onclog' xmrkoq imc{fnb kcn ic{ ac`cq

ciqvgfi - logclfno dmqlcgkoevko.


34/101


35/101

;.1.1 Ioggugmyo Nf{qc{o %Nf{qmioggugmyo&

Loy`fxun nf{qmioggugmyo {ogce kf{olu`cn mgoe Yiemnaofn xckc 35;? logcguf nf{qcyf

ioggugmyo konbcn iclxuqcn cycl nf{qc{ yugdc{' acqu crcg cack 18 nf{qmioguggmyo kfcnbbcx

odo`{fd un{u` lonboic{ xoycrc{ {oqacnb aoqacecn `cvu. Xoqcnb Kunfc F lony{flugcyfxqmku`yf nf{qmioggugmyo' kcn xckc cèfq xoqcnb' fnkuy{qf xolc`cfcn nf{qmioguggmyo lonvoacq

gucy ò aoaoqcxc fnkuy{qf {oqu{clc fnkuy{qf cu{mlm{fto kcn duqnf{uqo' kcn ycc{ fnf xun

lcyfe kfbunc`cn.

Ioggugmyo lolxunvcf 9 bqux efkqm`yfg {fcx unf{ lmgoùgcq' kcn kcxc{ yoicqc

xm{onyfcg kfnf{qcyf un{u` lolxqmku`yf {fbc oy{oq cycl nf{qc{' lmnmnf{qc{o' kfnf{qc{o' kcn

{qfnf{qc{o. Xqc`{o`nvc' bqcko nf{qmioggugmyo yoaoncqnvc ckcgce iclxuqcn kcqf yoluc 9 oy{oq

%{oqlcyu` ioggugmyo vcnb {c` aoqoc`yf&. Yoaoncqnvc' qoyfn fnf yoecquynvc kfyoau{ ioggugmyonf{qc{o' acbcflcncxun loqo`c yukce ulul kfyoau{ qoyfn nf{qmioggugmyo' kcn `cqonc f{u

fy{fgce nf{qmioggugmyo %NI& c`cn kfxc`cf {oquy xckc acecycn yogcnju{nvc.

ioggugmyo cycl nf{qc{cycl yugdc{

nf{qmioggugmyo cfq cycl yugdc{

Qoyfn nf{qmioggugmyo kfauc{ logcguf nf{qcyf yoqc{ ioggugmyo vcnb aoqaon{u` rmmk xugx

c{cu im{{mn gfn{oqy. Xoq{clc {clc yoqc{ ioggugmyo kfluqnf`cn logcguf {qoc{lon{ konbcn

cg`cgf kcn yo{ogce kfiuif gcgu kfnf{qcyf konbcn iclxuqcn cycl yugdc{ - cycl nf{qc{ %konbcnqcyfm 1.4 ?.4 : 3&. Xoqacnkfnbcn cycl konbcn ioggugmyo aoqtcqfcyf 38 : 3 un{u` rmmk xugx

kcn ;8 : 3 un{u` im{{mn gfn{oqy. Auauq - yguqqv fnf òlukfcn kfyon{qfdubo un{u`

lonbefgcnb`cn ògoafecn cycl kcn ioxc{ ioxc{ kf lcyu`cn kf cfq. @oòn{cgcn kcqf

nf{qmioggugmyo òlukfcn kf{uqun`cn konbcn lolcncy`cnnvc xckc 3;?mI 348mI kf acrce

{o`cncn. Xqmyoy fnf c`cn loloice aoaoqcxc qcn{cf lmgoùg nf{qmioggugmyo ò lmgoùg vcnb

goafe òifg. Cfq xckc auauq vcnb ckc òlukfcn kfefgcnb`cn konbcn lonyon{qfduyo kcn

kfbcn{f`cn konbcn cg`memg yoxoq{f fymxqmxvg cg`memg' o{ecnmg c{cu au{cnmg. Nf{qmioggugmyo

vcnb kfacycef cg`memg %`fqc `fqc 9? / `cnkunbcn cg`memgnvc& òlukfcn kfxci`fnb kcn


36/101


37/101


38/101

ioggugmyocio{fi cnevkqfko

Ioggugmyo cio{c{o

Ioggugmyo cio{c{o un{u` imc{fnb {oqyokfc konbcn `cnkunbcn cio{vg lugcf 95/,

;8.?/. Qcnbo {oqyoau{ lolaoqf`cn yoauce yogugmyf` konbcn ògcqu{cn kcn xqmxoq{f

{oqacf`. Yclc konbcn nf{qmioggugmyo' oy{oq konbcn òòn{cgcn vcnb aoqaokc,aokc {oqyokfc

kcn òòn{cgcn aobcn{unb kcqf xcnjcnb qcn{cf xmgfloq. @ogcqu{cn oy{oq fnf lonfnb`c{

yojcgcn ò{f`c òòn{cgcn oy{oq fnf {uqun.

Xqfnyfx,xqfnyfx un{u` loldmqlugcyf ic{ konbcn acecn ioggugmyo cio{c{o yclc

konbcn xqfnyfx nf{qmioggugmyo. Xoqaokccn vcnb lonimgm` ckcgce yokf`f{nvc qoyfn gcfn'

xgcy{fifzoq' kcn ymgton{ vcnb `mlxc{faog un{u` dmqlugcyf konbnc lonbbunc`cn ioggugmyo

cio{c{o. @cqonc {f{f` gogoenvc vcnb {fnbbf %1??mI&' ioggugmyo cio{c{o imim` un{u` ic{ {cecn

xcncy. Jubc kfxc`cf un{` imc{fnb `caog' {o`y{fg' ùgf{' kcn imc{fnb òq{cy. Ioggugmyo cio{c{o

lolfgf`f ckeoyf vcnb auqu` {oqeckcx gmbcl' kcn ecquy kflmkfdf`cyf un{u` lonicxcf ecyfg

vcnb lolucy`cn. Xonbbunccn u{clc ioggugmyo cio{c{o ckcgce un{u` xqmku`yf qcvmn.

;.1.; Ioggugmyo Cio{c{o Au{vqc{o %ICA&

@cqonc {oqac{cynvc `cqc`{oqfy{f` ymguafgf{cy-ògcqu{cn kcqf ioggugmyo cio{c{o'

lmkfdf`cyf ioggugmyo konbcn oy{oq iclxuqcn lonbecyfg`cn xmgfloq vcnb goafe `mlxc{faog

kcn lukce gcqu{. Cycl cyo{c{ kcn au{fqc{ kcn cnevkqfko,nvc kfqoc`yf`cn xckc `mnkfyf

{oq{on{u un{u` lonkcxc{ ioggugmyo cio{c{o au{vqc{o. Xqmxmqyf kcxc{ aoqtcqfcyf kcqf

`cnkunbcn cio{vg vcnb {fnbbf konbcn julgce au{vqvg yokf`f{' yclxcf cio{vg qonkce au{vqvg

{fnbbf. Xqmku` vcnb kfoy{oqfdf`cyf xonue kcxc{ òlukfcn kfefkqmgfyfy xcqyfcg un{u`

lolaon{u` xqmku` `flfc ckfyfmncg konbnc tcqfcyf kcn xqmxoq{f dfyf` vcnb gucy.


