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Ptdrdbcplytn

Ruoune Pdgjdinonrne

]dtdinl gdgpdinonrh Jnj heh shswn bhlnrnpkne

bnpnt

Gdeodinskne mhrh-mhrh tugjulne pnku

Gdefhbdethahknsh struktur tujul tugjulne

 pnku

Gdeodinskne tnlnpne rdprcbuksh tugjulne

 pnku

Kinshahknsh pnku

Gdeodinskne pdrnene pnku

Pckck Jnlnsne?N.  Mhrh-mhrh tugjulne pnku

J. 

]truktur tujul tugjulne pnkuM.  Zdprcbuksh pnku 

B.  Kinshahknsh pnku 

D.  Pdrnene pnku 

Kdywcrb?

  Kcrgcahtn jdrspcrn

  Gdtnfdedshs

  ]crus  Lcgcspcrn

  Ldtdrcspcrn

  Pdrnihlne

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BHQH]H PRDZDBCPLXRN

(Rugjulne Pnku)

N.  PdebnluiunePdrenlknl kngu gdihlnt tugjulne bhjnwnl heh3

Fngjnr? Jdrjnfnh odehs pnku-pnkune

]ugjdr? Nfus (:0>:) 

Rugjulne bhntns gdrupnkne sninl

sntu tugjulne ynef tdrgnsuk kdbning

bhvhsh ptdrdbcplytn. Rugjulne pnku

tdrsdjnr bh sdiurul jnfhne buehn, kdmunih

bndrnl jdrsniou njnbh bne bndrnl kdrhef(furue). Rctni spdshds ynef bhkdtnluh

lngphr >0.000 (bhpdrkhrnkne =000 bh

netnrneyn tugjul bh Hebcedshn).

Rugjulne heh sdmnrn thbnk rdsgh

bhkdicgpckkne sdjnfnh trnkdcahtn knrden

subnl gdghihkh pdgjuiul xhidg bne aicdg(Mihaas, :00>)

J. Mhrh-mhrh tugjulne pnku

>.  Rugjulne pnku oufn tdrgnsuk

kdbning tugjulne kcrgcahtn

 jdrspcrn, lneyn snon jdrjdbn

bdefne iugut tugjulne heh subnl

gdghihkh onrhefne pdefnefkut.

:.  Rdrbnpnt inphsne pdihebuef sdi(onkdt stdrhi) bh sdkdihihef crfne

rdprcbuksh.

=.  ]hstdg trnespcr hetdreni (tdrbnpnt

xhidg bne aidcg).

2.  Tkurne tujul pnku jdrkhsnr bnrh :

mg-4g.

Fngjnr? ]truktur tujul pnku

]ugjdr? Nkhsgdt (:0>:)

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M.  ]truktur tujul tugjulne pnku>.  Nknr

]djnfhne pnku ynef jdiug gdghihkh nknr sdonth gdghihkh rlhzchb. Nknr sdrnjut pnbn

 pnku jdrupn rhzcgn, uouef nknr bhihebuefh knihptrn. ]di-sdi nknr gdgjdetuk dphbdrghs,

kcrtdks, bne shihebdr pusnt (tdrbnpnt xhidg bne aidcg).

:.  Jntnef

Jntnef pnbn tugjulne pnku tdrbhrh bnrh dphbdrghs ynef gdgpueynh onrhefne pdefunt

ynef tdrbhrh bnrh ntns sdi-sdi skidrdekhg, Kcrtdks? jneynk gdefnebuef iujnef (runef netnr

sdi), ]hidebdr pusnt? tdrbhrh bnrh xhidg bne aicdg ynef gdgjdetuk jdrkns pdefnefkut jdrthpd

kcesdetrhs. Jntnef pnbn tugjulne pnku ugugeyn pdebdk.

=.  Bnue

Jdrbnsnrkne ukurneeyn, bhjdbnkne gdeonbh bun ynhtu ?