39/101

Ioggugmyo cio{c{o au{vqc{o

ICA {oqyokfc xckc qcnbo lugcf cio{vg 93/ kcn au{vqvg 32/ yclxcf cio{vg 4/ kcn

au{vqvg ;5/. Ecg fnf lolacbf xmgflo kcgcl kuc bqux' vcnb yc{u `cnkunbcn cio{vg {fnbbf

kcn vcnb yc{u `cnkunbcn au{vqvg {fnbbf. Yoxoq{f yogugmyf` gcfn' ICA jubc aoqtcqfcyf

òòn{cgcnnvc {oqbcn{unb `cnkunbncn cio{vg kcn au{vqvgnvc.

@cqonc aoaoqcxc lmkfdf`cyf kcgcl xolauc{cnnvc' ICA lolaunvcf acnvc`

tcqfcyf xqmxoq{f dfyf` kcn `flfcnvc. Ycc{ fnf ICA ckcgce xmgfloq yogugmyf` òkuc {oqxon{fnbyo{ogce nf{qmioggugmyo xckc fnkuy{qf imc{fnb. Ncf`nvc `cnkunbcn au{vqvg lonclace

ògcqu{cn' {mgoqcnyf un{u` kfguon{' `mlxc{fafgf{cy konbcn qoyfn gcfn kcn xgcy{fifzoq'

dgo`yfafgf{cy' kcn ò{cecncn {oqeckcx ògolacacn. [uqunnvc `cnkunbnc au{vqvg

lonvoaca`cn lonbuqcnbf {onyfgo y{qonb{e' òòqcycn %ecqknoyy&' kcn ncf`nvc {f{f` gogoe.

Kuc cqoc vcnb acnvc` lonbbunc`cn qoyfn ICA ckcgce : fnkuy{qf m{m{lm{fd kcn

fnkuy{qf duqnf{uqo. @mlafncyf ICA kcn qoyfn c`qfgf` lolxqmku`yf imc{fnb vcnb aonfnb kcn

nmn,voggmrfnb. ICA jubc kflmkfdf`cyf konbcn qoyfn cg`vk yolf,m`yfkc{fd kcn cg`vk

m`yfkc{fd.

;.1.? O{evgioggugmyo

Xolauc{cn o{evg ioggugmyo xoq{clc,{clc kfcrcgf konbcn lolcyu``cn `cxcy kcgcl

gcqu{cn ymkful evkqmvko 31,1?/' kcn òlukfcn kf {qoc{lon{ konbcn o{evg iegmqfko

yclxcf ymkful efkqm`yfkc kfno{qcgfycyf.

o{evg ioggugmyo

Xqmku` qoc`yf {oqyoau{ lolxunvcf `cnkunbcn o{emv vcnb aoqtcqfcyf konbnc

koqcjc{ o{evgcyf kcn lonbecyfg`nc xqmku` `mloyfcg vcnb lolxunvcf qcnbo `cnkunbcn

o{emv cn{cqc ;?,;6.?/. Xckc {fxo o{emv fnf' òòn{cgcn kcxc{ kfc{uq.


40/101

Xqmxoq{f unf` o{evg ioggugmyo ckcgce konyf{cynvc vcnb qonkce' yoefnbbc xoq unf{

aoqc{ lonbecyfg`n cimtoqcbo cqo kcn tmgulo vcnb goafe aoycq kcqfxck cxmgfloq yogugmyf`

gcfnnvc. Lolxunvcf tmgulo ;?/ goafe aoycq kcqf nf{qmioggugmyo kcn 18/ goafe aoycq kcqf

ioggugmyo cio{c{o. Nclcun yoicqc afcvc xck ctmuglo yclc eclxfq yclc konbcn

nf{qmioggugmyo.Xqmxoq{f `mlxc{fafgf{cy kcqf o{evg ioggugmyo konbcn qoyfn gcfn kcn xgcy{fifzoq

ycnbc{gce gucy kcn aoqtcqfcyf. Iclxuqcn ymgton{ ycnbc{ golce %58:18' {mguono:cg`memg&

logcqu{`cn o{evg ioggugmyo konbcn lukce. Yogcfn ycnbc{ dgo`yfaog o{evg ioggugmyo jub c{fkc`

lukce {oqac`cq. Xonbbunccn u{clcnvc ckcgce ic{ io{c`' imc{fnb òq{cy' kcn ic{,ic{

fnkuy{qf.

;.1.4 Lo{evgioggugmyoKflo{evg o{eoq kcqf ioggugmyo' c{cu lo{evg ioggugmyo ckcgce xqmku` qoc`yf vcnb

yclc konbcn o{evg ioggugmyo' ecnvc o{evg iegmqfko kfbcn{f konbcn lo{evg iegmqfko. Y{qu`{uq

`flfc kcycqnvc ckcgce :

lo{evg ioggugmyo

@cnkunbcn lo{emv aoqtcqfcyf lugcf 12/ yclxcf 91/' vcnb lolaoqf`cn xqmku`

konbcn ògcqu{cn lc`yflcg {oqeckcx cfq. @oòn{cgcnnvc yoxoq{f yogugmyf` gcfnnvc' kf`mn{qmg

mgoe xcnjcnb qcn{cf yogugmyo. Dc`{mq fnf lolauc{ acnvc`nvc tcqfcyf òòn{cgcn.

Lo{evg ioggugmyo {fkc` kfbunc`cn yoacbcf xolaon{u` dfgl u{clc xckc kunfc

imc{fnb. Lo{evg ioggugmyo kfxc`cf yoacbcf {efiònoq %xonbon{cg& xckc yfy{ol ic{ acyfyf cfq

`cqonc yfdc{ `mgmfk efkqmdfgfnvc.

;.9 Qoyfn c`qfgf`

Xckc fnkuy{qf ic{ kcn fnkuy{qf xgcy{f`' kfòncg `c{c Ciqvgfi Qoyfn c{cu qoyfn

c`qfgf`. Ciqvgfi qoyfn ckcgce xmgvloq kcn `mxmgvloq kcqf oy{oq kcqf lo{eciqvgfi kcn

ciqvgfi cifk. Yoqfnb`cgf xckc cxgf`cyfnvc xmgfloq ciqvgfi kf `m,xmgfloqfycyf konbcn

xmgvloq nmn,c`qfgf`' imn{menvc y{vqono' au{ckfono c{cu tfnvg cio{c{o un{u` òxoqgucn

{oq{on{u. Y{qu`{uq gcfnnvc kcxc{ kfgfec{ xckc bclacq ;.3


41/101


42/101

Ivigmeovg

lo{eciqvgc{o

1,O{evgeovg

lo{eciqvgc{o

lo{eciqvgc{o

O{evgono kflo{eciqvgc{o

[qflo{evgmgxqmxcno

{qflo{eciqvgc{o

Au{vgono kflo{eciqvgc{o

Kfo{evgclfnmo{evg ciqvgc{o

Qoyfn c`qfgf` xoq{clc `cgf kfxogcjcqf xckc crcg cack 18' acbcflcncxun xqmku`yf

`mloqyfg xoq{clc kcn xmgfloq c`qfgf` {fkc` {oqjckf yclxcf 3612. @cqonc òyu`yoycn ic{

nf{qmioggugmyo' ic{ c`qfgf` {onbbogcl. Yclxcf 3648,cn ò{f`c fnkuy{qf m{mlm{fd

lolxoqòncg`cn qodgmr gcisuoq un{u` xqmku`yf lcycg lmafg. Xonbbunccn c`qfgf`

òlukfcn lonvoacq ò cqoc gcfnnvc yoxoq{f qodfnfye m{mlm{fd kcn cxgf`cyf fnkuy{qf òlcicl lcicl xoqlu`ccn yoxoq{f gmbcl' xgcy{f`' `cvu kcn òq{cy.

Ic{ c`qfgf` afcycnvc lonbcnkunb qoyfn c`qfgf`' xgcy{fifzoq' qoyfn xolmkfdf`cyf'

ymgton{' xfblon{ kcn yokf`f{ ckf{fd. Qoyfn c`qfgf` fnf yoicqc {fxf`cg ckcgce `mxmgfloq

{oqxgcy{fycyf fn{oqncg kcqf lo{evg lo{eciqvgc{o konbcn aoqc{ lmgoùg qc{c qc{c 48.888

318.888. Aoqc{ lmgoùg vcnb goafe {fnbbf kfefnkcqf `cqonc kcxc{ lolaon{u` yoqc{ jcqfnb

kcn gmr ymgfk xckc cxgf`cyf ic{. Lmnmloq xolgcy{fy yoxoq{f au{vg ciqvgc{o kcn au{vg

lo{eciqvgc{o yoqfnb kfbunc`cn un{u` lonbmx{flcg`cn bgcyy {qcnyfyfon {olxoqc{uq %[b& kcn

lonkcxc{ òyoflacnbcn vcnb xcy cn{cqc òòqcycn kcn dgo`yfafgf{cy. Lmnmloq dunbyfmncg

yoxoq{f ciqvgfi cifk' efkqmv xqmxvg lo{eciqvgc{o kcn bgvifkvg lo{eciqvgc{o kcxc{ jubc

kfxc`cf un{u` lonfnb`c{`cn xqmxoq{f {oq{on{u yoxoq{f ckeoyf dfgl kcn ò{cecncn `flfc.

Loy`fxun qoyfn c`qfgf` kcgcl ic{ yoicqc {fxf`cg {ogce kfxgcy{fycyf yoicqc fn{oqncg'

loqo`c jubc ululnvc kfxgcy{fycyf yoicqc o`y{oqncg cn{cqc gcfn un{u` xogoxcycn ymgton{ kcn

ckeoyf yuay{qc{. Xe{cgc{o xgcy{fifzoq yoxoq{f KMX kcn au{vg aonzvg xe{cgc{o yoqfnb kfxc`cf.

Acbcflcncxun' xgcy{fifzoq ionkoqunb un{u` aoqlfbqcyf kcqf dfgl c`qfgf` yoefnbbc

lonbecyfg`cn dfgl olau{{golon{ kcn lonuqun`cn kuqcafgf{cy o`y{oqfmq kcqf ic{. Ecg f{u

kcxc{ kfc{cyf konbcn lonbbunc`cn xgcy{fifzoq nmn tmgc{fgo yoxoq{f yemq{ mfg gonbe{ imimnu{

cg`vk kcn xmgvoy{oq jonue aoacy lfnvc`.

Ic{ c`qfgf` kcxc{ kflmkfdf`cyf konbcn ioggugmyo cio{c{o au{vqc{o %ICA& c{cu

nf{qmioggugmyo %NI& un{u` lonbmn{qmg tfyimyf{cy' dgmr' kcn qoimc{cafgf{v %kcvc gcxfy ugcnb&

kcqf ic{. [fxf`cg `mlxmyfyf %aoqkcycq ymgfk qoyfnnvc& un{u` cxgf`cyf m{mlm{fd lonbcnkunb

ciqvgfi qoyfn - ICA - xgcy{fifzoq : ?8 : 18 :98.

Yclc konbcn ic{ nf{qmioggugmyo' `mlxmyfyf ymgton{ kcn ic{ c`qfgf` ecquy

lolcy{f`cn {oqiuùxnvc ymgton{ c`{fd ycc{ otcxmqcyf un{u` yoicqc `mlxgf{ logcqu{`cn


43/101

qoyfn c`qfgf`. @mlxmyfyf ymgton{ yoicqc ulul lonbcnkunb ò{mno yoxoq{f LO@' LFA@'

kcn cio{mno kcn cqmlc{f` yoxoq{f {mguono kcn vgono. Yokf`f{ {clacecn ymgton{ gclac{

lonbucx kcxc{ lonfnb`c{`cn xqmxoq{f cxgf`cyf kcn xonclxfgcn cèfq.

Yogcfn ic{nvc vcnb goafe gclac{ òqfnb kfacnkfnb nf{qmioggugmyo' ic{ c`qfgf`

lolxunvcf y{cafgf{cy vcnb acf` ycc{ yueu `clcq c{cu ogotc{ok. Dgo`yfafgf{cy kcn òòqcycnvcnb acf` kcn ò{cecncn o`y{oqfmq vcnb ycnbc{ acf`. Ic{ nf{mioggugmyo {ogce yoicq gucy

kfbcn{f`cn mgoe ic{ c`qfgf` xckc kunfc fnkuy{qf m{mlm{fd `cqonc dc`{mq ò{cecncn

o`y{oqfmqnvc.

;.; Qoyfn tfnvg

Gcisuoq tfnvg aoqacyfy xckc qoyfn vcnb lonbcnkunb qckf`cg tfnvg IE1


44/101

iegmqfnc{ok quaaoq kfxc`cf un{u` cxgf`cyf {cecn `flfc kcn gcisuoq fnf ioxc{ òqfnb un{u`

`mnkfyf cxgf`cyf cfq kqvfnb.

Iegmqfnc{ok quaaoq kfxqmku`yf konbnc icqc lonkobqckcyf `cqo{ cgcl %un{u`

lonuqun`cn aoqc{ lmgoùg& kcn òlukfcn lonb`gmqfncyf gcqu{cn `cqamn {o{qc`gmqfkc xcncy

kcqf `cqo{ vcnb {oqkobqckcyf. Qoc`yf vcnb {oqgfac{ logfxu{f yuay{f{uyf' ckfyf' kcn ivigfycyf'kcn xqmku` cèfqnvc lonbcnkunb 4?,45/ iegmqfno. Fnf yoyucf konbcn {fbc c{cu olxc{

c{ml `gmqfn {fcx unf{ fymxqono. Yoxcqcyf kcqf qoyfn fnf kficxcf konbcn lonbonkcx`cn kcgcl

cfq xcncy c{cu cg`memg.

Iegmquaaoq vcnb {fkc` kfxgcy{fycyf lonbecyfg`cn dfgl vcnb òqcy nclun lukce

qo{c` %aqf{{go& yoefnbbc loloqgu`cn xgcy{fifzoq un{u` xonbbunccnnvc kcgcl imc{fnb. Yclc

konbcn gcisuoq gcfnnvc' gcisuoq iegmquaaoq lonbcnkunb xgcy{fifzoq' xfblon' ymgton{' kcn

ckf{fd. Xgcy{fifzoq jonfy nmn,ycxmnfdf`cyf yoxoq{f iegmqfnc{ok xcqcddfn kcn kfxeonvg kfxc`cfun{u` ò{cecncn `flfc' xgcy{fifzoq vcnb afyc kfycxmnfdf`cyf yoxoq{f xe{cgc{o oy{oq kfxfgfe

un{u` cxgf`cyf o`y{oqfmq.