>) Bnue ghkrcahi ? Tkurne kdmhi, lneyn sdtdjni sdinphs sdi bne jdrjdetuk rngjut

:) Bnue gnkrcahi ? Tkurne jdsnr bne thphs, subnl gdghihkh jnfhne-jnfhne bnue sdpdrth

tuinef bnue, tnefknh bnue, gdscahi bne dphbdrghs

Fngjnr? Bnue Rrcpcahi bne spcrcahi]ugjdr ? Ahtrh (:0>=) 

Jdrbnsnrkne auefsheyn, bhjdbnkne gdeonbh

bun ynhtu ?

>)  Bnue trcpcahi (]tdrhi)? Tetuk

actcshetdshs (sdrhef bhsdjut bnue stdrhi

knrden thbnk gdeflnshikne spcrn)

:)  Bnue spcrcahi (Adrthi)? Pdeflnshi spcrn

]pcrn jdrkugpui bh spcrnefhug.

]pcrnefhug jhsn tdrbnpnt pnbn strcjhius,

scrus, ntnu shenfhug. ]dthnp spcrnefhug

bhkdihihefh cidl sdbdrdtne sdi ynef

gdgjdetuk jnefuene sdpdrth

mhemhe ynef bhsdjut neeuius ynef

 jdrauefsh sdjnfnh  gdefntur pdefdiunrne

spcrn. ]pcrn jdrkugpui bning jnbne ynef

bhsdjut scrus. ]crus ynef gnshl gubnbhihebuefh cidl sdinput sdi ynef bhsdjut

hebhshug.Fngjnr ? (N) ]crus, (J) hebushug, bne (M)

spcrnefhug .

]ugjdr? Nfus (:0>:)

B. ZdprcbukshZdprcbuksh tugjulne pnku sdmnrn vdfdtntha bdefne rlhzcgn bne gdgjdetuk spcrn,

sdmnrn fdedrntha bdefne pdgjdetukne fngdt. Rugjulne pnku gdefningh pdrfhihrne

kdturuene (gdtnfdedshs) ynhtu pdrfhihrne kdturuene netnrn fdedrnsh spcrcaht (pdeflnshi spcrn)bdefne fdedrnsh fngdtcaht (pdeflnshi fngdt). Gdtnfdedshs tugjulne pnku sdjnfnh jdrhkut

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Fngjnr? Jnfne Gdtnfdedshs Pnku]ugjdr? Rontur (:0>=)

Fngjnr? ]hkius Lhbup Pnku]ugjdr? Zhen (:0>=)

  Ansd ]pcrcaht(>) ]pcrn bhlnshikne cidl kctnk

spcrn ynef bhsdjut spcrnefhug

(:) ]pcrnefhug jdrkugpui bning

sntu jnbne ynef bhsdjut bdefne scrus 

ynef tdrbnpnt bning bnue spcrcahi

Fngjnr? ]crus

]ugjdr? Vnen (:0>0)

(=) ]pcrn kdiunr bnrh spcrnefhug

bne jhin ontul bhtdgpnt ynef mcmck nknetdronbh pdgjunlne bne tdrjdetuk zhfct

(2) _hfct nkne tugjul jdrkdgjnef

gdeonbh spcrcaht bne jdrkdgjnef spcrcaht

bdwnsn

  Ansd Fngdtcaht

(>) Pnbn fdedrnsh fngdtcaht,

 prctnihug gdgjdetuk netdrhbhug sdjnfnh

nint kdinghe onetne bne gdeflnshikne

spdrgntczcn sdbnefkne nrkdfcehug

sdjnfnh nint kdinghe jdthen ynef

gdeflnshikne cvug

Fngjnr ? Pdrgjuknne Jnwnl Prctnihug

]ugjdr? Nfus (:0>:)

(:) lnshi  pdidjurne netnrn spdrgn bne

cvug gdeflnshikne zhfct ynef kdgubhne

tugjul gdeonbh tugjulne pnku jnru ynef

gdghihkh nknr, jntnef bne bnue.

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D. Odehs pnku jdrbnsnrkne spcrn ynef bhlnshikne

n.  Pnku Lcgcspcrn

Gdeflnshikne sntu odehs spcrn snon bne gdgpueynh ukurne ynef sngn jdsnr. Mcetcl ?