Iegmquaaoq gcqu{ kcgcl efkqm`cqamn cqmlc{f`' iegmqfnc{ok efkqm`cqamn' oy{oq' kcn

ò{mn {fnbbf' nclun {c` gcqu{ kcgcl efkqm`cqamn cgfxec{f` kcn cg`memg. Xckc xqc`{o`nvc

ic{ iegmquaaoq kfdmqlugcyf konbcn iclxuqcn ymgton{ ùc{ kcn kfluqce`cn konbcn

efkqm`cqamn cgfxec{f`.

Iegmquaaoq `mlxc{faog konbcn acnvc` {fxo qoyfn xolmkfdf`cyf yoxoq{f cg`vk kcn

c`qfgf`. Qoyfn xolmkfdf`cyf fnf lonfnb`c{`cn xqmxoq{f yoxoq{f bgmyy' ckeoyf' kcn òùc{cn

o`y{oqfmq.

;.4 Kqvfnb Mfg

;.4.3 Xonkceugucn

Lfnvc` vcnb kfbunc`cn kcgcl ic{ yoicqc bcqfy aoycq kcxc{ kfacbf lonjckf kuc

acbfcn vcf{u lfnvc` {ulauecn %tobo{cago mfg& kcn lfnvc` gcu{ %lcqfno mfg&. Yoicqc `flfc

lfnvc`,lfnvc` f{u ckcgce {qfbgfyoqfkc,{qfbgfyoqfkc' vcf{u iclxuqcn kcqf yc{u lmgoùg

bgfyoqfn kcn {fbc lmgoùg cycl golc` qcn{cf xcnjcnb. Lfnvc`,lfnvc` fnf kfaokc`cn xckc

ycc{ kcgcl aon{u` xckc{nvc au`cn xckc `mnkfyf icfq xckc yueu `clcq. Lfnvc` aoqtcqfcyf

xckc òqfnb-{fkc`nvc {oqbcn{unb xckc koqcjc{ nmn,yc{uqcyf kcqf cycl golc`. Kqvfnb mfg

%lfnvc` vcnb kcxc{ lonboqfnb& kf`mntoqyf mgoe m`yfbon vcnb ckc xckc ukcqc ò lc{oqfcg

vcnb òqfnb' xckc{ kcn {c` gcqu{. Lfnvc`,lfnvc` fnf kfbunc`cn gcnbyunb c{cu kfxqmyoy gcbf

lonjckf cg`vk' oxmv' uqo{ecno c{cu xmgvloq gcfn un{u` lonclace òùc{cn kcn dfuq,df{uq

gcfnnvc. Nmn kqvfnb mfg %lfnvc` vcnb {c` kcxc{ lonboqfnb& aoq{fnkc` yoacbcf xgcy{fyfzoq

un{u` xmgvloq,xmgvloq vcnb kfxc`cf xckc kunfc ic{.


45/101

[fkc` ecnvc df{uq,df{uq yoicqc dfyf`' {o{cxf jubc dc`{mq o`mnmlf vcnb lonon{u`cn

yuc{u lfnvc` kfxc`cf xckc yuc{u ic{. Kqvfnb mfg ckcgce xqmku` cgclf vcnb yoqfnb

lonbcgclf dgu`{ucyf ecqbc yoxcnjcnb {ceun' kcn jf`c yuc{u ecqbc lfnvc` logmnjc` jcue

kcqf gcfnnvc' lfnvc` fnf kcxc{ kfbcn{f c{cu kf`mlafncyf konbcn vcnb gcfn.

bgfyoqmg cycl golc`

Bclacq ;.1 @mlxmyfyf {qfbgfyoqfkcXcnjcnb qcn{cf cycl golc` kcxc{ aoqtcqfcyf lugcf I6 yclxcf I11.

3 lmg

bgfyoqmg

9 lmg

cycl golc`

{qfbgfyoqfkc 9 lmg cfq

Xckc dmqlugc kfc{cy' Q3' Q1' kcn Q9 aoqkfqf un{u` qcn{cf cycl golc`. Jf`c Q3' Q1' kcn Q9

ckcgce yclc' {qfbgfyoqfkc yokoqecnc luniug. [qfbgfyoqfkc vcnb {oqjckf kf cgcl afcycnvc

ckcgce {fxo fnf. Qoc`yf fnf ckcgce qoc`yf amgc`,acgf`' yoefnbbc jf`c lfnvc` kfefkqmgfyfy c`cn

kfkcxc{ bgfyoqfn kcn cycl golc`.

Cycl Golc`

@oaoqckccn cycl golc` kcgcl yuc{u lfnvc` lonjogcy`cn `cqc`{oqfy{f`nvc. Cycl

golc` {oqkfqf kcqf bqux `cqam`yfg {oqyclacunb kcgcl qcn{cf efkqm`cqamn. Cycl golc`

jonue %yc{uqc{ok& lolxunvcf qcn{cf,qcn{cf efkqm`cqamn vcnb {fkc` lonbcnkunb f`c{cn

bcnkc %kmuago amnk&' {fcx `cqamn lolxunvcf yokf`f{nvc 1 c{ml efkqmbon. Cycl,cycl

golc` konbcn qcn{cf vcnb lonbcnkunb f`c{cn bcnkc kfyoau{ cycl golc` {c` jonue

%unyc{uqc{ok&. Cycl,cycl golc` {oqyoau{ kcxc{ lolxunvcf yc{u' kuc' {fbc c{cu goafe

f`c{cn bcnkc' vcnb lcnc xmyfyfnvc xckc qcn{cf aoqtcqfcyf. Kuc f`c{cn bcnkc kfxfyce`cn

mgoe f`c{cn {unbbcg kfyoau{ imnjubc{ok.

F`c{cn bcnkc xckc cycl golc` {c` jonue ckcgce qoc`{fd. Qoc`yf kcqf m`yfbon konbcn

lmgo`ug lfnvc` xckc f`c{cn bcnkc lonbecyfg`cn `oqfnbnvc lfnvc` 0 afcycnvc yolc`fn


46/101

aoycq `o,{c`jonuecn,nvc' yolc`fn acf` `oqfnbnvc. Cycl golc` jonue ckcgce {oqlcyu`

nmn,kqvfnb. Cycl golc` konbcn {fbc f`c{cn bcnkc lonboqfnb xcgfnb ioxc{. Acbcflcncxun'

yogcfn xonclacecn f`c{cn bcnkc' xmyfyf kcqf f`c{cn bcnkc jubc lolxonbcquef. F`c{cn

bcnkc {oq`mnjubcyf aoqxmgfloqfycyf kcn lonboqfnb goafe ioxc{ kcqfxckc f`c{cn bcnkc

{oqfymgcyf.

Y{ocqfi cifk

Mgofi cifk

Gfnmgofi cifk

Gfnmgofi cifk


47/101

Ogomy{ocqfi cifk

Gficnfi cifk

;.4.1 Qcr mfgLfnvc`' xckc `mnkfyf nc{uqcgnvc' aoqtcqfcyf xckc `mlxmyfyf. Cqoc bombqcdfy kcn

iucic xckc ycc{ luyfl xoq{ulauecn lolxonbcquef `mlxmyfyf yuc{u lfnvc`. @mlxmyfyf

jubc kcxc{ aoqtcqfcyf.

Tcqfo{cy,tcqfo{cy lfnvc` :

Lfnvc` Gfnyook

Lfnvc` gfnyook kfkcxc{ kcqf afjf kcqf {cnclcn qclf' Gfnul uyf{c{fyyflul' G. Afjf

qclf lonbcnkunb `ckunbcn lfnvc` qc{c,qc{c 9?/. Lfnvc` gfnyook yoicqc efy{mqfy ckcgce

lfnvc` vcnb xcgfnb xon{fnb kcgcl kunfc ic{' loy`fxun ycc{ fnf {ogce aoqùqcnb `cqonc

luniugnvc xonolucn,xonolucn acqu' lfnvc` fnf lcyfe {o{cx xcgfnb acnvc` kfxc`cf xckc

kunfc fnkuy{qf. Lfnvc` gfnyook lolfgf`f gcju òqfnb vcnb yokcnb. @cqonc {fnbbfnvc

`cnkunbcn cycl gfnmgoc{' lfnvc` gfnyook ionkoqunb lonjckf ùnfnb %vogmrrfnb& xckc

gcxfycn dfgl ic{. Lfnvc` fnf kfbunc`cn un{u` ic{ gu`fy' ic{ qulce un{u` fn{oqfmq kcn

yoacbcf acecn acù xqmku`yf qoyfn cg`vk.

Lfnvc` Ycddgmroq

Afjf ycddgmroq lonbcnkunb 98/ lfnvc`. Lfnvc` fnf aoqyfdc{ nmn vogmrrfnb

`cqonc `cnkunbcn cycl gfnmgoc{nvc qonkce. Df{uq,df{uq lfnvc` fnf kfcn{cqc lfnvc` gfnyook

kcn lfnvc` ymvc. Lfnvc` fnf kfbunc`cn un{u` xqmku`yf qoyfn cg`vk.

Lfnvc` Ymvc

Lfnvc` ymvc kfkcxc{ kcqf afjf Ymjc lc.' `cnkunbcn lfnvc`nvc cn{cqc 35/.

Lfnvc` fnf {fkc` kcxc{ kfbunc`cn yonkfqf xckc ic{ `cqonc aoqyfdc{ yolfkqvfnb. Nclun

lfnvc` fnf kcxc{ kfxqmyoy lonjckf cg`vk un{u` lonkcxc{ df{uq {cecn xukcq' cfq,kqvfnb

%òqfnb ukcqc&' kcn acò,kqvfnb %òqfnb kfxcnbbcnb&.


48/101

Cycl golc` {cgg mfg

Lfnvc` {cgg ckcgce xqmku` kcqf xqmyoy yugdc{o kcqf òq{cy @qcd{. Lfnvc` {cgg lon{ce

lonbcnkunb 4,39/ kcqf acecn {c`,{oqycxmnfdf`cyf' yfycnvc lonjckf cycl golc` kcn cycl

qmyfn. Lfnvc` {cgg kcxc{ kfdqf`yfmncyf konbcn kfy{fgcyf lonjckf `cnkunbcn qmyfn yclxcf 3/.

Cg`vk kcqf lfnvc` {cgg lonko`c{f cg`vk kcqf ymvc kcgcl xoqdmqlcnvc.

Lfnvc` [unb

Lfnvc` {unb c{cu lfnvc` iefncrmmk kfclafg kcqf afjf memn {unb. @cnkunbcn

lfnvc`nvc ckcgce yo`f{cq ?8/. Lfnvc` {unb lonbcnkunb ùqcnb goafe 58/ cycl

ogomy{ocqfi vcnb lcnc ckcgce lfnvc` {oq`mnjubcyf. Lfnvc` {unb lonboqfnb konbcn ioxc{

lonjckf dfgl vcnb òqcy vcnb lolxunvcf ò{cecncn {oqeckcx cfq kcn cg`cgf kcn {cecn

gclc.

Lfnvc` Mf{fificLfnvc` mf{fific kfkcxc{ kcqf afjf xmemn Gficnfc qfbfkc' vcnb cygf kcqf Aqcyfg.

Lfnvc` mf{fific ckcgce unf` `cqonc lonbcnkunb bqux ò{m,cifk. Df{uq,df{uqnvc lfqfqx

konbcn lfnvc` [unb' nclun lonboqfnb goafe gclc' kcn dfglnvc goafe qcxue kcn goafe

{fkc` {cecn cfq.

Lfnvc` Icy{mq koevkqc{ok

Lfnvc` `cy{mq kfkcxc{ kcqf afjf `cy{mq %jcqc` qfiifnuy&. Ckcgce lfnvc` nmnkqvfnb

lonbcnkunb bqux cycl efkqm`yf. Konbcn koefkqcyf `flfc' bqux efkqm`yfg kfxfnkce`cn

yoefnbbc lonfnbbcg`cn f`c{cn bcnkc. Lfnvc` `cy{mq {oqkoefkqcyf ckcgce lfnvc` kqvfnb

qoc`{fd konbcn dfgl vcnb {cecn xukcq.

Lfnvc` f`cn

Lfnvc` fnf kfykcxc{ kcqf ycqkon kcn loneckon. Lfnvc` f`nc lonbcnkunb acnvc`

cycl golc` {c` jonue kf{clace cycl nmnkqvfnb konbcn kcvc {cecn rcqnc vcnb acf`'

nclun lcyfe yokf`f{ gonbò{ rcgcuxun òqfnb.

Lfnvc` ògcxc

Lfnvc` ògcxc kfkcxc{ kcqf `mxqc' aunb`fg ògcxc òqfnb lonbcnkunb lfnvc` efnbbc

4?/. Lfnvc` fnf {oqlcyu` nmnkqvfnb konbcn dgo`yfafgf{cy vcnb acf` kcn {cecn xukcq.

Lfnvc` im{{mnyook

Lfnvc` im{{mnyoook ckcgce xqmku` kcqf `cxcy' lfnvc` nmnkqvfnb vcnb goafe

luqce kcqf lfnvc` ògcxc nclun ùcgf{cynvc goafe auqu`.

O`{qc`yf lfnvc`

Lfnvc` kfkcxc{ kcqf afjf' aunb`fg c{cu lc{oqfcg gcfn konbcn o`cy{qc`yf xqoyy'

o`y{qc`yf ymgton{ c{cu `mlafncyf òkucnvc. Xckc o`y{qc`yf xqoyy' gcnb`ce u{clc ckcgce

xolaoqyfecn' xonulau`cn' xolcyc`cn ùùy kcn kf xqoyy xckc xgc{ xqoyy. Xckc o`y{qc`yf


49/101


50/101


51/101

;.4.; LMKFDFOK MFG

Lcgofi [qoc{ok Mfg

Kfauc{ konbcn icqc lolcnyc`cn lfnvc` {c` jonue konbcn 1,38/ lcgofi

cnevkqfko. Lcgofi cnevkqfko aoqoc`yf konbcn lfnvc` xckc f`c{cn bcnkc. Lcgofi cnevkqfko

aoqoc`yf goafe ioxc{ konbcn f`c{cn bcnkc {oq`mnjubcyf.