Iymcpcbhug (pnku knwnt).

j.  Pnku Ldtdrcspcrn

Gdeflnshikne bun odehs spcrn ynhtu? ghkrcspcrn (onetne) bne gnkrcspcrn (jdthen).

Mcetcl? Pnku rned (]dinfhediin whibdecwhh) bne sdgneffh ( Gnrshidn mrdentn).

m.  Pnku PdrnihlneGdeflnshikne spcrn ynef jdetuk bne ukurneeyn sngn (hscspcrn) tdtnph sdjnfhne onetne

bne sdjnfhne jdthen (odehseyn jdrjdbn 7 ldtdrcspcrn). Mcetcl ? pnku dkcr kubn ( Dquhsdtug

bdjhid). 

Rr hmk ]gnrt

LcIhVnt 

  Lcgcspcrn

  Iymcpcbhug  Pnku knwnt

Rr hmk ]gnrt

Pdr Dquh 

 Pdrnihlne

 Dquhsdtug  

Rr hmk ]gnrt

Ld]dGnr 

  Ldtdrcspcrn

  ]dinfhedin

  Gnrsdih n mrdentn

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A. Kinshahknsh Pnku

Fngjnr? ]pcrnefhug

]ugjdr? Nslnr (:0>:)

>.  PshictcplytnPshicplytn gdrupnkne odehs pnku

 purjn ynef gdghihkh bnue ghkrcahi bne

 jdrhshshk, theffh jntnef jdrkhsnr =0mg -

>g bne gdghihkh kicrcahi sdlheffnbnpnt jdractcshetdshs. Pnku heh

tdrgnsuk pnku lcgcspcrn, struktur

nknr jdrupn rlhzchb.  Pshictcg sp.

Fngjnr? Pshictug

]ugjdr? Zyne (:0>>)

:.  IymcaytnJdrjdbn bdefne pshicplytn, struktur tujul iymcahtn subnl sdgpuren knrden gdghihkh

nknr jntnef bne bnue sdonth. Iymcahtn gubn thbnk gdinkukne actcshetdshs bne gdgpdrcidl

gnknene bdefne mnrn jdrshgjhcshs bdefne ongur. Rdrbnpnt ? 

 Iymcpcbhug

Iymcpcbhug tdrgnsuk pnku lcgcspcrn knrden gdeflnshikne spcrn tueffni ynef

nkne jdrkdgjnefjhnk gdeonbh fngdtcaht jhsdksuni ynef gdghihkh crfne onetne oufn

 jdthen.

Fngjnr? ]trcjhius Iymcpcbhug Fngjnr? Iymcpcbhug

]ugjdr? Zyne (:0>>) ]ugjdr? ]nrh (:0>0)

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  ]dinfhediin

Jdrjdbn bdefne iymcpcbhug,

]dinfhediin (pnku rded) tdrgnsuk

 pnku ldtdrcspcrn. ]pcrnefhugtugjulne heh gdeflnshikne : odehs

spcrn ghkrcspcrnefhug ynef tdrbnpnt

 pnbn ghkrcspcrnefhn (bnue ynef

gdefnebuef ghkrcspcrnefhug)

gdeflnshikne ghkrcspcrn ynef

 jdrkdgjnef gdeonbh fngdt onetne.

bne gdfnspcrnefhug ynef tdrbnpnt pnbn gdfnspcrnefhn (bnue ynef

gdefnebuef gdfnspcrnefhug)

gdeflnshikne ghkrcspcrn ynef

 jdrkdgjnef gdeonbh fngdt jdthen.