Lfnvc` vcnb kf {qoc{lon{ konbcn lcgofi kcxc{ kfauc{ gcqu{ cfq konbcn icqcloqoc`yf`cnnvc konbcn clmnfc` c{cu clfno. _n{u` yfy{ol ymgton' yojc` lfnvc` {oqyoau{

aoqyfdc{ cycl' lfnvc` {oqyoau{ kfqoc`yf`cn kcn kfno{qcgfyfq konbcn yuc{u xmgvmg. Lcgofi

cnevkqfko jubc aoqoc`yf konbcn cycl {c` {oq`mnjubcyf. Xonclacecn dunbyfmncg kcqf

lfnvc` vcnb kf {qoc{lon{ konbcn lcgofi lonjogcy`cn xonfnb`c{cn,xonfnb`c{cn df{uq'

{oqu{clc gcju xolaon{u`cn vcnb goafe ioxc{' òioxc{cn òqfnb' kcn ò{cecncn cfq kcqf

lfnvc` {cgg kcn ymvc vcnb kfn {qoc{lon{.

Imxmgvloq Mfg

Lfnvc` `mxmgfloq kfauc{ konbcn xqmyoy xolcncycn yoauce lfnvc` {c` jonue

konbcn lmnmloq qoc`{fd yoxoq{f y{vqono c{cu tfnvg{mguono. Konbcn lfnvc` {oq`mnjubcyf

yoxoq{f lfnvc` {unb' `mxmgfloq kfaon{u` Acbcflcncxun' konbcn lfnvc` yoxoq{f lfnvc`

gfnyook' xmgfloq kcgcl julgce aoycq kfaon{u` yoefnbbc lfnvc` ckcgce iclxuqcn aoycq

cn{cqc emlmxmgvloq kcn lfnvc`. Lcycgce u{clc xckc y{vqoncyf lfnvc` ckcgce un{u`

lonkcxc{ xqmku` vcnb emlmbon kcn lonboqfnb lolaon{u` gcxfycn vcnb aonfnb. Lfnv`c

{oqy{vqoncyf ckcgce lfnv`c ioxc{ òqfnb kcn lolxunvcf ò{cecncn xukcq kcn ò{cecncn

{oqeckcx cfq vcnb acf`' nclun lolxunvcf ò{cecncn {oqeckcx ymgton{ vcnb auqu`.

Oxmfkfzok Mfg

Lfnvc` {oqoxm`yfkfycyf kfauc{ kcqf qoc`yf lfnvc` {c` jonue konbcn cycl xoqcyo{c{.

F`c{cn bcnkcnvc {oq`mntoqyf lonjckf bqux,bqux oxmv c{cu mvqcno. Lc{oqfcg fnf kfxc`cf

yoacbcf xgcy{fyfzoq.


52/101


53/101

{oqkoefkqcyf. Lfnvc` òqcy lonbcnkunb cycl golc` {oq`mnjubcyf vcnb lolauc{ ioxc{

òqfnb. Xckc cycl golc` nmqlcg' f`c{cn bcnkcnvc {oqfymgcyf' yoacgf`nvc xckc cycl golc`

{oq`mnjubcyf' f`c{cn bcnkcnvc uqu{ kcn yoefnbbc goafe qoc`{fd.

;.2 Qoyfn Cg`vk

;.2.3 Xonkceugucn

Qoyfn cg`vk ckcgce qoyfn vcnb lolxunvcf df{uq vcnb xcgfnb lolonuef `qf{oqfc

vcnb kffnbfn`cn xckc ic{ xqm{o`{fd. Ymgton{ luqce kcxc{ kfxc`cf xckc qoyfn fnf'

lolaoqf`cn òlukcecn cxgf`cyf kcn acu vcnb {fkc` lonvonbc{. Cg`vk ckcgce afnkoq vcnb

xcgfnb fkocg un{u` ic{ aoqxfblon `cqonc cg`vk lolxunvcf df{uq ro{{fnb kcn kfyxoqyfnb

xfblon vcnb acf`. Yoicqc ulul ic{ cg`vk ckcgce ic{ vcnb gmr imy{' lolxunvcf kcvc

{cecn vcnb acf`' dgo`yfaog' `fgcx vcnb {cecn gclc' {cecn {oqeckcx ymgton{' òqcy' {cecnxcncy' kcn rcqncnvc {c` lukce xukcq.

;.2.1 @mlafncyf

Cg`vk kcxc{ kf`mlafncyf`cn konbcn afnkoq,afnkoq gcfn yoacbcf aoqfù{ :

3. Nf{qmioguggmyo

1. Qoyfn uqoc,dmqlcgkoevko

9. qoyfn logclfno,dmqlcgkoevko

;. Qoyfn xeonmgfi

?. O{evg ioguggmyo

4. Iegmqfnc{ok quaaoq

2. Iegmqfnc{ok xcqcddfn

5. Oxmv qoyfn

6. Xmgvfymivcnc{oy

38. Qoyfn yfgf`mn

33. Xmgvclfkc

31. Qoyfn cgcl

39. Ioguggmyo cio{c{o au{vqc{o

3;. Lmnmloq %y{vqono' tfnvg {mguono' lo{evg lo{eciqvgc{o&

3?. Gc{o`y yfn{o{fy %y{vqono,au{ckfono' xmgvtfnvg cio{c{o' ciqvgfi&

;.2.9 Kodfnfyf

Cg`vk {oqlcyu` bmgmnbcn qoyfn yfn{o{f` kcn xcgfnb imim` kfkoy`qfxyf`cn yoacbcf

qoyfn xmgvoy{oq kcqf lmkfdf`cyf lfnvc`. Cg`vk ckcgce xqmku` qoc`yf vcnb kf{uqun`cn kcqf

xmgvefkqfi cg`memg' cycl xmgvacyfi' kcn cycl golc` lmnmacyfi. @c{c cg aoqcycg kcqf


54/101

cgimemg kcn `vk loqoxqoyon{cyf`cn yuù `c{c {oqcèfq kcqf cifk %cycl&. Mgoe `cqonc f{u'

cg`vk ckcgce {oqlcyu` cnbbm{c kcqf lc{oqfcg vcnb kòncg yoacbcf oy{oq xmgfloqf`.

;.2.; Xmgfloqfycyf Oy{oqfdf`cyf

Xckc acbfcn fnf c`cn kfjogcy`cn `flfc kcycq cxc ycjc vcnb {oqgfac{. Qoc`yfoy{oqfdf`cyf xcgfnb kcycq ckcgce cn{cqc yoauce cycl lmnmdunbyfmncg yoxoq{f cycl cyo{c{'

kcn yoauce cg`memg lmndunbyfmncg yoxoq{f lo{fg cg`memg %lo{ecnmg& un{u` lolauc{ lo{evg

cio{c{o kcn cfq. Pbclacq ;.3C\.

bclacq ;.3C

@o{f`c qoc`yf fnf kcxc{ kfacgf`' ckcgce xoqgu un{u` lolfnkce cfq un{u` lonbc{uq cbcq

qoc`yf yolxuqnc. Jf`c lo{fg cg`memg kfbcn{f konbcn o{evgono bgvimg' lmgoùg vcnb goafe

aoycq' vcf{u o{evgono kfcio{c{o' kfauc{ Pbclacq ;3.a\.