Fngjnr? ]dinfhediin

]ugjdr? Zyne (:0>>)

=.  ]pldecplytn

]pldecplytn sdrhef bhsdjut bdefne

 pnku dkcr kubn knrden jdetuk

 jntnefeyn sdpdrth dkcr kubn, pnku

ynef gdghihkh lnjhtnt sujtrcphs bne

tdgpnt idgjnp heh jneynk ynef subnl puenl bne gdeonbh acshi. ]pdecplytn

ynef gnshl jdrtnlne lneyn bnrh fdeus

dquhsdtug. Dquhsdtug gdghihkh jntnef

ynef kdrns bne bhsdthnp runseyn

bhkdihihefh bnue kdmhi sdpdrth shshk

(ghkrcahi) bdefne theffh rntn-rntn

kurnef bnrh >g.Fngjnr? Dquhsdtug

]ugjdr? Zyne (:0>>)

Fngjnr? ]truktur Rujul Dquhsdtug]ugjdr? Fhijdrt (:0>=)

Dquhsdtug tdrgnsuk pnku pdrnihlne

knrden spcrnefhug lneyn gdeflnshikne >

 odehs spcrn sdbnefkne fngdtcaht

gdefnebuef netdrdbhug bne nrkdfcehug

sdlheffn gdrupnkne fngdtcaht jhsdksuni.

Fngjnr? Dquhsdtug sp]ugjdr? Mnrn (:00:)

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2.  PtdrcplytnPdrenlknl kngu gdihlnt tnengne supihr ntnu sdgneffh3 tdreyntn tugjulne ynef

sdrhef kngu ngnth tdrsdjut nbninl odehs pnku ynef tdrgnsuk pnku sdonth. Ptdrcplytn

snefnt gubnl khtn tdguh bh bndrnl khtn, knrden pnku heh lhbup bh bndrnl trcphs bne

sujtrcphs. Jdrjdbn bdefne thfn bhvhsh sdjdiugeyn pnku sdonth gdghihkh ukurne bnue ynefidjhl jdsnr (gnkrcahi) bne gdghihkh tuinef bnue jdrmnjnef. Bnue gubneyn bnpnt

gdeffuiuef. Rheffheyn snefnt jdrvnrhnsh bnrh guinh :mg lheffn >< mg.

Fngjnr? Odehs-odehs ptdrcplytn

]ugjdr? Nsing (:0>:)

F. Pdrne Rugjulne Pnku

Ec Pdrne Rugjulne Pnku Odehs Pnku

> ]djnfnh tnengne lhnsne  Pintymdrhug ehbus (pnku tnebuk rusn) 

 Nspidehug ehbus (pnku snrnef juruef) Nbhnetug muedntug (supihr)

 ]dinfhediin whibdecwhh (pnku rned) 

: ]djnfnh jnlne pdeflnshi cjnt-cjntne  Nshphbhug ahihx-gns

 Iymcpcbhug minvntug

= ]djnfnh snyurne  Gnrshidn mrdentn (sdgneffh)

 ]nivhehn entnes (khngjnef)

2 ]djnfnh pupuk lhonu  Nzciin pheentn jdrshgjhcshs bdefne

nenjnden nzciind (fnefnef jhru)

4 ]djnfnh pdihebuef tnengne pdrsdgnhne  Fidhmldehn ihednrhs

 Gnrh Jdrdkspdrhgde (Gdgjunt Ldrjnrhug)

Inefknl ynef lnrus bhinkukne ynhtu ?

  Gdemnrh tugjulne ynef ukurneeyn kdrbhi/gheh.

  Inkukne pdgjdrshlne bnrh kctcrne bne jnfhne tugjulne ynef tdinl kdrhef.

  ]tdrhihsnsh tnengne ynhtu bdefne gdefcidskne nikclci 60% pnbn sdiurul jnfhnetnengne.

  Mnrh kcrne ntnu juku tdjni sdjnfnh nint pdefdrhef

  Jukn idgjnrne kcrne ntnu juku iniu sdihpkne tugjulne tdrsdjut

  Rntn kdrnphne tugjulne onefne sngpnh nbn bnue ynef tdrihpnt ntnu jntnef ynef

tugpnef thebhl bne ]hgpne bhtdgpnt pnbn kcebhsh sulu kngnr.  ]dtdinl tugjulne kdrhef ntur bning kdrtns knrtce, jdrhkne bdskrhpsh bne jdrh jhefknh

ynef bhtutup pinsthk ntnu knmn.

IHLNR QHBDc 2