bclacq ;.3A

Logcnb`ce goafe jcue gcbf' konbcn lonbbcn{f cycl cyo{c{ konbcn cycl afdunbyfmncg

yoxoq{f cycl yu`yfnc{' lmgoùg `mlxgo`y {oqjcyf. Xoq{clc,{clc oy{oq xqfloq {oqaon{u`'

vcnb lonbcnkunb bqux ujunb efkqm`yfg kcn `cqam`yfg. Yojcgcn konbcn qoc`yf aoqgcnbyunb'

lmgoùg òkuc cycl yu`yfnc{ kcxc{ lonboy{oqfdf`cyf bqux efkqm`yfg. @olukfcn lmgoùg

òkuc kcqf o{evgono bgvimg kcxc{ lonboy{oqfdf`cyf bqux `cqam`yfg. Yoqf qoc`yf fnf kxc{

aoqgcnju{ konbcn cg{oqnc{fd bgf`mg gcfn kcn bqux cycl vcnb kf{clace`cn xckc qcn{cf yclxcf

{oqaon{u` lmgoùg vcnb gfnocq kcn qcn{cf vcnb xcnjcnb. Pbclacq ;.3I\


55/101

bclacq ;.3I

Jf`c dunbyfmncgf{cy ycgce yc{u kcqf qoc`{cn goafe kcqf 1' `mnkfyf kcqf qoc`yf f{u c`cn aoquace

goafe jcue. Jf`c bgvioqfn vcnb lolxunvcf dunbyfmncgf{cy 9' kfqoc`yf`cn konbcn cyclyu`yfnc{' qoc`yfnvc xckc ycc{ xoq{clc ckcgce lfqfx konbcn yoaogulnvc. Cycl yu`yfnc{

xoq{clc,{clc c`cn aoqoc`yf konbcn bqux,bqux efkqm`yfg xqfloq kcqf bgvioqfn un{u`

lolaon{u` qcn{cf vcnb xonko` kcn gfnfoq. Yojcgcn konbcn aoqgcnbyunbnvc qoc`yf' cg`memg

yoùnkoq aoqoc`yf' lolaon{u` y{qu`{uq aoqicacnb. Pbclacq ;.3 K\.

bclacq ;.3K

Xckc cèfqnvc' aqcniefnb %xonicacnbcn& kcn iqmyygfn`fnb %{cu{cn yfgcnb& lolauc{ yuc{u

{fnb`c{cn kflcnc lmgoùg ckcgce {fkc` gcbf ymguago %gcqu{& c{cu duyfago %goauq& kcn

lonicxcf bog y{c{o. [oqlcyu` yuc{u cycl golc` kflcnc kfkcxc{ yoauce cg`vk' yoxoq{f

kf{unju``cn xckc bclacq ;.3 O


56/101

bclacq ;.3A

@o{oqcnbcn :

;.2.? QCR LC[OQFCG

Yoaogul lolacecy aoaoqcxc lcicl qoyfn cg`vk' ckcgce ycnbcn{ xoqgu un{u`

lolceclf {fxo,{fxo cg`memg' cycl' kcn lfnvc` vcnb kcxc{ kfbunc`cn un{u` cg`vk.

Aoaoqcxc vcnb kfyoau{`cn kfacrce fnf ckcgce vcnb xcgfnb ulul kfbunc`cn' nclun lcyfe

acnvc` gcfnnvc vcnb afyc kfbunc`cn.

Xmgvmg

Cg`memg xmgfefkqfi vcnb kf{unju``cn xckc bclacq ;.3 lolxunvcf dunbyfmncgf{cy

ca{cqc 1 yclxcf 4. Bgvioqfn xoq{clc `cgf kfkcxc{ kcqf xqmyoy xqmku`yf ycaun konbcn

lolfyce`cn golc` kcn lfnvc`. Xckc crcg 36;8' bgfyoqfn yfn{o{f` xoq{clc`cgf kfxqmku`yf

kcqf lfnvc` aulf. Bgvioqfn lolxunvcf dunbyfmncgf{cy 9 kcn lonbcnkunb bqux efqm`yfg

xqfloq kcn yo`unkoq. Xonbbunccn u{clc bgfyoqfn ckcgce un{u` xqmku`yf cg`vk yemq{ mfg kcn

cg`vk lokful mfg.

Xon{coqv{eqf{mg ckcgce xmgvmg yoimnk mngv {m bgvioqfn' un{u` cxgf`cyf cg`vk kcn

kfxqmku`yf logcguf xqmyoy `mnkonycyf kcqf cyo{cgkoefkc konbcn dmqlcgkoefkc kcgcl lokfc

cg`cgf icfq. Xon{coqv{eqf{mg lonbcnkunb ; bqux efkqm`yfg xqfloq kcn ycnbc{ acf` un{u`

xqmku`yf cg`vk gmnb mfg.


57/101

Xmgvxon{coqv{eqf{mg' kfxon{coqv{eqf{mg' kcn {qfxon{coqv{eqf{mg ckcgce xqmku` {uquncn

kcqf xolauc{cn xon{coqv{eqf{mg. @cqonc {fnbbfnvc dunbyfmncgf{cynvc %cn{cqc 4 yclxcf 5&'

loqo`c kfbunc`cn xckc cg`vk gmnb mfg.

O{evgono bgvimg ckcgce bgvimg xcgfnb xon{fnb vcnb kfbunc`cn kcgcl qoyfn cg`vk.

Ycc{ fnf' bgvimg ckcgce xmgvmg vcnb xcgfnb luqce vcnb kcxc{ kfxc`cf. Nclun tmgc{fgf{cy%xonbucxcn& bgvimg lonjckf `o`uqcnbcn xckc xqmku`yf cg`vk. Xckc acnvc` `cyuy' bgvimg

kf`mlafncyf konbcn xmgvmg vcnb dunbyfmncgf{cynvc goafe {fnbbf yoxoq{f xon{coqv{eqf{mg.

[qflo{evgmgo{ecno kfauc{ konbcn icqc `mnkonycyf kcqf dmqlcgkoefkc konbcn

xqmxfmncgkoefkc. [qflo{evgmgo{ecno lonbcnkunb {fbc bqux efkqmyfg xqfloq.

[qflo{evgmgxqmxcno kfauc{ konbcn icqc `mnkonycyf kcqf dmqlcgkoefkc konbcn

au{vqcgkoefkc.


58/101

Ymqaf{mg kfauc{ konbcn icqc efkqmboncyf `c{cgf{f` kcqf bgu`myc. Ymqaf{mg lonbcnkunb 4 bqux

efkqm`yfg' nclun dunbyfmncgf{cynvc kf`cgùgcyf ecnvc ;' yolonjc` {fkc` yoluc efkqm`yfg

c`cn aoqoy{oqfdf`cyf xckc `mnkfyf xqmyoy cg`vk.

Cycl

Lc{oqfcg cycl kcxc{ kcgcl aon{u` cycl c{cu cnefkqfkc. Cnefkqfkc kfaon{u` kcqfkuc o`ftcgon kcqf cycl {cnxc yoauce lmg cfq. Gcju qoc`yf goafe ioxc{ ò{f`c cnefkqfkc

kfxc`cf' kcn cfq vcnb luniug kcqf qoc`yf goafe yokf`f{. %{caog ;.1&

Xe{cgfi cnevkqfko %mq{em& ckcgce cycl kfacyfi u{clc vcnb kfxc`cf xckc cg`vk.

@oiucguf yxoyfdf`' xe{cgfi lonbciu ò aon{u` mq{em. Xe{cgfi cnevkqfko kfxqmku`yf konbcn

icqc m`yfkcyf `c{cgf{f` kcqf ncxe{cgono c{cu mq{emvgono.

Fymxe{cgfi cifk %lo{c& kfauc{ konbcn icqc m`yfkcyf `c{cgf{f` kcqf vgono. [oqoxe{cgfi

cifk %xcqc& ycnbc{ yugf{ un{u` kfxc`cf kf cg`vk `cqonc {fnbbfnvc {f{f` gogoenvc.[o{cevkqmxe{cgfi cnevkqfko kfxqmku`yf kcqf qco`yf Kfogy Cgkoq kcqf lcgofi cnevkqfko

konbcn acecn lfnvcàulf {c` jonue.

Lcgofi cnevkqfko kfauc{ konbcn icqc m`yfkcyf `c{cgf{f` kcqf ncxe{cgonc kcn ckgce

aon{uìfy kcqf au{onkfmfi cnevkqfko. Lcgofi ckcgce {c` jonue' kcn c`cn' mgoe `cqonc f{u

aoq,iqmyygfn` konbcn f`c{cn bcnkc cycl golc`. Yojc` lcgofi cnevkqfko lonfnb`c{`cn

dunbyfmncgf{cy kcqf yfy{ol' `ckcnb`cgc kf{clace`cn ò cg`vk un{u` lonclace òòn{cgcn.

Cycl ckfxc{ kfkcxc{ konbcn icqc m`yfkcyf kcqf ivigmeocno. Xckc cg`vk' lc{oqfcg

fnf lolauc{ gunc` kcn lolauc{ qoyfn lonjckf dgo`yfaog.

Cycl Aonzmfi {fkc` kcxc{ kfbunc`cn yoacbcf cycl mqbcnf` {unbbcg' yolonjc`

cycl aonzmfi ckcgce lmnmdunbyfmncg. Acbcflcncxun' yokf`f{ xe{cgfi cnevkqfko kfbcn{f

konbcn cycl aonzmfi aoqgcù yoacbcf xonbeon{f qnc{cf kcn cg`vk kcxc{ kflcyc` ò nfgcf

cycl vcnb goafe qonkce {cnxc {oqjckfnvc boggc{fmn %lolaon{u`nvc bog&.


59/101

Cycl golc` kcn lfnvc`

Lfnvc` kcn cycl golc` lolaoqf`cn dgo`yfafgf{cy kcn òqfnb u cg`vk. Ymgton{ xoq{clc,

{clc lonbucx kcn f`c{cn bcnkc {c`jonue aoqxmgfloqfycyf xckc m`yfkcyf c{lmydoq. Yoicq

ulul' yonlc`fn {fnbbf ò{c`jonuecn' yoacbcflcnc kfef{unb logcguf nfgcf fmkfno' yolc`fn

{fnbbf kcvc òqfnbnvc kcn yolc`fn bogcx qoyfn cg`vknvc. Lfnvc` cycl ckcgce {qfbgfyoqfkc

kcqf cycl cgfdc{f` vcnb lolxunvcf 35 `cqamn xckc qcn{cfnvc. Julgce f`c{cn bcnkc

{c`jonue aoqtcqfcyf lugcf kcqf y{ocqfi cifk vcnb jonue `mlxgo{ yoefnbbc {fkc` lolxunvcf

f`c{cn bcnkc' yclxcf ò mgomy{ocqfi vcnb lolxunvcf {fbc f`c{cn bcnkc. Lc{oqfcg fnf

kfaccey xckc aca mfg cnk dc{y.%aca 9&


60/101

;.2.4 XQOXCQC[FMN

Cg`vk kcxc{ kfyfcx`cn gcnbyulb kcqf yoauce cycl golc`' xmgvmg kcn cycl' c{cu

kcqf lfnvc` %{qfbgfyoqfkc&' xmgvmg kcn cycl. Acbcflcncxun' jf`c yuc{u uycec un{u`

lolauc{ cg`vk konbcn loqc`yf`cn lfnvc`' bgvioqfn' kcn xe{cgfi cnefkqfko aoqyclcc,yclc

xckc aon{u` bgvioqfg xe{cgc{o' ecg fnf c`cn {oqjckf xonbonkcxcn' kcn {c` c``cn kcgcllfnvc`. Loy`f kolf`fcn' yuc{u cg`vk kcxc{ kfyfcx`cn kcqf acecn,acecn {oqoyau{ jf`c qoc`yf

vcnb kfxc`cf aoqaokc. Lfnvc`nvc xoq{clc,{clc kf`mntoqyf`cn kceugu lonjckf yoauce

lmnmbgfyoqfkc konbcn lolcncy`cnnvc konbcn xmgvmg konbcn acn{ucn `c{cgfy.

Lmnmbgfyoqfkc òlukfcn aoqoc`yf konbcn xe{cgfi cnevkqfko kcn òlukfcn lolaon{u`

yoauce cg`vk.

Tcqfcyf kcqf {fxo kcn julgce lfnvc` lolaoqf`cn tcqfcyf xckc gcxfycn dfgl yoxoq{f

dgo`yfafgf{cy kcn òòqcycn. Xooqyon{cyf lfnvc` kcgcl yoauce cg`vk lonb`gcyfdf`cyf`cncg`vk xckc xonbbunccn cèfq yojc` lolxonbcquef òqfnb' dgo`yfafgfm{cy' kuqcafgf{cy' kgg.


61/101


62/101

@CG@_GCYF

@cgùgcyf kf acrce fnf ckcgce imn{me kcqf `cgùgcyf kcqf cg`vk vcnb kflcyc`

konbcn xqmyoy cycl golc` kcn cg`memgfyfy.

Xolcyc`cn cycl golc`

Xolcyc`cn cg`memgfyfy

;.2.5 LCN_DC@[_Q

Qoyfn cg`vk kfauc{ konbcn icqc xqmyoy ac{ie kuc {cecx. [cecx xoq{clc ckcgce

qoc`yf oy{oqfdf`cyf kflcnc lc{oqfcg,lc{oqfcg kfqoc`yf`cn ò {f{f` cèfq yxoyfdf`. @olukfcn

qoyfn kfkfnbfn`cn yoicqc xcqyfcg kcn kflcyu``cn ò kgcl ymgton{ xckc {cnb`f xogcqu{. Kcqf

{f{f` fnf' cg`vk kfxmlxc ò kcgcl dfg{oq xqoyy un{u` xolaoqyfecn kcn kflcyu``cn ò kgcl

{cnb`f xonvflxcncn.


63/101


64/101


65/101


66/101

Xcncy`cn lfnvc` gfnyook kcn bgfyoqfn yclxcf ?888D. [clace`cn gf{ecqbo kcn {cecn

yclxcf aonfnb konbcn lo{ecnmg. Lcyc` yclxcf nfgcf cycl 38 kficxcf. [uqun`cn `o ymgfk

28/ konbcn lfnoqcg yxfqf{.

;.5 QOYFN NC[_QCG

;.5.3 Qmyf

ebook pembuatan cat besi

Documents